ISIS Groups Research Articles

Oral microbes and the formation of cerebral abscesses: A single-centre retrospective study

ObjectiveIntracranial abscesses are relatively uncommon, but can result in significant mortality and morbidity. Whilst many potential causes of brain abscesses are recognised, in many cases the origin of infection remains clinically unidentified. Our objective was to investigate the role of bacteria found in the oral cavity in the development of brain abscesses. MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed using data from 87 patients admitted to a single UK neurosurgical unit with brain abscesses over a 16-year period. Using microbiological data obtained from abscess sampling and peripheral cultures, species of bacteria were categorised in patients where no primary source of infection was identified (NSI) for their brain abscess (n = 52), or where an infective source (ISI) was identified. The microbiological data was then screened to identify common oral bacteria in each group. ResultsBrain abscesses from the ISI group (n = 35) demonstrated a significantly lower preponderance of oral bacteria (n = 8), than the NSI group (n = 29) (p < 0.05). Brain abscesses from the NSI group also had significantly higher counts of Streptococcus anginosus compared to ISI (p < 0.05), with brain abscesses being most common in the frontal and parietal lobes for both ISI and NSI. ConclusionsThese findings suggest that the oral cavity could be considered as a source of occult infection in cases of brain abscess where no clear cause has been identified. Future studies should include oral screening and microbiome analysis to better understand the mechanisms involved and develop approaches for prevention. Clinical significance statementOral bacteria may be an under-recognised cause of brain abscesses. Careful review of oral health in brain abscess patients may help establish causation, particularly in patients with no cause for their abscess identified. Good levels of oral health may help prevent the development of brain abscesses in some individuals.

β-cell function and insulin sensitivity contributions on incident diabetes in patients with endogenous Cushing’s syndrome

ObjectiveTo evaluate the relative contributions of β-cell function and insulin sensitivity on the deterioration of glucose tolerance from OGTT in patients with endogenous CS. MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the data of 60 patients with CS and determined the glucose metabolism and β-cell function through OGTT. Their general characteristics were retrieved. A series of parameters for assessing insulin sensitivity and β-cell function was calculated. The logistic regression model was used to investigate insulin sensitivity and β-cell function contributions on incident diabetes. ResultsOf the 60 patients with CS, 10 (16.7%), 21 (35%), and 29 (48.3%) were classified as CS/ normal glucose tolerance (NGT), CS/prediabetes, and CS/diabetes mellitus (DM). Compared with the HCs, the CS/NGT patients had higher HOMA-IR and lower ISI-Matsuda but with a compensatory increase in HOMA-β. Significant decreasing trends were observed in HOMA-β, AUCI/G and ΔI30/ΔG30 among CS/NGT, CS/prediabetes and CD/DM groups. The OR of incident diabetes compared with the high AUCI/G/high ISI group was significant in the low AUCI/G/high ISI group. ConclusionImpairment of the β-cell function had a more profound effect on incident diabetes than decreased insulin sensitivity. An approach based on an OGTT has utility for diagnosing dysglycaemia and β-cell dysfunction in patients with CS.

Cultural Racism and Ethnic Cleansing: The Islamic Republic of Iran and Minority Rights

AbstractThe phenomenon of “political Islam” has been explored in several social theories. These accounts have mainly concentrated on the forms of violence that Islamists have instigated, but the racist drive that is often embedded within political Islam has remined overlooked and unexplored, that is, at least until recently when the brutal crimes by ISIS against Yazidis and Christians in northern Iraq were widely documented and broadcasted. Even so, this tendency has only been attributed to ISIS and extreme Jihadi groups, while states infused with Islamist ideology have remained relatively untouched by such critical analyses.This article argues that most extant theoretical frameworks on political Islam do not adequately explain the often-latent racist trend in Islamist political ideology. By building off of Foucault's theory of biopolitics and genealogy of racism, it takes the Islamic Republic of Iran's policy against the Kurds as a case study to demonstrate how power shifts in favor of Islamist factions in early-1980s Iran legitimized a racist policy toward minorities in general and the Kurds in particular.

