Ishihara Method Research Articles

Application of expert system diagnosis of color blindness with ishihara method with microsoft vb 6.0

Application Expert System Diagnosis of Color blindness using the Ishihara Method With Microsoft VB 6.0 is a system that makes it easier to diagnose eye disease (color blindness). In developing engineering systems the development of expert system application applications. To facilitate the development of this program application, Researchers use modeling/designing flow chart tools or structured modeling. And designing input systems in the form of Interface Design related mechanisms for the use of applications of this expert system.

Gravitational bending angle with finite distances by Casimir wormholes

In this paper, we investigate the gravitational bending angle due to the Casimir wormholes, which consider the Casimir energy as the source. Furthermore, some of these Casimir wormholes regard Generalized Uncertainty Principle (GUP) corrections of Casimir energy. We use the Ishihara method for the Jacobi metric, which allows us to study the bending angle of light and massive test particles for finite distances. Beyond the uncorrected Casimir source, we consider many GUP corrections, namely, the Kempf, Mangano and Mann (KMM) model, the Detournay, Gabriel and Spindel (DGS) model, and the so-called type II model for the GUP principle. We also find the deflection angle of light and massive particles in the case of the receiver and the source are far away from the lens. In this case, we also compute the optical scalars: convergence and shear for these Casimir wormholes as a gravitational weak lens. Our self-consistent iterative calculations indicate corrections to the bending angle by Casimir wormholes in the previous paper.

Prevalence of Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) Taste Sensitivity and Colour Blindness in Tengger Tribe Population, Ranupani Village, Senduro, Lumajang

The taste of sensitivity of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC), is autosomal dominant trait inherited while the colour blindness is a sex linked genetic trait on the X chromosome. The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of taster and non taster phenotypes, prevalence of color blindness, frequency of taster and non taster alleles, and frequency of color blind alleles, as well as pedigree analysis in non taster and color blind families. The research was conducted on the Tengger tribe, in Ranupani village, Senduro, Lumajang. Determination of the sample is carryout randomly. Detection of the ability to taste PTC was respondents to taste the PTC solution from the lowest concentration of 0.32mg/L (P13) to the highest concentration of 1300 mg/L (P1). Color blindness detection by the Ishihara method. The results of the study showed that the distribution of the taster was 98.1% while the non-taster was 1.9%. The allele frequency of the dominant taster (T) was 0.86 and the recessive allele non taster (t) is 0.14. The prevalence of color blindness in the population of the Tengger tribe was 0.63% and the allele frequency for color blindness was 0.013. The pedigree analysis of non taster family showed that non taster individuals were born from taster couple (Tt) or from couple of non taster (tt) with tasters (Tt) heterozigot. While the pattern of inheritance of color blindness was criss-cross inheritance pattern, which is passed from mother to son.

Color Blind Test Using Ishihara Method for Mercu Buana University Prospective Students Selection

Mercu Buana University is a private university which consists of seven faculties. At the Faculty of Design and Creative Arts, Faculty of Communication Sciences and Faculty of Engineering, additional requirements are required for new student candidates, i.e. a color blindness free certificate. Color blindness is a vision disorder caused by the inability of the eye cone cells to perceive a certain spectrum of colors. There are many ways to test someone's color blindness, one of which is by using the Ishihara method. To obtain a color blindness free certificate, prospective students must visit a clinic or hospital, carry out the applicable color blind test procedure, then bring the results to campus. Based on these problems, the research was conducted with the aim of making a color blind test application that can issue a recommendation letter based on the test results of prospective new students. The system development method uses System Development Life Cycle. The results of the study were an android-based color blind test application that was able to detect color blindness using the Ishihara method and issued a recommendation letter based on the test results of prospective new students in the on-time application.

The gravitational bending angle by static and spherically symmetric black holes in bumblebee gravity

This work investigates the influence of the Lorentz symmetry breaking in the bending angle of massive particles and light for bumblebee black hole solutions. The solutions analyzed break the Lorentz symmetry due to a non-zero vacuum expectation value of the bumblebee field. We use the Ishihara method, which allows us to study the bending angle of light for finite distances, and it is applicable to non-asymptotically flat spacetimes when considering the receiver viewpoint. In order to analyze the deflection of massive particles, we systematize the Ishihara method for its application in the Jacobi metric. This systematization allows the study of the deflection angle of massive particles using the Gauss-Bonnet theorem. We consider two backgrounds: the first was found by Bertolami et al. and is asymptotically flat. The second was found recently by Maluf et al. and is not asymptotically flat due to an effective cosmological constant.

