Island Home Research Articles

Shot on the Spot: Primitive Film

ing gaze. Rather, a type of pure sexuality is proclaimed in the classical beauty of the bodies that populate the opening shots of Tabu. A mythical origin is represented here in which sexuality exists in a purportedly state. Primitive sexuality seems to occupy a space prior to the Western history of sexuality in which it is exposed, as Foucault would claim, as a condition of discursive regulatory practices. Physical contact between individuals is presented as direct and harmonious, mirroring the individual's relationship to his or her natural surrounding. In one of the final shots of Paradise, immediately prior to the arrival of the messenger Hitu, we see Reri and Matahi happily sliding down a waterfall. They are clasped together in an embrace in much the same way as the water surrounding them lightly hugs their bodies. Communication is sensually based on this island paradise and is seldom more complex than the throwing of a wreath or the splashing of water. In contrast, bodies dwelling on the Iles dangereuses are presented either in utter isolation or as part of a faceless crowd. The celebration of Reri's and Matahi's arrival in their new island home is a raucous affair with lots of drinking and dancing to accordion music. Bodies moving in wild confusion fill the frames, and the dancing figures are pictured as gyrating parts that move independently of the will of the individuals. The Isle of the Blessed is a silent world: the music that accompanies the opening scenes is clearly non-diegetic, there for the viewer's ears only in order to enhance the visual effects. The festival scene upon the dangerous second island, on the other hand, is dominated by a soundtrack which, while never synchronized in the manner of sound films, nevertheless repeatedly threatens to break down the boundaries between non-diegetic and diegetic. Jazz music, a symbol of a decadent, alienated Western aesthetic, accompanies the reveler's angular motions. The musical chords are very quickly mixed with shouts and crowd noises. The noise literally threatens to take over, driving the bodies into an increasingly frenzied state of movement. A melange of popular folk dance tunes and Bavarian yodels stands in marked contrast to the authentic native figures of Reri and Matahi. The intrusion of foreign sounds, in fact, renders a sense of alienation in the scene that is much more powerful than the stereotypically evil faces of the degenerate white settlers. In his review of Tabu, Rudolf Arnheim criticized the film for contaminating the true documentary visuals of Tahitians with the false tones of the European soundtrack, claiming that the result was a deceptive and confused piece of work.33 This critique, while perhaps partially springing from Arnheim's distaste for the kitschy soundtrack, is nevertheless based upon a wholesale acceptance of the visual purity of the primitive versus the jumbled of civilization. The discordant jazz and confusion that accompanies the writhing bodies exposes a civilization in which language is slowly decaying into noise. Tabu does not simply contrast good music with bad noise. Sound in general is an alien element that disrupts the peacefulness of the primitive visual realm. In the process, both the audience and the diegetic characters are forced to become listeners and not just observers. In ranking seeing above hearing, Tabu adheres to a common heirarchization of the senses, one which Simmel supports as well in This content downloaded from 207.46.13.126 on Sat, 24 Sep 2016 04:18:18 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