Tertius Integration for Isis Terrorism Prevention in Indonesia: A Study of Structural Holes Theory

This article discusses the study of communication networks of ISIS groups in Indonesia located in three major cities (Poso, Jakarta, and Surabaya) using the Structural Holes theory to formulate a strategy to prevent ISIS terrorism by focusing on the integration of the role of the most important actor (tertius) as an alternative to counter terrorism to the Indonesian government. This research uses mixed methods research; it is a procedure for collecting, analyzing, and mixing quantitative and qualitative methods in a study or series of studies to understand the research problem and to measure the level of cohesion of ISIS network members and view their network map; the data in the network using data analysis method processed with UCINET-Draw. The finding of study that ISIS terror threat still needs to be watched out for, including by the Indonesian government. ISIS is known as a network terrorist group (net-terrorism) that moves through the network, therefore a study that focuses on the network is needed to dissect the ISIS group and then determine the pattern of handling it so that it does not become a threat to the community. In this case, the Indonesian government can play the role of tertius who stands in an integrated position to exploit the flow of information in the ISIS network in Indonesia in the context of preventing terrorism. In this context, as tertius, the government can carry out its function in fewer than two conditions, namely: when there is competition between two parties fighting for the same information, the tertius can act as controller by determining who will be given the information. Second, if both parties are in a conflict position, tertius can change the role of being a mediator whose function is to find a resolution to reduce conflict and share information as much as possible according to their respective portions.

Penanggulangan Tindak Pidana Cyber Terrorism dalam Perspektif Kepastian Hukum

One example of the Cyber ​​terrorism case committed by Bahrumsyah and M. Bahrun Naim, who is known to have transferred funds to make car bombs to ISIS support groups in Solo. So based on the crimes committed by Bahrun in getting money from the ISIS group in Syria, while the money sent to his network in Indonesia was carded. The main problem of this research is law enforcement in the prevention of cyber terrorism according to Indonesian positive law, and the legal provisions for tackling cyber terrorism from the perspective of legal certainty. This research is included in the normative juridical research typology with secondary data types, so as to produce research in the form of prescriptive analytical through literature studies. The results of this study reveal that there is no law enforcement in the prevention of cyber terrorism. Theoretically, the perpetrators of cyber terrorism cannot be held accountable because criminal liability takes into account the elements against the law in the formulation of offenses and is related to the principle of legality and elements of guilt. The lack of certainty in tackling cyber terrorism is due to the higher frequency of technology use with a developing system, with the existing convergance of media. It is hoped that it can provide legal certainty that comprehensively regulates the movement and use as well as irregularities in cyber crime that uses computers as the main tool and benefits of the developing technological media

Social Network Strategy to Counter Acts of Terrorism in Indonesia: A Structural Hole Study

The ISIS terrorist group still poses a serious threat in Indonesia, especially because it operates in a network (net-terrorism) so that the handling of this terrorist group often does not reach its roots. The research is aimed to reveal the social network strategy in resolving terrorist acts in Indonesia using a structural hole theory. The research method is a qualitative research approach with secondary data analysis from four sources: books, journal articles, previous related research, and the Law of the Republic of Indonesia. The data above is then processed with Ucinet-Draw to calculate the linkage score between members in the network and then see the movement map for each ISIS network in Indonesia: Jakarta, Poso, and Surabaya. Thus, this study proves that there is a gap in the structure of the ISIS group's communication network in Indonesia. The research results revealed that many terrorist acts in Indonesia had the same pattern, namely the strong communication network between terrorist actors. Terrorist actors carried out at least three tertius strategies, namely tertius gaudens, tertius inguens, and a combination of the two. Through the tertius strategy, the government will be able to play its most crucial role in taking preventive actions against actors in terrorist networks. Therefore, the government needed to carry out various integration strategies with various institutions to conduct deradicalization appropriately.

