Islamic Websites Research Articles

Development of Web-Based Learning Media for Junior High School Level Physics Olympiad Material With Islamic Integration

The Development of Islamic Integrated Learning Website-Based Media for Junior High School Physics Olympiad Material aims to determine the feasibility of the website-based learning media for junior high school physics Olympiad material integrated with Islam. The learning media is developed based on the stages in this research, adopting modifications from Borg & Gall. The data collection instrument used in this research and development is a questionnaire. The results of the development of the junior high school physics Olympiad material website integrated with Islam meet the validity criteria. The average total score of the website media expert is 89.2, the material expert's website validation is 86.15, and the integration of Islamic website validation is 81.82. Considering the overall aspects of validation and meeting the feasibility criteria, it is declared in the "valid/appropriate" category.

Classifying Muslim Ideologies from Islamic Websites using Text Analysis Based on Naive Bayes and TF-IDF

Reliable digital Islamic information is one of the challenges faced by innocent Islamic information seekers such as young Muslims, new Muslims as well as others who desire to find authentic information about Islam, Prophet Muhammad (saw), and Muslims, in general. Several deviant ideologies abound, and they also present their information using the internet, sometimes involving digital deception. In the digital era, misleading Islamic information may affect people’s beliefs, behaviours, and attitudes. Many websites are equally based on several schools of thought regarding Islamic practices which could be difficult for the new Muslims, and the young generation of Muslims to recognize what to follow among these different websites based on the information presented on the sites. Some other variants of practices are considered to be deviants by the mainstream Sunni scholars which may be misleading for innocent Islamic information seekers including non-Muslims. Consequently, the need to categorize different Islamic websites based on different schools and branches becomes imperative. This initial study focuses classification of Islamic websites utilising website categorization and text classification approach to their textual contents. The proposed technique classified 60 Islamic websites into two various categories Sunni and Shia using TF-IDF for features extraction while using Multinomial Naive Bayes for classification. In addition, extracting the keywords for each of the two categories assisted in the classification process. The results show that Multinomial Naive Bayes was easily implemented and predicted the categories of Islamic websites with an accuracy of 0.89, precision 1.0, recall 0.80, as well as an F1 score of 0.89. The keywords that differentiate Sunni websites from Shia's websites were extracted. It was found that the best keywords that can be used in search engines to identify Sunni websites are Islam and Muslim, while Shia and Imam are the most prominent keywords that can be used to identify Shia's websites.

Nahdlatul Ulama as The Main Actor Managing and Resetting Civilization in The Digital Era

The Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) organization was established on Rajab 16, 1344 (January 31, 1926), initiated by Hadratussyaikh KH. Muhammad Hasyim Asy’ari in Surabaya, Indonesia. NU, whose age has turned a century (one hundred years), considers that the understanding and mastery of literacy and technology in the digital era possessed by the Nahdliyin (the citizens affiliated to or members of NU) and the Indonesian general public occupy a fundamental position. It is not only within the scope of religion but also socio-political, cultural education, intolerance, stereotypes, radicalism, and terrorism threatening the unity and peace of the international world, the Indonesian nation, and the Nahdliyin in particular. This study employed the Q-DAS (Qualitative Data Analysis Software) approach incorporating a combined model of literature review and netnography on the “TVNU” YouTube channel, social media accounts of ulama (Kyai) of Nahdlatul Ulama, and moderate Islamic websites managed by cyber and network teams affiliated with Nahdlatul Ulama. The present research aimed to observe and analyze the role of NU as the main actor in reorganizing and creating harmony in humankind and realizing world peace by strengthening literacy in the digital era to commemorate the centenary of its establishment.

Power of Translation of QS. Al-Mâ’idah 51 on the Conservative Islamic Website in Indonesia

Power of Translation of QS. Al-Mâ’idah 51 on the Conservative Islamic Website in Indonesia

Seizing Public Digital Dominance; The Phenomenon Of Mainstream Islamic Media Digital Battle

The authority of digital public discourse indirectly impacts one's religious point of view, the phenomenon of digital religion has caused mainstream Islamic websites to strive for the dominance of the public digital mass. This paper will examine the phenomenon of competition among mainstream Islamic websites and mainstream non-affiliated websites in seizing public digital dominance. Data Reportal on Digital Indonesia 2023 put Indonesia as the largest internet users in the world, with a population of around 277,7 million with a total active internet user of 212,9 million, internet penetration stood at 77,0 percent. Indonesia also home to 167,0 million social media users equating to 60,4 percent of the total population. Total of 352,8 million cellular mobile connections were active in Indonesia, this figure equivalent to 128,0 percent of the total population. The paper elaborates the prevalent competition between Islamic media using a phenomenological approach based on digital data and a variety of digital analysis tools. This study demonstrates how the intensity of contestation persists and has subsequently created digital communities with divergent religious viewpoints that have subconsciously created social segmentation that strengthens group exclusivism.