The Winning Edge: Naval Technology in Action, 1939-1945

Reviewed by: The Winning Edge: Naval Technology in Action, 1939–1945* Russell I. Fries (bio) The Winning Edge: Naval Technology in Action, 1939–1945. By Kenneth Poolman. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1997. Pp. xii+235; illustrations, maps, figures, notes, bibliography, index. $32.95. This book is an interesting one, drawing together as it does the course of technological change and its interplay with weapons and tactics. It provides a long overdue look at specific naval technology, though many other books have covered the same general area with an emphasis on strategy and tactics. Written by a British historian and former naval officer (1943–46) on escort service, The Winning Edge is interesting for its emphasis on European naval technology and evolution, normally less emphasized than the American technology that won the war. In Europe the Germans mastered the art of building the new advanced submarines as a way of interdicting the flow of life-giving commerce to Great Britain from her colonies and the United States, though similarly advanced surface craft such as the Bismarck and the Graf von Spee had less impact because they could not become invisible like the submarine. Kenneth Poolman ties the war in the Pacific to the initial air power struggles in the European theater as well. The advanced Kate torpedo [End Page 692] bomber was ironically the product of lessons learned by Japan from Britain’s Blackburn 2 bomber of the 1920s and the torpedo tactics shown them by the British in 1922 (pp. 147–48). Similarly, the British aerial torpedo attack on the Italian naval base at Taranto in September 1940 was carefully reported to Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto by none other than aviator Minoru Genda, leader of the Pearl Harbor raid, then assistant air attaché in London (p. 102). Poolman’s discussion of similar events, such as Britain’s lack of carrier success in Europe and the British overconfidence about ASDIC submarine detection, enhanced my appreciation of the European operations. He also attributes many of the American carrier losses in the Pacific to design flaws that were avoided in the British carriers. However, he is certainly not alone in pointing to other early weaknesses of the American naval operations in the Pacific—flawed torpedoes and igniters, slow, underpowered, if rugged aircraft, and vulnerable torpedo and dive bombers. Poolman misses or slights at least some American technologies—notably the proximity fuse, which helped to blunt the Japanese assault by kamikazes as American naval forces approached the home islands. Nor does he mention the intelligence gained from the capture of an almost-intact Japanese Zero fighter, found upside down after a crash landing in the Aleutians. Similarly, I missed any emphasis on the development of operations research or the scientific use of technology, such as the advanced theoretical analyses of search tactics by American patrol and attack aircraft during the Battle of the Atlantic. The Winning Edge contains too little discussion of the interaction between the scientists and engineers who designed weapons and the sailors or aviators who used them. Weapons or technologies seem to emerge in this narrative without much real interaction with engineers or scientists. Yet in actuality it was the report of what sailors lacked that led to significant weapon upgrades. Poolman also mentions many individual users of the weapons, but these names contribute little to our understanding of their use, though they do help to give personal and human dimensions to the enormous conflict. I also felt that the organization of the book could have been better; technologies were picked up, then dropped, then picked up again in the narrative, making it difficult to follow even the heavily covered Battle of the Atlantic from start to finish, for example. A more unified focus on either describing all the weapons used in a particular campaign or all the campaigns depending on a single weapon would have worked better than the composite approach used. But the insights gained on use of technology more than outweighed any organization problems, and I would add this book to my library unreservedly. Russell I. Fries Dr. Fries, of the Institute for Defense Analyses, is a former private pilot and Vietnam-era officer at the Springfield Armory...

Three-dimensional simulation of the Home Island freshwater lens: preliminary results

Home Island is one of the two main inhabited islands of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, situated about 2800 km north-west of Perth. The island has an average elevation of approximately 2 m above MSL and supports a population of about 450. The geology of the island consists of coral sediments overlying a volcanic seamount. The upper sediments are of primary importance from a hydrogeological viewpoint. These sediments consist of unconsolidated coral sands and other fragments and coral limestone. An unconformity between the younger (Holocene) unconsolidated sediments and older (Pleistocene) coral limestone was found at depths between 10 m to more than 17 m. The island has a long term average annual rainfall of 1950 mm. Water supply is based primarily on groundwater extraction from a local freshwater lens and supplementary rainwater is collected from roofs. Groundwater is currently extracted via seven galleries. A recent study based on a two dimensional model (using the SUTRA package), simulating impacts of various level of pumping up to 200 m 3 day −1 determined the sustainable yield as 140 m 3 day −1. This paper describes progress regarding the development of a three-dimensional model of the freshwater lens using the SALTFLOW package, by discretising the aquifer to about 90 000 nodes and 83 000 elements. This is followed by the steady-state calibration of the model, estimation of the parameters affecting the system and assessing the sustainable yield of the lens. Preliminary results of the three dimensional modelling suggest that the sustainable extraction rate is less than 200 m 3 day −1, which is consistent with the results of the two dimensional modelling. This research project is continuing towards simulation of tidal forces, transient calibration of the model over a 10 year period from January 1988 to December 1997, estimation of sustainable yield of freshwater lens and simulation of various management options.