Women Involvement in Terrorism Action in Indonesia

This research is motivated by the increasing cases of involvement of women in acts of terrorism in Indonesia, the participation of women in acts of terrorism raises anxiety in Indonesian society and shows that currently there is an increase in the development of radicalism against women, they not only act as protectors or protectors but also today. acting as a combatant and being directly involved in acts of terrorism such as being a suicide bomber, this development is a threat that must be overcome by the Indonesian government. This article explains the development of the threat of women's involvement in acts of terrorism in Indonesia and how strategies can be implemented to overcome this. The data in this study came from interviews, documentation, and literature review and sourced from sources such as Densus 88, and BNPT. The results of this study explain that the involvement of women in the activities of radical terrorist groups is a new trend to avoid suspicion by security forces and groups that use the role of women as ISIS groups, several factors influence women to become involved in the actions of radical terrorist groups, namely due to marriage ties, friendship. , as well as social media. To overcome the trend of women being involved in acts of terrorism in Indonesia, several strategies are needed to overcome them: a humanitarian approach, an academic approach, and assistance in increasing literacy for women.

Counter-Radicalization through Problem Based Learning in the Perspective of the Al Qur'an

This study departs from the problem of the increasing violence of movements in the name of religion in the world of education, especially schools and pesantren. The perpetrators were not only students but also teachers and those closest to the students. Infiltration is not only in face-to-face "mission religion" (al-mujawwahah) but has infiltrated textbooks and curriculum scattered throughout the country. Various studies and expert statements that indicate a weak curriculum, inadequate transfer of knowledge among educators, ignorance, and misinterpretation of the verses of the Al-Qur’an regarding radicalism, especially those that lead to acts of terrorism and the like in schools, are getting stronger. The ISIS groups, Al-Qaeda, Jamaah Islamiyah, Laskar Jihad, MMI, the Islamic State of Indonesia (NII), and so on have become the main recruiters of students in Indonesia. As a religio-political construction, radicalism is a consensus and is built deliberately to destroy the Islamic world order, targeting vulnerable children who are still looking for self-identity. Therefore, a comprehensive, systematic, methodological, and analytical approach to learning based on Al-Qur'an and hadith is needed by educators and their students, through problem-based learning. The PBL approach is an educational approach to learning and is in accordance with the content of the Qur'an which emphasizes rahmatan lil'alamin, justice (adl), qawdah al hasanah, deliberation, and samahah. Although, the mufasirs and scholars have different opinions regarding the concept of rahmatan lil 'alamin and justice in education, generally for mankind, their thoughts are very significant as a milestone and source of knowledge, both ontologically, epistemologically, and axiologically for the content and implementation of based learning. problem (PBL) for efforts to counter radicalization in the world of education in Indonesia, especially the world.

Radicalism in Political Perspective and Peace Education

The international community is facing the same global situation and conditions for crimes against humanity that have occurred in decades, namely the radicalism movement and international terrorism. Indonesia, as the largest country in Southeast Asia, has experienced toughening of the radicalism movement based on religion as its basic reference. Moreover, the international terrorism movement Al Qaeda and the ISIS Group (Islamic State in Iraq and Syria) have become the mecca for the radicalism movement in Indonesia. How can Indonesia face the radicalism movement, what should Indonesia do and what is the solution so that Indonesia can be minimized from the crimes of radicalism and the global terrorism movement? This is what is discussed in this article. In Indonesia, the radicalism movement not only begins from thoughts based on religious teachings but also the political, ideological and enthusiastic elements of certain groups with different views and directions. In this article, the discussion begins with how religion responds to views about radicalism and radicalism movements, especially those that occur in Indonesia, a pluralistic country with various ethnic groups, various languages, cultural and religious traditions. Indonesia is a country with Pancasila as its state ideology. Apart from Religious Education which teaches how to live amongst fellow Indonesian citizens, to respect each other and respect differences, Indonesia also has the Bhineka Tunggal Ika (Unity in Diversity) as its national motto which reinforces the Pancasila philosophy, with life’s view and freedom to embrace the religion one believes in.

