Island Bar Research Articles

Soils of the island bars of the Ola lagoon (Okhotsk sea)

The aim of the study. The purpose of the work is investigating soil formation on the island bars of the Ola Lagoon, as soil formation there has a special character due to the severe climate, dynamism and small age of the landscapes, and the influence of marine colonial birds. Location and time of the study. Field studies were conducted in June-July 2022 in the coastal zone of the Ola Lagoon of Magadan Region; laboratory and desk studies were conducted in 2022 and 2023. Methods. Methods included route observations with soil profile descriptions, mesomorphological studies; soil physical and chemical analyses: pH, electrical conductivity (TDS), loss on ignition (LOI); satellite photos interpretation and soil mapping. Results. The bar soils were qualified as dry-peat lithozems, differing in the thickness of the dry peat horizon TJ and the abundance of skeletal material (pebble). The dry-peat horizon is gradually merging into parent rock - dense marine pebbles, which are sometimes found in the dry-peat horizon due to storm "surges" from the sea. The TJ horizon consists of mesophilic plant residues and morphons of dark fine-disperse matter and a large number of semi-decomposed and living roots penetrating into the pebble layer. In the WRB system, soils correspond to Histic Leptosols (if shallow), or to Mawic Fibric Histosols. Conclusion. Formation of the dry-peat lithozems with the TJ-(TJ/С)-C profile is determined by the dry marine climate and low plant diversity of the meadows dominated by reed grass and wild rye. The main factors, shaping soil properties, are the island bars dynamics, specific of pebbles a parent rock material, salt impulverization and marine birds colonies presence. The research expands the knowledge on poorly studied soils of the region, and may contribute to substantiating their position in the classification of soils of Russia; in addition, the data obtained are useful within the framework of sustainable development, as it serves as nesting ground for colonial seabirds.

Продолжение обследования колоний морских птиц Тауйской губы (Охотское море)

Detailed surveys were performed with accurate fixation of the seabird's colonies locations on never researched sections of the coast next to the city of Magadan. The population was counted, the changes in the condition of the largest seabird colonies near the city, subjected to maximum anthropogenic pressure, were analyzed. The colonies under research included those on the Three Brothers Islands, on Isle Monakh (Kekurny), on Cape Ostrovnoy, and on island bars in the Ola and Arman lagoons. The total number of breeding seabirds, according to the latest counts in this area, including the abovementioned islands and lagoons, amounted to 88.7 thousand individuals. The first, in the history of observations, decrease in the number of seabirds in the Three Brothers colonies from 33.6 thousand to 28.9 thousand individuals in 5 years might be associated with the closure of the urban untreated sewage discharge into Gertner Bay. Monospecies colonies of the Slaty-backed Gull on the island bars in both lagoons, despite the strong anthropogenic pressure and the dynamic change in the islands contours, are still growing steadily and rapidly. In the Ola Lagoon, the number of nesting gulls has increased from 14.2 thousand to 37.6 thousand individuals over the past 9 years; in the Arman Lagoon, from 1.4 thousand to 4.2 thousand individuals within 5 years; their further growth can be predicted. At the present, the Slaty-backed Gull colonies in the Ola Lagoon are the largest in Tauysk Bay.

Geomorphic changes in the Jhelum River due to an extreme flood event: a case study

The unprecedented extreme flood occurred in Jhelum basin, India in the first week of September, 2014 due to continuous spell of high intensity antecedent rainfall. The rainstorm observed over the basin during the event was unprecedented in terms of accumulated rainfall. In this study, Operational Land Imager (OLI) Landsat images taken before and after flood were employed to assess the morphologic and geomorphic effects of the flood along both the sides of the Jhelum River. The total erosion and sedimentation for the study reach due to flooding were 278 and 2.7 ha respectively. The flow length and the average channel width were decreased by 500 m and 25 m respectively. The study reach was divided into meander loops (M), straight stretches (S), and island bars (B) based on sinuosity and braiding. The maximum erosion in the meander loops was observed in M5 section, B4 section in island bars, and S7 section in straight stretches of the river. The maximum erosion was observed in the riparian cover due to this flood. However, damage to the built-up cover was practically very limited to the selected river reaches due to the reinforced channel banks. It is evident from the findings of the erosion on different sections of the meander loops and straight reaches that as the sinuosity increases, the erosion also increases for a relatively significant areal extend of each land cover. This result gives insight to the incompetent management measures of riparian cover, which is a principal reason for the huge economic losses during flood.