Mad House: Growing Up in the Shadow of Mentally Ill Siblings

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Book ReviewFull AccessMad House: Growing Up in the Shadow of Mentally Ill SiblingsWilliam EmmetWilliam EmmetSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:1 Sep 1998https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.49.9.1238AboutSectionsView EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail "Few of us remain unscathed if our family has experienced the trauma of a family member's breakdown," writes Clea Simon three-quarters of the way through her hybrid volume, Mad House: Growing Up in the Shadow of Mentally Ill Siblings. Simon, a freelance journalist, is the much younger sister of two siblings whose mental illnesses shaped life in the family's Long Island home when they were growing up. Her book is part memoir and part survey, relating her experiences to those of other siblings she interviewed.The author's focus is on herself. She describes the passive, bewildered preteen on whom both her brother and sister inflict damaging, at times violent, behavior. She picks out the forgotten child of parents too preoccupied with the problems of their older, mentally ill offspring. And she profiles the adult, given to self-destructive behavior that is traceable to her psychological development in an environment distorted by both the presence and the insufficiently explained absences of her brother and sister. Oddly, the views Simon presents of her brother and sister are without much depth, as she examines them largely for what they did to her.For all the early trauma and pain she describes, Simon has managed to steer her life to a pretty good place. She has come to terms with her siblings' illness, and she has embarked on a positive relationship. She is getting on with her own life. But, she takes pains to show the reader, it was not easy. The key for her was submission to extensive psychotherapy. Only through a methodical peeling away of defenses and disguises, she concludes, was she able to find the happiness and fulfillment available to those who were spared the self-doubt and alienation brought on by siblings' illness.The thesis is that similar experiences bring predictable and common responses among siblings of people with mental illnesses. Simon's interviews with numerous other siblings, as well as with acknowledged experts such as Joyce Burland and Julie Tallard Johnson, demonstrate that there is indeed an eerie similarity in the inability of so many siblings to form trusting personal relationships or to find meaningful professional careers.Yet the interviews themselves show that the exceptions outnumber the rules. The sibling experience shows many faces, but the reader of this book may feel that Simon does not recognize them equally. Because she sees and feels her own experience so intensely, Simon has difficulty looking beyond the boundaries of her own development to consider the paths pursued by other siblings.Still, Mad House is an honest account and a useful overview of the issues confronting siblings of people with mental illness. Many siblings will surely take comfort in its familiar resonance. But the readers on whom it may have the greatest effect—and those for whom Simon may really have written this book—are the parents. The book's ultimate claim is that the needs of the healthy children are real and are overlooked only at considerable cost.Mr. Emmet is chief operating officer for the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill in Arlington, Virginia.by Clea Simon; New York City, Doubleday, 215 pages, 1997, $23.95 FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited byNone Volume 49Issue 9 September 1998Pages 1238-1239 Metrics History Published online 1 September 1998 Published in print 1 September 1998

"Turning and Turning in the Widening Gyre": A Second Coming into Language in Julia Alvarez's How the Garcia Girls Lost Their Accents

you, I often wonder who I am and where is my country and where do I belong, and why I was born at all. --Jean Rhys, Wide Sargasso Sea In Discourse in the Novel Mikhail Bakhtin describes language as more than words, more than syntax and grammar. Language is mind-set, cultural and historical expose, a living, socio-ideological, concrete thing, heteroglot opinion (282). individuals communicate they reach through words, across worlds, across the barriers of difference their pasts have created. In successful communication, participants newer ways to mean, words merge, new worlds are created. Language, asserts Bakhtin, lies on the borderline self and (282). It is on this borderline that Julia Alvarez situates her characters in her first novel, How the Garcia Girls Lost Their Accents. In review of Alvarez's second book, In the Time of the Butterflies (1994), Ilan Stavans recalls story Alvarez told him about an linguistic tic of the Dominican people. When you ask someone what's up and no easy reply can be found, people are likely to say `Entre Lucas and Juan Mejia.' Alvarez explains that this doesn't mean the speaker is caught two bad alternatives, as in between the devil and the deep blue sea, nor that things are so-so. She explains, It's much more intriguing than that. `How are you doing?' `I'm Lucas and Juan Mejia.' And who are these guys? ... The very story that inspired the saying is gone. So ... you have to go on and tell the tale of why you feel the way you do. What forces are you caught between? How did you get And how does it feel to be there? (552). That is the story she tells about each of the four Garcia de la Torre girls caught languages and cultures. Growing up is trying enough task, but growing up caught varying and conflicting cultural expectations is, of course, even more bewildering and alienating. Roberto Gonzalez Echevarria explains how this is especially difficult for Hispanic Americans today because they have old countries that are neither old nor remote. Even those born here often travel to their parents' homeland, and constantly face flow of friends and relatives from `home' who keep the culture current. This constant cross-fertilization makes assimilation more complicated process for them than for other minority groups. (28) For the Garcia girls, the process is even more complicated because they are girls, and growing up is more difficult for girls as they mature and come face-to-face with the double standards and demeaning cultural myths about women's bodies and women's roles in patriarchal society. Furthermore, the Garcia girls' assimilation is complicated by their wealth and social position in the Dominican Republic and their blindness to their privilege until they come to the States and face economic hard times. To untangle these complications and to bridge the gap the bilingual, immigrant Garcia family and the mostly monolingual, monocultural, English speaking reader who is her primary audience, Alvarez spins narrative that spirals from the outside in, whirling backward through the Garcia's lives, highlighting in this spiral movement the centripetal and centrifugal forces which pull them toward and away from their island home, toward and away from the U. S., toward and away from an integrated adulthood. Her structural and narrative choices reverberate in her thematic material as she examines the different vocabularies the girls learn in their circulation languages and cultures, struggling to find their identities. The novel begins in 1989, twenty-nine years after the family has fled the Dominican Republic to avoid the father's arrest for his part in scheme to oust the dictator Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina. It concludes in 1956, thirty-three years earlier, in series of island memories that haunt the Garcia women in their U. …