Radicalism in Political Perspective and Peace Education

The international community is facing the same global situation and conditions for crimes against humanity that have occurred in decades, namely the radicalism movement and international terrorism. Indonesia, as the largest country in Southeast Asia, has experienced toughening of the radicalism movement based on religion as its basic reference. Moreover, the international terrorism movement Al Qaeda and the ISIS Group (Islamic State in Iraq and Syria) have become the mecca for the radicalism movement in Indonesia. How can Indonesia face the radicalism movement, what should Indonesia do and what is the solution so that Indonesia can be minimized from the crimes of radicalism and the global terrorism movement? This is what is discussed in this article. In Indonesia, the radicalism movement not only begins from thoughts based on religious teachings but also the political, ideological and enthusiastic elements of certain groups with different views and directions. In this article, the discussion begins with how religion responds to views about radicalism and radicalism movements, especially those that occur in Indonesia, a pluralistic country with various ethnic groups, various languages, cultural and religious traditions. Indonesia is a country with Pancasila as its state ideology. Apart from Religious Education which teaches how to live amongst fellow Indonesian citizens, to respect each other and respect differences, Indonesia also has the Bhineka Tunggal Ika (Unity in Diversity) as its national motto which reinforces the Pancasila philosophy, with life’s view and freedom to embrace the religion one believes in.

The “Migration” of Terrorist Actors in Indonesia: From Male-Dominated Terrorist to the Emergence of Female Terrorist Migrant Domestic Workers

The ISIS group’s declaration in 2014, has inspired female extremists from various countries to join the terrorist group. At the end of 2016, two women were arrested by the Indonesian police for planning terror attacks in two different places. Both are former migrant domestic workers who returned from Hong Kong. This article investigates why women join terrorist groups, why male-dominated terrorist groups recruit women and what makes female migrant domestic workers who return to Indonesia as extremists willing to make a significant contribution to the terrorism movement in Indonesia. This research’s data collection technique is qualitative data collection, and document-based research through literature studies. This article utilizes Quintan Wiktorowicz’s three radicalisation concept phases: cognitive opening, religious seeking and socialisation. This study found that at least four reasons women become extremists, namely personal complaints, influence from family, relatives or lovers, ideological perceptions, and media use, facilitate the radicalisation process. Furthermore, strategic interests seem to be the answer to why terror groups involve women to achieve their goals. The acceptance of terrorist groups to involve women can be the reason why women migrant domestic workers are willing to make an immense contribution to terrorist groups. Their enthusiasm, financial capacity and international experience are expected to strengthen the terror movement in Indonesia. Both create a “mutually reinforcing” relationship that benefits both parties. Further research is needed with a sample of ordinary female extremists outside migrant domestic workers as a comparison to examine women’s motivations and group decisions to include these women in terrorist activities.

Critical Discourse Analysis: Representation of Radical Islam in the Media Release of Indonesia

The aim of this research is to educate people in digital literacy so that people are not easily provoked and wiser in responding to news about radical Islam. This study used a descriptive qualitative method. The data collected is secondary data taken from journal articles and theses. The data comes from several online media portals, namely Kompas, Republika Online, and SuaraIslam.com. The discourse analysis used in this study is the critical discourse analysis model of van Dijk. The results of this study indicate that the online media portal used can be seen as the tendency of each media to represent radical Islam in its news. The Kompas has the following characteristics: (1) have a title that can arouse curiosity and also attract readers; (2) the chosen diction shows a counter attitude to acts of terror; (3) the construction of news builds the perception that terrorism is a criminal act that is inhumane, so it needs to be eradicated from the root; (4) the facts and sources used can increase the credibility of the news. Republika Online and SuaraIslam.com also build bad representations regarding the issue of radical Islam, in this case, ISIS. The group is categorized as terrorists who act on behalf of Islam in carrying out their actions. However, there are differences between the two journalists. Republika Online journalists show no sympathy for the ISIS group, while SuaraIslam.com responds to this issue in a neutral position. Even so, both of them still voiced the same thing, namely the acts of terror carried out by the ISIS group are a threat to the world.