ЗАГАЛЬНА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА БЕРЕГОВОЇ СИСТЕМИ ТИПУ «КРИЛАТИЙ МИС» КІНБУРНСЬКА-ПОКРОВСЬКА-ДОВГИЙ

Coastal systems that are diverse in evolutionary direction have become widespread in the coastal zone of the World Ocean, among which the most specific type is “Winged foreland”. Excretion of the corresponding type is due to the presence in the coastal system of certain genetic features of lithodynamic, hydrodynamic, morphological and evolutionary direction. Four coastal systems of this type are distinguished within the Black Sea coastal zone, but not all of them are fully consistent with the genetic features of “winged forelands”. The Kinburnska-Pokrovska-Dovgiy coastal system is located in the northwestern part of the Black Sea, near the mouth of the Dnieper River and the Southern Bug, within the western part of the Kinburn Peninsula. By a certain number of features the corresponding system can be identified as a “winged foreland”. Directed scientific research of the Kinburnska-Pokrovska-Dovgiy coastal system began in the second half of the 18th century, when it became necessary to study the conditions of navigation in the Dnieper- Bug estuary. The most detailed first descriptions of the corresponding area can be found in the works of E. Manganari, M. Krendovsky and M. Sokolov. Direct studies of coastal processes began in the second half of the 20th century, the materials of relevant studies are outlined in the works of V.P. Zenkovich, P.D. Pidhorodetsky, L.I. Pozyuk, A.I. Pravotorova etc. At the end of the 20th century the features of coastal processes were introduced in the works of I.M. Kotovskiy, D.O. Chernyakova and Yu.D. Shuiskiy. Genetically the Kinburnska-Pokrovska-Dovgiy coastal system was formed on the placing of the flooded part of the Dnieper and Southern Bug estuaries as a result of the formation of an underwater shafts’ system, their displacement and transformation into a coastal bar. Lithodynamically the studied system is the result of the interaction of transverse and along-shore sediment flows. Four structural and dynamic elements are distinguished within the system, which include: Kinburnska Spit, Front Beach, Pokrovska Spit and Krugliy Island and Dovgiy Island, Sukha Spit and Island Bar.

English

Effective management of solid wastes is a goal that is yet to be achieved in many countries, even developed ones. In attempt to carry out a study on effective waste management system as a solution to the menace marine litters posed on coastal communities, three coastal areas in Lagos State Nigeria which are known for fishing, recreation, housing, and other various coastal activities were selected. Three groups of research questions were formulated based on the problem perception and impacts, actors and level of governance, and strategy and instrument; and each question was examined, and specific strategy was developed for necessary data gathering. This study was based on the observational findings and interviews conducted for various actors; and conclusion and recommendations were based on the evaluation of the research questions. While a clear cut of marine littering resulting from ineffective solid waste management was the case at Makoko and Ebute-metta, the dividend of relatively effective solid waste management system with multi-actor approach was seen clearly at Victoria Island bar beach, as this location was found to be relatively clean, thus reducing the chances of litters escaping into the marine system. Generally, the major impacts identified are aesthetics impairment, health issues, and economic downscale. Based on the studied sites, the framework for requisite actions to address the problem of marine littering in an effective and sustainable manner is documented herein.   Key words: Solid waste, waste management, marine litter, Makoko, Ebute-metta, Victoria Island, multi-actor approach, pollution, coastal community.