Tip-Toeing on the Tightrope: A Personal Essay on Black Writer Ambivalence

A drum roll roared, crowd hissed, cymbals clashed, and muscular young African woman finessed her way up the ladder to the landing, then to the wire. Fans around the world marveled at this glamorous Black woman with sparkly make-up and neon tights who danced on the high wire at the UniverSoul Circus, the world's first all-Black circus held recently on Chicago's South Side. I thought it was the first time I witnessed Black person walking the tightrope, until my genetic memory reminded me of the many times Black folks have had to, and will continue to, walk the tightrope. Welcome to my Big Top. Step right up as I walk you through the death-defying feats performed by and performed on Black writers who be ringmasters in the literary circus we call Academy if their greatness were not judged by the lions. Black writers - meaning those of African ancestry from the Americas, Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean - have been prolific and profound, writing volumes on the subject of Black writer ambivalence, the duality of attempting to amplify their writer's voice within the Black aesthetic while maintaining reverence to the Eurocentric aesthetic; projecting through one's words moral and political awakening while playing out the stereotypes some Whites still have for Black writers and other Negroes; continuing to treat this affliction with prescription of value-laden verbs while fighting disillusionment and constant explanations about duality to who wake up every morning never feeling the pangs of race and its relationship to class, gender, and sexual orientation. Black writers' ambivalence is aggravated by the need to be twice as good as White writers while receiving only third of the money and an eighth of the recognition. The tension between the two selves we battle as Black writers in White literary world is our exigence, our source of triumph as well as defeat - our source of immense satisfaction yet also the reservoir of our angst. From Du Bois to Danticat, scores of important Black writers have dissected the double-vision of the children of the ancient African diaspora. For example, author-lawyer Derrick Bell, in his essay Last Black Hero, details the schizophrenia afflicting his hero, writer-singer Paul Robeson (Faces 66), who was accepted for his art but not for his race - though my psychiatrist-wife frowns upon my apparent misuse of the precise clinical term schizophrenia, which she defines as a psychotic illness involving hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behavior. Bell explains in Rules of Racial Standing that Blacks are denied legitimacy when they discuss their negative experiences with racism or even when they give positive evaluation of another Black person or his or her work (Faces 111). Saul Bellow detailed his feelings on this subject in 1952 when praised Ralph Ellison for finding way, as Black novelist, to go at their problems, just as there are Jewish and Italian 'ways.' According to Bellow, had Ellison adopted more strident tone - one typical of many of today's minority writers - he would have failed to establish true middle-of-consciousness for everyone (qtd. in Crouch 89). Antigua-born Jamaica Kincaid says that she had to flee from her Black island home to New York's White literati to begin her career, simply because she could not have become writer living among the people she knew best (162). Is this double-talk or double-vision? Author-curmudgeon Stanley Crouch illuminates the double-vision concept in his book The All-American Skin Game when explains: Conceived and laid out by W. E. B. Du Bois in the first chapter of his 1903 The Souls of Black Folk, the condition somehow disallows consciousness of self and creates an aching split - 'this sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others, of measuring one's soul by the tape of world that looks on in amused contempt and pity. …