Implementasi Aplikasi Informasi Kajian Islami di Masjid Nurul Iman

All Muslims must impart the great laws of Islam to all mankind so that they can feel peace and tranquility. In addition to the obligation to preach, Islam requires followers to study the religion. The more religious knowledge we have, the better we fear Allah and protect ourselves from disobedience. Because with religious knowledge, we can know what is good and what is bad. is not. Second, the potential for technological development, especially in Indonesia, is driven by several factors, such as the heavy use of the Internet, the increase in Islamic Websites on the Internet, and live streaming of Islamic studies, especially at Majid Nurul Iman Blok M. Supported. The development of this research information system application was designed based on community needs obtained through research methods, interviews, and questionnaires. During the design phase, use case and activity diagrams are used to describe the relationships that occur in each flow, data flow diagrams are used to determine user access levels (superadmin vs. admin), and ERDs are Used for database design. In the final stage, the test uses usability testing to get her SUS score. Here we measure the feasibility of finding problems and applying the information systems of this study according to the needs of the community. Finally, we can conclude that the development of this research information system application can be used according to the needs of the community. As such, this service activity can provide benefits and convenience to Muslims in acquiring religious knowledge.

Cues to Deception in Islamic Websites Text and Design

Deception is not always a lie, but sometimes a factual truth deliberately misleads. The deception continues to grow with the proliferation of the growth of the internet and reliance on internet information to make decisions. Thus, the absence of a deception judgment for websites will make users believe false and deceiving information which poses a serious problem, and there is still little scholarly work on this issue. Hence, the purpose is to investigate the distribution of cues to deception in real websites. A case study approach was carried out using content analysis. The cues were tested against some websites, and the context for the case study is the Prophet Muhammad’s biography. As a result, a list of cues was generated and grouped into nine heuristics; five heuristics related to text, and four heuristics related to design. Under each of these developed heuristics are lists of cues. The analysis from the case study confirmed the existence of the cues and enriched and improved the heuristics with more new cues

Internet sebagai Ruang Baru Kontestasi Diskursus Agama dan Politik: Kajian atas Diskursus Islam, Demokrasi dan Pancasila pada Website Keislaman Populer di Indonesia

The internet as a new medium has now become a contested space for political discourse. Focusing its analysis on eight popular Islamic websites in Indonesia, this paper examines how popular Islamic websites promote the concept of Islam and politic as seen in the issues of Pancasila, democracy, and Islamic state. The required data were collected through the method of web scraping. By using Lutfi Assyaukani's theory of three models of democracy in Indonesia, the results of this study indicate that the selected eight websites were classified into three variants of the political ideology model: First, websites that support religious democracy that are represented by the websites Nu.or.id, Islami.co, Ibtimes.id, and Bincangsyariah.com; second, websites that support Islamic democracy that are represented by Hidayatullah.com and Eramuslim.co.; and third, websites that support the Islamic caliphate that are represented by Voa-Islam.com and Nahimunkar.org, which rejected the form of a democratic state, both Islamic democracy and religious democracy, but accepted the Pancasila version of the Jakarta Charter.