РАЗВИТИЕ БЕРЕГОВЫХ ПРОЦЕССОВ ПРИ ПОВЫШЕНИИ УРОВНЯ ВОДОЕМА (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ОЗЕРА БАЙКАЛ)

The article provides estimations of the impact from abrupt increase in water level in Lake Baikal on coastal processes of bar Yarki (north part of Lake Baikal). The author has made a forecast of coastal processes of island bar under the current conditions and created a digital elevation model and profiles of the nearshore. Relationship between sea level rise and shoreline retreat are considered. Numerical simulation of evolution the beach profile under different conditions was carried out. The construction of hydroelectric power station in Irkutsk is the main reason that caused the change in morphological parameters of the bar. At the level of Lake Baikal at the time of expeditionary works in 2013, the shore profile showed relative stability even with maximum storms. When the lake level rose by 1 metre, the profile retreated “back and up” in compliance to the Dean-Maurmeier model (Dean, Maurmeyer, 1981) for coastal bars.

Governance Capabilities and Sustainability Concerning “Corporate-NGO” Collaboration: the Case of Lifebuoy Friendship Hospital in Bangladesh

This paper attempts to evaluate the governance capabilities of Lifebuoy Friendship Hospital (LFH), a corporate social responsibility project in Bangladesh, in terms of significant long-term social impact, operationally defined as sustainability for the present study. Drawing on the SCALERS model proposed by Bloom and Chatterji (2009), under their proposed seven “capabilities” which determine the extent to which a project is able to scale “wide” and “deep,” the paper assesses the prospect of “scaling up” the project to create significant long-term social impact. The study used focus group discussions and interviews to collect data in four villages of remote chars (island bars in the river beds) located in the Jamuna River at Gaibandha district in the northern part of Bangladesh. In total, four FGDs were conducted. Managers from the corporation (Unilever Bangladesh Limited) and the non-governmental organization (Friendship)—who were directly assigned to the project—were interviewed. Some of the key findings of the paper include the following: (i) LFH’s governance capabilities are limited; (ii) although the initiative provides vital healthcare services to some of the most vulnerable and desperately poor communities, management of the project in terms of stakeholder participation—has been marginal; and (iii) the extent to which the project is able to scale—“wide” and “deep” was found to be low. To the question—“What does the project ultimately result in?”—the result found was that—the project did not bring about any significant participation of the community, except being mere recipients of health care service; no significant effort toward income generation for long-term sustainability of LFH; commitment of Unilever Bangladesh Limited (UBL), in this case, was limited mainly to financial resources; entire dependence on a single source of fund (UBL in this case) was identified as another cause of vulnerability for this project. Some of the major lessons arising out of the study may have relevance for other studies. The study suggests issues that need to be considered for significant long-term social impact of other similar initiatives.

Sediment accumulation owing to backwater effect in the lower reach of the Stung Sen River, Cambodia

We examined channel bars at two sites in the lower reach of the Stung Sen River, which flows into Lake Tonle Sap, Cambodia, to identify sediment transport and accumulation processes during monsoon-related flood events and to investigate how sediment transport capacity changes as a result of enhanced backwater effect of the lake. Channel bars in the lower reach of the Stung Sen River that emerge in the dry season were classified into type A (lateral bars), type B (point bars), type C (concave-bank benches) and type D (diagonal and island bars, or fluvial dunes) based on Nagumo et al.'s previous study. Type B, type C, and type D channel bars were at our study sites of SEN-01 and SEN-02, about 83 and 77km from the river mouth respectively. Computation of water surface profiles showed that sediment transport capacity of the Stung Sen River decreased abruptly after the peak flow stage because of the backwater effect from Lake Tonle Sap during the decreasing flow stage. Our observations suggest that alternating layers of sand and silt to clay layers accumulate to form type C channel bars, corresponding to changes in sediment transport capacity controlled by backwater effects from Lake Tonle Sap and by changes in flow depths and associated slackwater systems. The accumulation of alternating silt and sand layers of type B channel bars results from lateral sediment transportation that is accelerated with an increase of secondary flow, whereas development of type D channel bars is related to bedload mobility.