Bergmann's rule and the thrifty genotype

One of Roberts' key contributions was his work demonstrating the applicability of several ecological rules to human populations (Roberts [1953] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 11:533–558; [1978] Climate and Human Variability, 2nd ed., Menlo Park, CA: Cummings). His finding that average body weight systematically covaries with mean annual temperature was widely taken as confirmation of Bergmann's rule for humans. More recently his findings on weight and temperature have been extended and confirmed (Ruff [1994] Yrbk. Phys. Anthropol. 37:65–407; Katzmarzyk and Leonard [1995] Hum Biol Council Program Abstracts 132) although the strength of the association may be decreasing when considering more recent surveys (Katzmarzyk and Leonard [1995]). Roberts noted in 1953 that Oceanic populations may be somewhat of an exception to Bergmann's rule, and we propose that Neel's ([1962] Am. J. Hum. Genet. 14:353–362) thrifty genotype model may account for some of the deviation from predicted weights among these populations. We provide an updated version of the thrifty genotype model, suggesting that selection for energetic efficiency may have occurred for some Oceanic populations during the voyaging to and settlement of their island homes. Under conditions of modernization the thrifty genotype may be manifesting as high rates of obesity and NIDDM among Polynesians and Micronesians. First, using measurements of adult male weight from 19 Oceanic populations, we demonstrate the extreme nature of their deviation from predicted weight based on Roberts' regression of weight on mean annual temperature. Next, we regress the deviations from predicted weight on NIDDM prevalence for these 19 populations, producing a highly significant regression (R2 = 0.46; P < 0.001), consistent with expectations if the thrifty genotype is responsible for the high weights. Am J Phys Anthropol 104:201–210, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Bergmann's rule and the thrifty genotype.

One of Roberts' key contributions was his work demonstrating the applicability of several ecological rules to human populations (Roberts [1953] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 11:533-558; [1978] Climate and Human Variability, 2nd ed., Menlo Park, CA: Cummings). His finding that average body weight systematically covaries with mean annual temperature was widely taken as confirmation of Bergmann's rule for humans. More recently his findings on weight and temperature have been extended and confirmed (Ruff [1994] Yrbk. Phys. Anthropol. 37:65-407; Katzmarzyk and Leonard [1995] Hum Biol Council Program Abstracts 132) although the strength of the association may be decreasing when considering more recent surveys (Katzmarzyk and Leonard [1995]). Roberts noted in 1953 that Oceanic populations may be somewhat of an exception to Bergmann's rule, and we propose that Neel's ([1962] Am. J. Hum. Genet. 14:353-362) thrifty genotype model may account for some of the deviation from predicted weights among these populations. We provide an updated version of the thrifty genotype model, suggesting that selection for energetic efficiency may have occurred for some Oceanic populations during the voyaging to and settlement of their island homes. Under conditions of modernization the thrifty genotype may be manifesting as high rates of obesity and NIDDM among Polynesians and Micronesians. First, using measurements of adult male weight from 19 Oceanic populations, we demonstrate the extreme nature of their deviation from predicted weight based on Roberts' regression of weight on mean annual temperature. Next, we regress the deviations from predicted weight on NIDDM prevalence for these 19 populations, producing a highly significant regression (R2 = 0.46; P < 0.001), consistent with expectations if the thrifty genotype is responsible for the high weights.