Muslim Sportswomen: A New Way of Being Religious in the Contemporary World

Muslim Sportswomen:A New Way of Being Religious in the Contemporary World Kate Mroz, Ph.D. (bio) On Saturday, October 19, 2019, 16-year-old Noor Alexandria Abukaram ran a personal best 5k in a high school cross country race. When she crossed the finish line, however, she found out that this run would not count for her or her teammates. Disqualified for wearing a hijab without first obtaining a "special waiver," Abukaram's story is far from the only instance of a woman or group of women being penalized for wearing a head covering. Abukaram went from being an Ohio high schooler to a celebrity, receiving attention both positive and negative. She is even the inspiration behind a new bill in the Ohio prohibiting school sports from requiring advance permission for religious attire. Women like Abukaram are continuously seeking to redefine what it means to be a Muslim woman and an athlete. Muslim sportswomen are consistently resisting media caricatures of them as escapees of an oppressive tradition and demonstrating that one can be dedicated to both their sport and their religion. This essay discusses the obstacles faced by Muslim athletes and demonstrates how Muslim women are showing that religious devotion is compatible with competition, even at the highest levels. Their experience also serves as a reminder that sport can be a powerful form of activism. [End Page 13] Muslim Women and Sports: A Brief Overview The place of sports and physical activity, especially for women, in contemporary Islamic law is a matter of debate. It is hard to find fatwas related to sport in print, but they are quite numerous on Islamic websites. Many believe that this is because the two main audiences of Islamic websites, young Muslims and Muslims living in the West, are the most likely to experience religious dilemmas relating to sporting activities.1 Much of the controversy surrounding sports has to do with the association of modern sports with colonization or Westernization. For example, soccer was imported from the British and basketball from the Americans in the early 20th century.2 Thus, some scholars describe modern sporting events as a direct and intentional assault on Islamic societies. Most agree that Muslims are encouraged to maintain a healthy body and that certain sports have Islamic origins. According to one hadith, the Prophet said, "Teach your children swimming, archery, and horseback riding." Another strong hadith tells the story of the Prophet racing his wife Aisha in order to please her.3 Where disagreement occurs is the extent to which Muslims, especially women, should participate in sports, and which types of sports are permissible. Shavit and Winter identify two socio-legal approaches4 to the question of sport participation: the socially liberal Wasatiyya school and the socially conservative Salafiyya school. Wasati scholars maintain that sports can be practiced or watched for pleasure, and even state that sporting events may sometimes take precedence over religious duties. Sheikh Ahmad Kutty, for example, insists that a professional Muslim athlete may avoid fasting during Ramadan. That person may offer compensation, such as feeding a poor person, for every day of the fast that is skipped. Wasati scholars also do not take issue with watching sports on television, maintaining that the Prophet "ordered us to entertain ourselves through lawful means."5 Salafi jurists, on the other hand, do not approve of the practice of modern sports, arguing that watching sports on television is a waste of time that will lead to the neglect of religious duties or the commission of prohibited acts. [End Page 14] They also advise against pursuing a professional sports career.6 When it comes to women's participation in sports, both schools agree that men and women should not practice sports together. However, while Salafis prohibit women from participating in any activity outside the home for fear they will become distracted, Wasatis approve of women's only sports clubs. Even though Wasatis are more permissive, both schools are concerned with sports taking away from religious duties. Both agree that large sums of money should not be spent on athletics. They also forbid practices like gloating or jeering at one's opponents, and betting on sporting events. The degree of...

Portrayals of Women on Ethno-Nationalist and Radical Islamic Websites in Bosnia And Herzegovina

This article presents an original analysis of portrayals of women in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) on websites with radical and extremist content. We analyze and discuss key online narratives about women and their societal roles from 100 sampled online articles published on ten websites that primarily propagate right-wing, nationalist and Salafist thinking. The article shows that while Salafist websites focus on didactic material about how women are expected to act (selectively using the Quran and hadiths), radical ethno-nationalist and right-wing articles directly accuse liberal-thinking women and feminists of immorality, perversity, and shameful behavior. While studied articles on Islamic websites confine women’s roles to family caretakers and to wives, selected ethno-nationalist articles present women in relation to their national belonging and war victimization. We conclude that the studied websites essentialize women’s societal functions, predominantly placing their roles and identities in the private sphere while linking womanhood to collective national and/or religious identity. Although the selected platforms represent different manifestations of extremisms, they share many similarities.