Impacts of Bangabandhu Jamuna Multi-purpose Bridge on the dynamics of bar morphology at the Jamuna River in Bangladesh

This research paper evaluates the impacts of Bangabandhu Jamuna Multi-purpose Bridge on the dynamics of bar morphology of Jamuna River. A reach of 35 km upstream to 35 km downstream in a width of 25 km (total 1750 km2) considered to assess the impacts of the bridge. Time-series satellite images were used to examine the bar development of the study, both pre-bridge construction period (1973, 1984 and 1994) and post-bridge construction period (2004 and 2012). The ERDAS IMAGINE 9.2, ArcGIS 9.3 and Google Earth softwares were used for image processing and examine the morphological changes and dynamics of the bars. In post bridge construction periods; about 255.46852 km2 area of bars increased by the impact of the bridge of 1750 km2 (14.63% increase of bar area). Island bar dominated area increased 103.73619 km2; almost 5.93% increase referring the total study area. On the other hand, the construction of Bangabandhu Jamuna Bridge causes about 151.16345 km2 increase of the attached bars; also 8.69% increase referring the total study area. By the analysis it was found that 60.352797 km2 area of sand carpeting decreases; almost 3.45% reduction with the total study area after the construction of the bridge.

Holocene Reef Development Along the Northeastern St. Croix Shelf, Buck Island, U.S. Virgin Islands

Abstract Eight cores were recovered from Buck Island Underwater National Monument (U.S. Virgin Islands). Facies were defined based on recovered coral species, fabrics observed in core slabs and thin sections, and detailed notes on drilling character. Thirty-six radiometric dates constrained the timing of reef accretion. Together, these data provide a detailed history of reef development under varying regimes of sea-level rise and physical oceanography. Holocene reefs around Buck Island initiated atop a broad antecedent bench at 13–16 meters below present sea level. Shelf flooding near Buck Island occurred as early as 9,500 years ago (CalBP), but preserved reefs lagged by as much as 1,800 years. Earliest reef development was dominated by branching Acropora palmata near the shelf edge and massive corals closer to Buck Island. By 7,200 CalBP, A. palmata apparently declined near the platform margin and was absent until ca. 5,200 CalBP throughout the study area. Over time, the reefs closer to Buck Island built upward (ca. 16 m) and seaward (ca. 50 m), as the rate of sea-level rise slowed and carbonate production increasingly exceeded the accommodation space that was being created. Reef topography and zonation became progressively more distinct, with A. palmata dominating the shallow reef crest. Branching coral apparently disappeared again between ca. 3,030 and 2,005 CalBP for reasons that are not clear. This and the previous decline of A. palmata mimic patterns seen around St. Croix and throughout the Caribbean. By 1,000 CalBP, the reefs close to Buck Island had largely assumed their present character and continued to track slowly rising sea level until the present. Around 1,200 CalBP, vertical accretion along Buck Island Bar apparently ceased. Paradoxically, the surface of this outer reef has historically been dominated by large stands of A. palmata since the area was first described, but rapid coral growth has not resulted in preservation of this species over the last millennium. Modern community structure mimics facies patterns seen in cores. Over the past 7,700 years, the southern reef crest appears to have remained slightly shallower than its northern counterpart, a condition that persists today. Observations after Hurricane Hugo in 1989 suggest that this difference in elevation is related to the piling up of debris on the broader, southern reef crest by high waves from storms passing south of St. Croix. Also, facies along the southern reef are more variable in species composition than their northern counterparts, a condition that is exhibited by the modern reef community. Coral abundance and diversity in the cores (total coral = 20–30%; dominated by A. palmata) are comparable to the community structure present in the late 1970s (Bythell et al. 1993; Hubbard et al. 1993). In contrast, fossil-coral abundance and diversity are consistently higher than what was measured in the 1980s and early 1990s (total coral = 7–14%; A. palmata ≤ 2%), after the onset of White Band Disease, a putative pathogen, which has recently decimated branching acroporids throughout the region. The dominance of branching A. palmata in the cores would seemingly reflect an absence of disease or other factors that would discourage its continued abundance. In apparent contrast, two lengthy gaps in the A. palmata record reflect previous disappearances that roughly correspond to similar lapses elsewhere in the Caribbean. Thus, the spatial persistence of a species in the fossil record cannot necessarily be equated with its temporal continuity. Comparisons between changes in modern reefs on a time scale of decades and their fossil forebears must be made with great care. Understanding the role of short-term changes and how they are reflected in the preserved record is thus critical to relating the late Holocene A. palmata gaps to the recent decline of the species. This has important implications for our understanding of how preserved community structure relates to what actually existed in the past, and could limit our ability to use the recent geologic record as a proxy to short-term, future changes in coral reefs.