The Total Synthesis of Brevetoxin B: A Twelve‐Year Odyssey in Organic Synthesis

AbstractThe total synthesis of brevetoxin B has been achieved recently after a long search for a suitable pathway. This twelve‐year odysseyThe Odyssey of Homer, translated by R. Lattimore, Harper Perenial, New York, 1975. Homer's Odyssey, one of the western world's first two poems (the Iliad is the other), is the tale of the adventures, wanderings, and exploits of Odysseus, a Greek hero of the Trojan war, as he attempts to reach Ithaca, his home island where his wife Penelope awaits him. During his journey Odysseus has an incredible series of adventures and setbacks caused by the anger of the god Poseidon, whose son Odysseus had blinded. Finally, assisted by his patroness, the goddess Athene, Odysseus returns home to Ithaca to find and punish the suitors, evil men who tried to win his wife's hand and who squandered his wealth and corrupted his servants while he was away. Telemachus, Odysseus' son, who had his own share of adventures while growing up, facing the suitors and, looking for his father, joins him in glory and wisdom as they reestablish their throne on Ithaca. Besides Odysseus, other main characters of Odyssey are as follows:Telemachus: The son of Odysseus, who is just entering manhood, is highly conscious of his duties as a prince successor to the throne and protector of his mother as well as the need to live up to his father's reputation as a hero. His actions waver between the immature and the well‐thought over as he searches for the truth about his father and desperately appeals to others for help. It is not until towards the end of the story that he exhibits great courage, skills, and confidence and one feels that he is, indeed, the son of Odysseus.Athene: She is the daughter of Zeus, goddess of wisdom, and patroness of arts and crafts. Odysseus is her favorite and protegé and she is his heroine, even though she is a goddess. She plays a leading role in all important events in the narrative, and her spirit and power always influence and assist Odysseus and Telemachus in their difficult moments. A friend and a confidant to Odysseus, she enjoys winning him over and her relationship with him, while the hero adores her and finds special comfort, companionship, and understanding in her.Poseidon: Younger brother to Zeus, god of the sea and of earthquakes, father of Polyphenus the one‐eyed Cyclops whom Odysseus blinds. As a ruler of the sea and natural phenomena, Poseidon is able to place many obstacles in front of Odysseus, whom he despises. Poseidon, however, is unable to hold out against the combined pressure of the other gods, particularly Athene, of whom Odysseus is a favorite, and so eventually relents, but not before he repeatedly unleashes his anger.The Cyclops, Scylla, and The Sirens: Some of the superhuman and monstrous characters of the tale who inflicted tremendous tortures and blows at Odysseus and his men, before he finally overcame them.The Suitors: The evil noblemen of Ithaca who attempt to undermine Odysseus, win the hand of his queen, Penelope, and corrupt his palace servants. They succeed partly, wasting away a great deal of Odysseus fortune, but he eventually prevails and punishes them.Ithaca: The island kingdom of Odysseus, most likely located somewhere off the western coast of Greece and the destination of the hero in this adventure. It is interesting to compare places, events, and characters from the Odyssey to those of modern‐day total synthesis, an excercise left to the imagination of the reader! in synthetic organic chemistry was marked by several strategic and tactical routes, and resulted in numerous new synthetic methods. This article is a behind‐thescenes account of the total synthesis of brevetoxin B, from its origins at the University of Pennsylvania to its completion at the University of California, San Diego, and The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California.

Bloodstream Infections Associated With a Needleless Intravenous Infusion System in Patients Receiving Home Infusion Therapy

To determine risk factors for bloodstream infections (BSIs) in an outbreak among patients receiving home intravenous infusion therapy. Case-control and retrospective cohort studies. Home health agency. Patients receiving home intravenous infusion therapy from Rhode Island Home Therapeutics (RIHT) from January through December 1993. Development of primary BSI. We compared patients with BSI (ie, case patients) with randomly selected noninfected RIHT patients receiving intravenous therapy, conducted a cohort study of all RIHT patients receiving intravenous therapy via a central venous catheter (CVC), and conducted a culture survey of injection cap luminal fluid. Case patients were more likely than controls to have had therapy via a CVC (11/11 vs 14/32; odds ratio [OR] undefined; P < .001) or total parenteral nutrition and intralipid therapy (TPN/IL) (9/11 vs 3/32; OR, 43.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.9 to 510.0). Among RIHT patients with CVCs, risk factors for BSI were receipt of TPN/IL (9/35 vs 2/67; rate ratio [RR], 8.6; 95% CI, 2.0 to 37.7) or use of a needleless infusion system (10/41 vs 1/61; RR, 14.9; 95% CI, 2.0 to 111.8). Only the combination of both exposures was significantly associated with development of a BSI (P < .001). Luminal fluid from injection caps of needleless devices was significantly more likely to be culture positive than fluid from protected-needle devices (5/23 vs 0/18; RR undefined; P = .04). Our data suggest that a needleless device used for TPN/IL was associated with increased risk of BSI when injection caps were changed every 7 days.