Color Blindness Testing Using A Client-Server Based on The Ishihara Method

The Ishihara method is one way to detect whether or not someone suffers from color blindness. This method possesses several sets of plates or circle patterns containing various combinations of colored dots and sizes, forming numbers visible for people with normal eyes. A collection of several plates with the name Ishihara book is available in the market. However, the book has a weakness for being easily damaged or faded in color. Although there are some shortcomings, several researchers have developed applications to anticipate those weaknesses. Being unable to be used by several people at once and the test history has not been adequately archived, are several examples of shortcomings of existing applications. This study aims to create a client-server-based color blindness testing mobile application. The system can provide real-time test results, and detailed test history is presented. Another feature is the push notification menu that sends messages to all users. This application has been designed and implemented successfully. Thereby, it can be used for a color blindness test before conducting a medical examination.

PERANCANGAN PROGRAM APLIKASI TES BUTA WARNA BERBASIS ANDROID

Color blindness test is one way to find out whether a person has color blindness or not, is usually done with the Ishihara method. This Ishihara method is a method where when running a test with this method, the patient is usually faced with a book containing a circle pattern (disk) with many points of various colors and sizes in it. The circle pattern is usually 14, 24 and 38 dishes. Tests like this are usually done in health agencies, one of which is the Cahaya Insani Clinic in Garut, West Java. The process of implementing a color-blind test is still done manually where people who want to do a color-blind test must come directly to the clinic, making people who did color-blind tests had to be willing to wait a long time to be able to do a color-blind test. In addition to these problems, the lack of knowledge and understanding of the community regarding color blindness, makes people less aware of the importance of color-blinding tests early on. Therefore, a media is needed that can do color blindness tests quickly and easily, coupled with information about color blindness that can provide insight to the community. Mobile based application Android is one of the right media to make it easy for people to obtain information. Starting from this, then made an Android-based color blindness test application to make it easier for people to do color blindness tests anytime and anywhere, and can used as a medium of information about color blindness.

PERANCANGAN PROGRAM APLIKASI TES BUTA WARNA BERBASIS ANDROID

Color blindness test is one way to find out whether a person has color blindness or not, is usually done with the Ishihara method. This Ishihara method is a method where when running a test with this method, the patient is usually faced with a book containing a circle pattern (disk) with many points of various colors and sizes in it. The circle pattern is usually 14, 24 and 38 dishes. Tests like this are usually done in health agencies, one of which is the Cahaya Insani Clinic in Garut, West Java. The process of implementing a color-blind test is still done manually where people who want to do a color-blind test must come directly to the clinic, making people who did color-blind tests had to be willing to wait a long time to be able to do a color-blind test. In addition to these problems, the lack of knowledge and understanding of the community regarding color blindness, makes people less aware of the importance of color-blinding tests early on. Therefore, a media is needed that can do color blindness tests quickly and easily, coupled with information about color blindness that can provide insight to the community. Mobile based application Android is one of the right media to make it easy for people to obtain information. Starting from this, then made an Android-based color blindness test application to make it easier for people to do color blindness tests anytime and anywhere, and can used as a medium of information about color blindness.

Color Blindness Test By Ishihara Method Based on Microcontroller System

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The Reliabilities of Several Measurement Methods of Cervical Sagittal Alignment in Cases with Cervical Spine Rotation Using X-ray Findings in Cervical Spine Disorders.