Vertical marginal fit of zirconia copings fabricated with one direct and three indirect digital scanning techniques

Statement of problemDirect digitization of the impression by using an intraoral scanner is a newly introduced technique, but studies comparing the method with other digitization techniques are lacking. PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the marginal accuracy of zirconia copings fabricated with 4 different scanning methods. Material and methodsScans (n=10) of a brass master die were made with a direct method (ISD) in which the die was directly digitized by using an intraoral scanner (IOS) and 3 indirect scanning methods, a conventional impression with polyvinyl siloxane material digitized with either the same IOS (ISI) or with a laboratory extraoral scanner (ESI), or a cast from the impression was scanned by using a laboratory extraoral scanner (ESC). Forty zirconia copings were milled from presintered zirconia blanks and sintered. The vertical marginal gap was measured at 12 points on the master die by using a digital microscope. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the mean differences among the 4 groups, and post hoc analysis was used for pairwise comparison of the groups (α=.05). ResultsThe mean ±standard deviation of the vertical marginal gap was 73 ±7 μm in the ISD group, 109 ±36 μm in the ISI group, 42 ±4 μm in the ESI group, and 97 ±5 μm in the ESC group. The lowest marginal gap was seen in the ESI group, which was significantly different from the 3 other groups (P≤.001). The copings in the ISD group had a significantly lower marginal gap than those in the ISI (P=.04) and ESC (P<.001) groups. However, the ISI and ESC groups were not significantly different (P=.69). ConclusionsMarginal adaptation of all zirconia copings fabricated with these 4 scanning techniques was within a clinically acceptable range. However, ESI was the best method of digitization and yielded copings with minimum vertical marginal gap.

The Expanded Usul of Violence by ISIS, Al-Qaeda, and Other Similar Extremist Groups

This paper discusses the methodology of violence used by modern extremist groups that affiliate themselves with Islam, particularly al-Qaeda and ISIS. With the rise of groups claiming to wage jihad, the public has a difficult time discerning traditional concepts from modern aberrations. Furthermore, the groups themselves seem to be alike. The examination of the legal framework used by these groups to justify their violent practices shows a dishonest usage of the traditions they claim to defend. This becomes most obvious with the rise of ISIS, which claims to manifest concepts beyond jihad, such as bayah and jizyah. It is also highlighted in the paper that the selective readings of these groups take the most violent interpretations of numerous issues and reduces every target to a disbeliever worthy of being killed or subjugated. By discrediting their usul (interpretive principles), the claims they make for an entire tradition are called into question.

Penghilangan Hak Kewarganegaraan Bagi Eks ISIS

Southeast Asia is one of the objects of ISIS ideology, especially in Indonesia and Malaysia, where the majority of the population is Muslim. The existence of a common sense of fate and the belief that there is no system of state order and good governance except the Khilafah system, this encourages them to join in. Behind the news of the death of the leader of the group raises the question of how the fate of Indonesian citizens who are incorporated in it. The statement from President Jokowi that he would not repatriate them, this got the same response from the public who thought that the former ISIS group if repatriated to Indonesia would become terrorists. This research attempts to analyze the legal impact on those who join ISIS, what policies are taken by the government, whether they will lose citizenship, and how positive laws govern them. The method used in this research is the statute approach. This approach moves from positive laws both national and international, vertical and horizontal. The purpose of this study is to determine the legal impact and clarity of citizenship rights for those who join ISIS.