The Impact of Strategic Bombing in the Pacific

The now familiar mushroom clouds that appeared in skies over Japanese home islands fifty years ago were not only culmina tion of strategic bombing campaign of World War II, but were a precursor of dominant role of this method of warfare in post war period. This assessment will commence with appearance of new American leadership in Pacific in January 1945 and con tinue analysis through dropping of atomic bombs. It will conclude with an examination of results of strategic campaign and its impact on immediate postwar world. The writing of this essay calls to mind Richard Overy's perceptive comment that the difficult question to answer is not whether air power was important, but how important it was.1 In attempting to answer that dilemma, particularly as it relates to topic of strategic bomb ing, care must be exercised not to assign or take away undue credit from strategic attacks. Although by most any index available bulk of visible destruction was caused by B-29 Superfortresses, other elements of Allied power contributed to defeat and final surrender of Japanese. Among these were submarine campaign that reduced Japanese shipping to a virtual trickle, attacks by car rier-launched U.S. Navy planes and losses in earlier engagements where Japanese expended irreplaceable assets such as skilled pi lots and aircraft carriers.

Configuring the Filipino Diaspora in the United States

An article by one Blanche d’Alpuget in the New York Times Book Review on Jessica Hagedorn’s novel, Dogeaters, may have contributed to reviving an old impression of Filipinos as “dogeaters” inhabiting an irredeemably debauched society where greed, corruption, and chaos rule. Hagedorn is, however, an American author who has never eaten dogmeat. A mestiza with Spanish, German, and Malayan blood, she spent her years growing up in California as part of the “Filipino national identity movement” (Pajaron 20) in the sixties. Later, as a student in the American Conservatory Theater, she would get roles only as maid or hooker. Her contemporaries—the writers included in one of the first Asian-American literary anthologies, Aiiieeeeee! (Chin)—bewailed “the years of racism, identity crises, and subsequent ethnic rejection” of the postwar milieu. Exposing the fraud of the “American Dream,” these young Filipino-American (still hyphenated then) artists confessed how confused and dismayed they were at the “Oriental” Filipino back in the home islands (“brown faces with white minds”) who adopted and imitated anything American. But how many have read their writings?

The Baye Faal of Senegambia: Muslim Rastas in the promised land?

Spurred on in large part by the emergence of Jamaican and Anglo-Jamaican reggae music on to the global pop music scene in the mid-1970s, the Jamaican Rastafarian movement has within the past two decades managed to expand beyond its island home and attract a diverse and multi-ethnic international following. Apart from the various manifestations of ‘orthodox’ Jamaican Rastafarianism found in Africa today, one finds a number of religious and social formations which share similar features with and have been influenced to some extent by Rastafarian religion, music and culture. This article examines the various links that exist between one such group—the Muslim Baye Faal of Senegambia—and the beliefs and practices of the Jamaican Rastafari.

A Passage to England: Barbadian Londoners Speak of Home

Transatlantic homes the island relinquished the island attained - newcomers to England a roof over my head... ...and bread on the table - employment making it - from flat rental to home ownership valued people, valued places British-raised - a profile the island reconsidered England reconsidered identity home islands and insularities.

An Interview With Myriam Warner-Vieyra

Guadeloupe to France or Africa, they simultaneously set out on a parallel inner journey, thereby embarking upon the process of self-discovery. Seeking to conquer physical space, they move along a parallel trajectory, the appropriation of imaginative space. When her father, an island fisherman, prevents her from continuing studies that will further her identification with French colonial culture, the protagonist of Le Quimboiseur . . leaves her village in Guadeloupe, and sets sail for France with her mother. Suzette, an ambitious adolescent who has spent her childhood on an island big as two coconuts does not intentionally reject her roots; she seeks greater depth and breadth of experience. Yet in her quest for open space and a wider field of action, she encounters its antithesis, closed space and confinement. Recounting her experience later, Suzette states: J'avais choisi une route large et fleurie, elle s'6tait transforme'e en 6troit sentier plein d'embuches mais je devais poursuivre mon chemin, n' ayant pas d'autre choix possible [I had chosen a wide, flower-filled road, it had become transformed into a narrow path full of ambushes; but I could not turn back, I had no other choice open to me] (139). Drawing attention to the important structuring devices of her narration, reversal and binary opposition, Suzette expresses the gap between goal and outcomes in terms of spatial metaphors. She acknowledges an important strategy of Third World women's writing, the conquest of physical space as a metaphor for psychological independence. Feminist theorists and critics remind us that questers require models that balance attachment with autonomy, and value relationships and bonding. Yet Suzette is physically and metaphorically ex-iled. Once separated from her island home, she lacks a guide, a helper, a friend. In her world of reversal and binary opposition, her mother is diabolically maternal. A lightskinned Mulatto escaping her Afro-Caribbean identity, trying to pass in a White world, Suzette's mother rejects her own African roots. Rosamonde divorces her dark-skinned husband for a Frenchman and abandons her children. Instead of guiding her daughter, she rejects her; rather than free her, she enslaves her. On board the ship en route to France, Rosamonde initiates the process of rejecting Suzette by