Quality of Visual Aesthetic Facets in Designing Christian and Islamic Religious Websites

This study considers visual aesthetics as a significant contributor to involving the user in online visual communication. It argues that religious websites as an online environment require attention to the impressive communication process. In this study, we focus on how Christian and Islamic religious websites use the five visual aesthetic facets, including Simplicity, Diversity (visual richness), Colourfulness, Typography, and Image on homepages. To address this issue, 10 Christian and Islamic religious websites are selected from the Alexa top religious websites. Using a descriptive-analytics approach, evaluation of visual aesthetics is conducted through a checklist based on the theoretical and empirical literature reviewed on visual aesthetics and website design. It is included some criteria about visual aesthetic items in web design. The results show that Christian and Islamic religious websites have different types of visual aesthetics. Furthermore, Christian websites with high simplicity, low diversity, paying attention to the colour factor, appropriate typography and high-quality images, received the highest overall aesthetics ratings. While Islamic websites, with low simplicity, low diversity, little attention to the colour and typography characteristics, as well as low-quality images, received the low scores.

Identification of persuasive elements in Islamic knowledge website using Kansei engineering

The global explosions of the internet and direct use by individuals, organizations and Islamic scholars to spread the knowledge and events have witnessed massive growth over the years. The users refuse to use online Islamic websites as references which causes the acceptance rate of the online learning method still low. This paper presents the identifications of persuasive elements in Islamic knowledge website. The objective of this study is to identify the persuasive element using Kansei Engineering (KE) method for online Islamic knowledge website design. Therefore, Kansei words related to online Islamic knowledge were identified. After that, the Kansei words (KWs) were evaluated in order to be used as persuasive elements. Ten specimens of Islamic websites were chosen and evaluated with 30 emotions of KWs. 38 students from one of the public universities accomplished the evaluation experiment. The gathered KWs were then analyzed using multivariate analysis such as Factor Analysis to identify the persuasive elements. Based on Factor Analysis, the finding of this research revealed four main pillars which are credibility-motivated, reliability, Islamic identity and functional. The two additional pillars are updated and belief. The pillars were then compared with the persuasive elements in the previous research. Although there are some limitations and constraint during the conduct of the research, this study also contributes to the design persuasive elements for Islamic website knowledge in the future.

Islamic emoticons and religious authority: emerging practices, shifting paradigms

This article considers the use of emoticons on transnational, English-language Islamic website forums as a case study to examine the shifts in Sunni religious authority, which have accelerated and deepened in the era of computation and new media. It shows the ways in which ordinary Muslims on conservative web forums invoke, deploy, and respond to different kinds of authority, from jurists to site administrators. It focuses first on particular websites’ endorsement of certain emoticons as Islamic (a smiley face with a hijab, e.g.), and then turns to forum users’ debates about emoticon usage. These debates range from questioning the acceptability of figural emoticons to the appropriateness of ‘secular’ emoticons on self-identified Islamic websites. It finds that while users often cite or request fatawa on emoticon usage when disputing with others, they are equally likely to post what they consider relevant hadith, appeal to common sense, or appeal to site administrators. This ground-up approach to engaging with the issue of emoticons gives nuance to what some scholars have termed the “crisis of authority” in Sunni Islam, and suggests that ordinary Muslims find authority in a diverse, sometimes contentious spectrum of locations. Far from being irrelevant to scholarship on contemporary Islam, emoticons are an important locus for understanding how pious Muslims have negotiated interactions in online spaces.

Counselling Muslim Selves on Islamic Websites: Walking a Tightrope Between Secular and Religious Counselling Ideals?

This article focuses on the interactive counselling service Problems and Answers (PS), an Arabic language and Islamic online counselling service, which draws on global therapeutic counselling trends. For over a decade, PS was run and hosted by www.IslamOnline.net (IOL). Based on ethnographic fieldwork, this article aims to provide a layered, contextualized understanding of online Islamic counselling, through addressing the ‘invisible’, ‘behind the screens’ aspects of PS counselling and the meaning making activities that inform the online output. In particular, I examine: 1. The multiple ways in which ‘religion’ shapes the PS counsellors' counselling output, and 2. The extent to which secular and religious counselling ideals clash, in PS counselling. Drawing on a mixed methods approach, I demonstrate instances in which offline data nuance and generate new understandings of online data. The findings demonstrate the multivocality and variations in the PS counsellors' perspectives on both religion and counselling psychology, and shed light on possible tensions between professed ideals and actual online practices.