THE THREAT OF ECONOMIC RECESSION AND ITS IMPACT ON GLOBAL TERRORISM

World economic growth in 2020 is predicted to experience a recession as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic. One of the effects of the economic recession is the threat to global security stability, especially terrorism will flourish. This research aims to analyze the impact of the threat of the economic recession of 2020 on the development of a global terrorism network. The method used in this research is an explorative descriptive qualitative method using data collection techniques namely observation and literature study. The results of this study conclude that the potential for the economic recession of 2020 which threatens many countries in the world can be a determinant factor in strengthening the global terrorism network. For the Indonesian context, the Jamaah Islamiah (JI) group, which since the emergence of ISIS chose to become a sleeping cell, with the collapse of ISIS in mid-2019 and supported by economic recession conditions, will make JI freer to rebuild its organization. To anticipate the condition of the strengthening of the global terrorism network, the Indonesian government can make several efforts, including strengthening the cooperation of the government and the community to close the gaps of the possibility of terrorist groups opening a jihad front in Indonesia, because, with the death of al-Baghdadi, ISIS groups will almost certainly leave from the land of Syria and Iraq, and need another earth to serve as a new foothold for jihad. The government must also realize justice because terrorists often make the issue of injustice a medium for mobilizing global and regional terrorism networks. Also, the Indonesian government together with leaders and international organizations, including the United Nations (UN), should enhance intelligence cooperation by also involving the public and private sector.

Demographic variables predicting ISIS and Daesh armed political violence

This study recruited 30 members of ISIS and Daesh groups held in Kuwait’s Central Prison to understand the contribution of demographic data, rigidity, and behavioral change in predicting armed political violence. The results showed significant negative correlations between armed political violence and income, education, and behavioral change, and a positive correlation between armed political violence and rigidity. No significant correlation was found with regard to age, number of children, family size, or birth order. The overall multiple correlation coefficient revealed that 77% of the variance in armed political violence could be explained significantly by rigidity alone. Additionally, those who showed positive change in their behavior had scored significantly less armed political violence compared with those who showed no change. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings were discussed.

Saudi Arabian Government Crisis Management and Prevention Strategies: has it Been Effective to Curb the Presence of Radical Groups in the Social Media?

The role of media over the expansion of the terrorism increased since the beginning of twenty-first century. With the appearance of internet technologies and other applications including social media platforms, the terrorist raised dramatically. Over the last few years the young people of Middle East countries became victims of active presence of the ISIS and other radical groups. The representatives of terrorist organizations started promotion campaigns over these platforms with the purpose to attract more people to the promotion of their strategic goals. With that, the government of Saudi Arabia and other Middle East countries lack resources in order to limit presence of these formations in social media. This research aims to consider the effects of the use of social media by young people of Saudi Arabia over the achievement of strategic goals and priorities in reference to the living of young people and examined the Saudi Arabian government crisis management and prevention strategies effectiveness. Throughout the research, the effectiveness of separate management practices will be considered in order to prevent occurrence of damages to the life and health of young people in Saudi Arabia with improvement of the national security. The paper aims to prove that state bodies should develop and enforce relevant management practices so that to benefit to the improvement of the security of the country.

Dashed Hopes and Extremism in Tunisia

Since 2011, the Tunisian government has carried out the most successful democratic transition of the Arab Spring. Yet during this same period, acts of domestic terrorism grew significantly. This development contradicts a prominent belief that democratization should produce declining levels of radicalization. This paper argues that Tunisia's 2011 revolution created a combustible combination of unmanaged social expectations, declining institutional capability, and persistent socioeconomic grievances. Within a governance vacuum and amid regional turmoil, the violent religious extremism propagated by ISIS and other jihadist groups has, for some Tunisians, replaced hopelessness with a sense of identity and purpose.

الإرهاب باسم الإسلام وأبعاده العالمية

Since the early 1990s up till the present day, the Islamic-based terrorism has been threatening the entire world. Al-Qaeda, ISIS and many other groups which carry out terrorist attacks in the name of Islam proved that they had the ability to hit in any part of this world. The factors behind the global dimension of the Islamic-based terrorism is the subject of this research. Relying on a number of theories within the field of political science, the research suggests two assumptions about the global dimension of Islamic extremism; 1) the doctrine of jihad, and 2) the great power’s rivalry on the Muslim World. with regard to the first assumption, many Islamic scholars support the offensive jihad as a means by which Islam should be spread all over the world. In regard to the second assumption, many Islamic extreme groups, such as al-Qaeda and ISIS, have been employed by great powers, especially the United States, to achieve specific goals. Accordingly, the Islamic terrorist groups have been provided with both ideological and material support required to spread terror all over the world.