Humanitarianism, Mercantilism, or Comprehensive Security? Disbursement Patterns of Japanese Foreign Aid

In 1967, The American Challenge appeared on the best-seller list of popular books in Europe.' Written by French author Jean-Jacques S rvanSchreiber, it warned about the economic power and innovative capacity of U.S. firms and the danger that they posed to the political autonomy of West European countries. This concern with U.S. hegemony, however, seemed rather quickly displaced by events pointing to the rapid ascendance of Japan in international trade and finance. In 1979, barely a dozen years after the appearance of The American Challenge, Ezra Vogel published Japan as Number 1: Lessons for America.2 This book was followed by others with titles such as The Eastasia Edge,3 America Versus Japan,4 and Trading Places.5 Their authors expressed a combination of admiration for Japan's economic achievements and alarm over the escalating international tension resulting from the relative status adjustments (especially for the United States) implied by these achievements. Often American analysts emphasize the closed nature of Japan's society and economy and the relentless drive for foreign economic advantages by that country's government and corporate leaders. While erecting various formal and informal barriers for keeping foreign capital and goods out of their home islands, the Japanese have supposedly exploited to the fullest extent the easy accessibility of the American society and economy to obtain valuable technologies, market shares, and investment opportunities. Thus, their economic

Trophies of War: U.S. Troops and the Mutilation of Japanese War Dead, 1941-1945

A cartoon published in the Chicago Tribune three days after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor depicted a muscular and grim-faced U.S. sailor carrying powder charges to a naval gun aimed at the distant Japanese home islands. From one of the charges dangled a tag reading War without Mercy on a Treacherous Foe.' Indeed, the war which the United States waged against Japan from December 1941 until August 1945 was characterized by a degree of savagery unmatched by the war being fought simultaneously against the European Axis. The explanation for this goes far beyond the fact that the United States had been the victim of a Japanese surprise attack, whereas Germany and Italy initiated war by means of formal and gentlemanly declarations. To a much greater degree than Germans (and certainly Italians), Japanese became dehumanized in the minds of American combatants

Our Island Home by Richard Haddaway

Our Island Home by Richard Haddaway

The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston

THOSE entering the east end of Galveston Island on the free ferry from Bolivar Peninsula soon encounter a large white water tower inscribed "Galveston Island—Home of UTMB." A quick glance reveals a cluster of tall buildings, some of the 70 structures that make up the campus of the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB). If arriving at night, they see a huge white-and-green—lit sign adorning one building: UTMB Galveston/John Sealy Hospital. How, some surely wonder, did this large health sciences center get established on this rather unlikely spot, a sandy barrier island in the northern Gulf of Mexico? QUEEN CITY OF THE GULF After Texas became a state in 1845, its population grew from around 200 000 in 1850 to more than 600 000 by 1860. 1 A hub of migrant and commercial bustle with more than 20 000 citizens, Galveston became the state's largest, wealthiest city by the mid-1870s. 2

Pacific Island migrants in the United States: Some implications for aging services

Over the last 20 years, the United States has become a focus for Pacific Island migration. A demographic profile of migrants (according to the latest available figures, those from the 1980 Census) is presented along with reasons for migration. This is followed by an account of the typical social organization of a Samoan migrant community. Clashes that sometimes arise between core Samoan and American values are explored. Ethnic identity is shown to be both a strength and a stressor in Samoan migrant adaptation. Complex but ever-changing links between the migrant population and home island residents are investigated. Implications for service delivery to an aging population of Pacific Islanders are discussed.