Late Pleistocene stratigraphy and palaeobotany of the Isles of Scilly

A re-evaluation of the Pleistocene stratigraphy of the Isles of Scilly has enabled the formal definition of eight lithostratigraphic units of member status grouped into two formations. A chronology of events has been provided by radiocarbon (14C) determinations, optical and thermoluminescence (TL) dates. Inter-site correlations have been strengthened by palynology, which has aided palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. The defined units have been incorporated into two lithostratigraphic models, one for the ‘northern’ (glacial) Scillies and one for the ‘southern’ (extra-glacial) Scillies. Raised beach sediments of the Watermill Sands and Gravel in the southern Scillies are overlain by the Porthloo Breccia, a unit of soliflucted material derived exclusively from the weathering of local granite. Organic sequences at Carn Morval, Watermill Cove, Porth Askin, Porth Seal and Bread and Cheese Cove occur within the Porthloo Breccia, and are interpreted as the infillings of ponds associated with active solifluction. Radiocarbon determinations from these organic sediments are critical because they pre-date units associated with a glacial event. The14C determinations indicate deposition of the organic material between 34 500+885-800(Q-2410) and 21 500+890-800(Q-2358) years BP and provide a maximum age for the glacial event and the first radiometric dates for the coastal ‘head’ sediments of southwest England. The pollen assemblages from these organic sites all record open grassland vegetation, and represent the earliest vegetational record for the Scillies. HighPinusvalues are interpreted as evidence of climatic deterioration. In the southern Scillies, the Porthloo Breccia is overlain by the Old Man Sandloess, a coarse aeolian silt with subdominant fine sand, TL-dated to 18 600+3700-3700years (QTL -1 d and 1 f; Wintle 1981) and optically dated to 20 000+7000-7000and 26 000+10 000-9000years (two samples; 738al and 741al; Smithel al. 1990). This material occurs in a variety of facies related to different modes of reworking. In the northern Scillies, the Porthloo Breccia is overlain by three units that are all related to a single glacial event. The Scilly Till, a massive, poorly sorted, clay-rich pale brown diamicton containing abundant striated and faceted erratics of northern derivation, occurs at Bread and Cheese Cove, and Pernagie and White Island Bars. This sediment is of uncertain depositional facies, although the available data suggest that it may be a lodgement till. At Bread and Cheese Cove the Scilly Till occurs in association with a matrix-supported sandy gravel, the Tregarthen Gravel, which has an erratic assemblage consistent with the underlying Till. The distributional relation between the glacially derived sediments, marine bars and morphological varieties of granite tors suggest that some of the bars may be remnant moraines, and that the glacier was erosive in the northern Scillies. Aeolian loessic processes in association with the glacial advance resulted in the deposition of the Old Man Sandloess in the southern Scillies. The relative coarseness of this material is interpreted as a function of its proximity to glacially derived source material. The mineralogy of the Scilly Till is sufficiently similar to the Old Man Sandloess to suggest a genetic link between the two units. Overlying the Scilly Till and Tregarthen Gravel in the northern Scillies is the Hell Bay Gravel, an extremely widespread matrix-supported gravel containing a similar assemblage of striated and faceted erratics to the underlying Till, but alongside a considerable proportion of locally derived granitic material. The matrix of the Hell Bay Gravel is identical to colluvially reworked facies of the Old Man Sandloess. This material represents an initial phase of solifluction, post-dating the glacial event in which the Scilly Till, Tregarthen Gravel and Old Man Sandloess were mixed and transported downslope. In situations where these sediments were stripped from the land surface, weathered granite once again became the dominant raw material for solifluction, this subsequent phase being represented by the Bread and Cheese Breccia in the northern Scillies and the upper Porthloo Breccia in the southern Scillies. The evidence therefore suggests that ice advanced at least as far as the northern Isles of Scilly during the Dimlington Stadial of the late Devensian Substage. This conflicts with previous interpretations which place the glacial deposits within the Wolstonian Stage. However, the late Devensian event was probably not the first glacial event to have influenced the Islands because erratics are widespread in some exposures of the Watermill Sands and Gravel; the age of this earlier event remains uncertain.