تعرض طلبة الجامعات الفلسطينية للمواقع الإسلامية على الإنترنيت: طلبة جامعتي النجاح وبيرزيت نموذجا

The rise of “Islamism” in the Arab world in the last few decades has drawn researchers’ attention to this significant phenomenon. In addition, the advent of internet, it is believed, formed a vital tool for this rise, given it opened a wide door to Muslim groups to communicate with audiences. Simultaneously, it is noticed that Palestinian people, in particular, were influenced by political Muslim groups which influence peoples’ various aspects of life. This study focuses on the exposure of Palestinian students at two major universities to the Islamic websites, and sheds light on the extent to which those students are influenced by them. The study, based on the Use and Gratifications Theory, depended on the descriptive approach, and used the quantitative analyses, examined a sample of An-Najah and Birzeit universities in the Palestinian West Bank, and found that more than half of students are exposed to Islamic websites, and regard them as a reliable source of information. At the same time, the study shows that students, in general, are open to “non-Islamic” websites, and obtain news and political analyses from them. Students, in addition, show reservations on Islamic websites which represent Islamic parties, and believe that those sites do not offer enough room for interaction. مثل صعود "التوجهات الإسلامية" في العالم العربي اهتماما متزايدا من قبل الباحثين لهذه الظاهرة المهمة. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، يُعتقد أن اختراع الانترنيت وانتشاره، مثل أيضا أداة مهمة لهذا الصعود، لأن الإنترنيت فتح الباب واسعا أمام الجماعات الإسلامية للاتصال بالجمهور بشكل غير مسبوق. وبالتزامن مع ذلك، يلاحظ بأن الشعب الفلسطيني، على وجه الخصوص، تأثر بالتيارات السياسية الإسلامية التي أثرت على مختلف أوجه الحياة في فلسطين. تركز هذه الدراسة على تعرض الطلبة الفلسطينيين في جامعتين كبيرتين للمواقع الإسلامية على الإنترنيت، وتلقي الضوء على مدى تأثر هؤلاء الطلبة بهذه المواقع. استندت هذه الدراسة إلى نظرية الاستخدامات والإشباعات التي تعالج دوافع اختيار المحتوى والإشباعات المتحققة من الإعلام بناء على الظروف والاحتياجات الاجتماعية للأفراد. وكذلك استندت إلى نظرية الانتقائية التي تشير إلى أن الفرد يتعرض، ويتذكر، ويفسر الرسائل وفقا لقناعاته المسبقة. واعتمدت على المنهج الوصفي، باستخدام منهج تحليل المضمون الكمي، حيث تم تحليل استبانة وزعت على عينة من الطلبة من كلتا الجامعتين في الضفة الغربية. وقد وجدت الدراسة أن أكثر من نصف عدد الطلبة المبحوثين تعرضوا للمواقع الإسلامية على الإنترنيت، بل إنهم اعتمدوا على تلك المواقع في الحصول على المعلومات. وفي ذات الوقت أظهرت الدراسة أن الطلبة المبحوثين، منفتحون على المواقع الأخرى (التي لا تعرف نفسها بأنها مواقع إسلامية)، وأنهم يحصلون على الأخبار والتحليلات السياسية من تلك المواقع. كما أبدى الطلبة المبحوثون تحفظا على المواقع الإسلامية المحسوبة على أحزاب سياسية، معتقدين أن تلك المواقع لا توفر المساحة الكافية لجمهورها للتفاعل مع موضوعاتها.

Educational System for the Holy Quran and Its Sciences for Blind and Handicapped People Based on Google Speech API

There is a great need to provide educational environments for blind and handicapped people. There are many Islamic websites and applications dedicated to the educational services for the Holy Quran and Its Sciences (Quran Recitations, the interpretations, etc.) on the Internet. Unfortunately, blind and handicapped people could not use these services. These people cannot use the keyboard and the mouse. In addition, the ability to read and write is essential to benefit from these services. In this paper, we present an educational environment that allows these people to take full advantage of the scientific materials. This is done through the interaction with the system using voice commands by speaking directly without the need to write or to use the mouse. Google Speech API is used for the universal speech recognition after a preprocessing and post processing phases to improve the accuracy. For blind people, responses of these commands will be played back through the audio device instead of displaying the text to the screen. The text will be displayed on the screen to help other people make use of the system.

An Empirical Investigation on The Use of Islamic Websites and User Positive Change: A Muslim User Persception

The global explosion of the Internet and its continued use by Islamic organisations and scholars to spread their teachings and activities has witnessed massive growth over the years. However, it appears that online Islamic activities may lack credibility and authoritativeness, since it is anonymous and uncontrolled in comparison to the traditional face-to-face method of seeking Islamic knowledge. This paper empirically investigates the design features of an Islamic website that influence Muslims to use the website(s) and what elements of the website(s) create a positive change in behaviour. The study examines the perception of online Muslim users on the impact of various content and Islamic features on the use of Islamic website(s) and its subsequent effect on positive change in behaviour. The result of the exploratory factor analysis using SmartPLS 2.0 extracted seven factors under two main dimensions: content factors (credibility, objectivity, and reliability) and Islamic factors (identity, services, symbols, and ethical values). The findings of the study are of considerable importance as it contributes to the present body of knowledge and for practice in designing and developing quality Islamic websites. Detail findings of this study and their implications to Islamic website users and owners and future research are discussed.

Islam in the West: A discourse analysis of American and British Muslim web content

Abstract This study sought to identify prominent discourses on four Islamic websites produced in the United States and Britain. The analysis looked specifically for discourses about identity, the religious ‘other’ and terrorism. The four Muslim organizations examined here – the Council on American–Islamic Relations (CAIR), the Islamic Society of North America (ISNA), the Muslim Council of Britain (MCB) and the UK Islamic Mission (UKIM) – used the Web to construct discourses that describe them as authentically Islamic, in service to Muslims, in cooperation with non-Muslims and enemies of terrorism. The Muslim-produced web content studied here offers up a set of discourses that can be considered counter-hegemonic insofar as they challenge discursive formations that are dominant in both entertainment and news media. For instance, rather than associate Islam with terrorism, the sites denounce it in strong terms and distance the religion from the crime.

A Preliminary Investigation of Islamic Websites’ Design Features that Influence Use: A Proposed Model

AbstractThe growing availability of the Internet and advances in the use of technology among Muslims have led to an increase in the number of websites with an Islamic content. Currently, there is an emerging trend in the improvement of the design and quality of Islamic websites. Islamic websites serve as a medium for Islamic organizations, scholars, and individuals to contribute and participate in several online activities. This research is drawn from the deep understanding that website design is a major factor affecting the use of websites by Muslim users. We therefore investigate the most important design features that influence Muslims to use websites in learning about Islam, as an alternative to the traditional face‐to‐face learning from scholars and books. Website design is measured by functionality, navigation, interactivity, attractiveness, and organizational features, and website use by the extent to which frequent use is influenced by the website's design features. An online survey was conducted from November to December 2012. 89 usable responses were collected from faculty members and students at the International Islamic University Malaysia. The participants have experience in using Islamic websites. They were guided to the survey website via the faculty students’ mailing list and Facebook group page. The findings indicate that website attractiveness, functionality, navigation, organizational information, and security/privacy are the most important factors influencing the use of Islamic websites. Interactivity design features were found to be least significant in influencing Muslim users to use Islamic websites for religious purposes. The majority of the Muslim users visit Islamic websites to search for information, seek for scholars’ opinions regarding personal issues/problems (Q&A), and learn about Quran and Hadith. The results of the study are valuable indicators for the direction of future research, and also suggest guidelines for the successful development and adoption of Islamic websites.

Exploring Islamic Website Features that Influence user Satisfaction: A Conceptual Model

Islamic websites (I-Webs) demand special attention by the nature of the content they deliver to users. To deliver satisfying and useful content for Islamic activities online (e.g. learning about Islam, questioning scholars, chat), it is important to identify and understand the most important features an Islamic website should portray. In this paper, we conducted extensive web searches and reviewed the literature on Islamic websites in order to explore features that influence users to visit a website for online Islamic activities, consequently leading to user satisfaction. The features were categorized into design, content, and Islamic. Design features were measured by usability, navigation, functionality, accessibility, interactivity, attractiveness, and security/privacy. Content features were measured by trust, objectivity, credibility, reliability, relevance, legitimacy, and authority. Islamic features were measured by Tawhid (belief), Sunnah, (practice), Niyyah (intention), ethics, identity, symbols, and software. We conceptualized and proposed that these features influence the use of I-Web and consequently lead to user satisfaction. The conceptual model will provide direction for future empirical research on Islamic websites, which is currently lacking.