Buck Island Bar, St. Croix, U.S.V.I., A reef that cannot catch up with sea level

Buck Island Bar, St. Croix, U.S.V.I., A reef that cannot catch up with sea level

Sedimentology of Upper Cretaceous Coffee Sands in North-Central Mississippi: ABSTRACT

The Upper Cretaceous Coffee Group within the Desha basin of Mississippi is composed of two major lithologies, a light to dark marlstone and a series of white, fine to medium-grained siltstones and sandstones. The two source areas for the sands are the Sharkey platform to the south and the southern Appalachians. The presence of hydrocarbons has been described at the outcrop and in subsurface cuttings and cores. Depositional environments in the shallow shelf consist of lagoons, barrier island bars, offshore bars, and surge channel deposits. Southwest regional dip of approximately 40 ft/mi (8 m/km) is reflected on all Upper Cretaceous horizons. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1221------------

The Automobile Clubs and the Courts

Until fairly recently it had apparently been the general practice of motor clubs to furnish their members with certain services of a legal nature in connection with their memberships or contracts.1 Since I93i a number of cases have arisen in which it has been charged that the automobile clubs in rendering these services are engaged in the unauthorized practice of law.2 In all of the cases which have been brought to the courts of last resort-except in one instance3-this charge has been sustained4 against the motor clubs. Usually no emphasis has been placed upon any particular type of service rendered by the clubs, but the courts have simply found that the practices as a whole constituted unauthorized practice of law. On this account it has been deemed unnecessary to deal separately with the specific services rendered by each motor club in the discussion of the individual decisions. All of the clubs involved in these cases had been providing for defense of members in magistrate and police courts for minor charges under the motor vehicle laws, and some even handled more serious charges, such as manslaughter. Most of them also were prepared to give legal advice to their members on matters with reference to the use or ownership of their automobiles, and to defend property damage suits brought against members as a. result of collisions. Some had provisions for defense of personal injury claims and for prosecution of civil claims, and at least one provided for prosecution of criminal charges on behalf of members in courts without regular prosecuting attorneys.5 * A.B., 1935, Gettysburg College. Now a member of the third year class in the Duke University Law School. Member of the Editorial Board, Duke Bar Association Journal. 1 Results of private investigation indicate that these practices are being continued, apparently without active disapproval on the part of the bar, in at least a few of the states whose courts have not considered the question. 2People ex rel. Chicago Bar Association v. Motorists' Association of Illinois, 354 Ill. 595, I88 N. E. 827 (I933); People ex rel. Chicago Bar Association v. Chicago Motor Club, 362 Ill. 50, I99 N. E. i (i935); In re Maclub of America, 3 N. E. (2d) 272 (Mass. 1936); In re Thibodeau, 3 N. E. (2d) 749 (Mass. 1936); State ex rel. Seawell v. Carolina Motor Club, 209 N. C. 624, I84 S. E. 540 (1936); Rhode Island Bar Association v. Automobile Service Association, 55 R. I. 122, 179 Atl. 139 (I935); Yeats v. Automobile Owners Association of Florida, BRAND, UNAUTHORIZED PRACnCE DECISIONS (1937) 326 (C. C. Fla. I934); Schuur v. Detroit Automobile Club, id. at 698 (C. C. Mich. 1937); Goodman v. Motorists' Alliance, 29 Ohio N. P. (N. S.) 3I (C. P. 1931); Dworken v. Cleveland Auto Club, 29 Ohio N. P. (N. S.) 607 (C. P. 1931). 'In re Thibodeau, supra note 2. 4Several cases have arisen also in the lower courts of Ohio (Goodman v. Motorists' Alliance, and Dworken v. Cleveland Auto Club, both supra note 2), and one in a Florida lower court (Yeats v. Automobile Owners Association of Florida, supra note 2), in all of which injunctions were granted against incorporated motor clubs which were furnishing legal services. 6 State ex rel. Seawell v. Carolina Motor Club, supra note 2.