Introduction Several measurement methods designed to provide an understanding of cervical sagittal alignment have been reported, but few studies have compared the reliabilities of these measurement methods. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the intraexaminer and interexaminer reliabilities of several cervical sagittal alignment measurement methods and of the rotated cervical spine using plain lateral cervical spine X-rays of patients with cervical spine disorders. Methods Five different measurement methods (Borden's method; Ishihara index method (Ishihara method); C2-7 Cobb method (C2-7 Cobb); posterior tangent method: absolute rotation angle C2-7 (ARA); and classification of cervical spine alignment (CCSA)) were applied by seven examiners to plain lateral cervical spine X-rays of 20 patients (10 randomly extracted cases from a rotated cervical spine group and 10 from a nonrotated group) with cervical spine disorders. Case 1 and Case 2 intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to analyze intraexaminer and interexaminer reliabilities. The necessary number of measurements and the necessary number of examiners were also determined. The target coefficient of correlation was set at ≥0.81 (almost perfect ICC). Results In both groups, an ICC(1, 1) ≥ 0.81 was obtained with Borden's method, the Ishihara method, C2-7 Cobb, and ARA by all examiners. The necessary number of measurements was 1. With CCSA, a kappa coefficient of at least 0.9 was obtained. In both groups, with Borden's method, the Ishihara method, C2-7 Cobb, and ARA, the ICC(2, 1) was ≥0.9, indicating that the necessary number of examiners was 1. The standard error of measurement (SEM) was lowest with Borden's method, and the Ishihara method and C2-7 Cobb had almost the same values. Conclusions Among cervical sagittal alignment measurement methods for cervical spine disorders, regardless of cervical spine rotation, Borden's method, Ishihara method, and C2-7 Cobb offer stronger reliability in terms of the ICC and SEM.

Open-door laminoplasty with lateral mass screw fusion in the treatment of multisegmental cervical spondylotic myelopathy with segmental instability

Objective To investigate the effectiveness of open-door laminoplasty with lateral mass screw fusion in the treatment of multisegmental cervical spondylotic myelopathy(CSM)with segmental instability. Methods Forty-one patients with multisegmental cervical spondylotic myelopathy combined with instability underwent open-door laminoplasty with lateral mass screw fusion.The JOA(Japanese Orthopaedic Association)scoring system and Neck Disability Index(NDI)were applied to evaluate neurological function and axial neck/shoulder pain before and after surgery, respectively.In addition, the Ishihara method was used to measure the cervical curvature index(CCI), and spinal cord expansion was calculated with MRI. Results After 43 months of postoperative follow-up, there were significant differences in JOA scores[(7.12±0.91) vs.(14.73±1.12), t=35.28, P 0.05]. Conclusions Open-door laminoplasty with lateral mass screw fusion can improve neurological function and maintain the normal cervical curvature.Therefore, it is effective in the treatment of multisegmental cervical spondylotic myelopathy with segmental instability. Key words: Cervical spondylotic myelopathy; Segmental instability; Laminoplasty; Lateral mass screw

Selective posterior enlarged decompression and lateral mass screw fixation for multisegmental cervical spondylotic myelopathy with kyphosis

Objective To investigate the effect and prevention of complications of selective posterior enlarged decompression and lateral mass screw fixation for multisegmental cervical spondylotic myelopathy with kyphosis.Methods From January 2008 to January 2011,43 patients with multisegmental cervical spondylotic myelopathy combined with kyphosis,aged from 42 to 74 years (average,59.6 years),underwent selective posterior enlarged decompression and lateral mass screw fixation.The JOA (Japanese Orthopaedic Association) scoring system and Neck Disability Index (NDI) were applied to evaluate the neurological function and axial neck/shoulder pain before and after surgery,respectively.The Ishihara method was employed to measure the cervical curvature index (CI).The expanding and shifting of the spinal cord was calculated in MRI.Results The decompression range was 3 to 5 segments (average,3.91±0.86 segments).All patients were followed up for 20 to 60 months (average,38 months).There were significant differences between preand post-operative JOA score (8.16±1.11 vs.14.31±1.33),CI (7.36％±9.69％ vs.15.30％±3.18％),anteroposterior diameter of the dural sac at the level of maximum stenosis in MRI [(2.92±1.49) mm vs.(6.10±0.89)mm],and NDI score (19.36±8.61 vs.4.90±2.46).The mean spinal cord posterior shift was (4.59±1.20) mm (range,2.97 to 6.68 mm).The complete bone graft fusion was achieved in all patients 3 to 6 months after surgery.No C5 nerve root palsy or instrument failure occurred.Conclusion The selective posterior enlarged decompression and lateral mass screw fixation is effective in treating multisegmental cervical spondylotic myelopathy with kyphosis,which can improve neurological function,recover and maintain the normal cervical curvature,and decrease the incidences of axial symptoms and C5 nerve root palsy Key words: Cervical vertebrae; Spinal cord compression; kyphosis

Estimation of Suitable Groundwater Safe Yield under the Unusually Constraints of Environmental Conditions in Taipei Basin, Taiwan

The Taipei Basin in Taiwan is an extremely special case under the constraints of environmental conditions. Pumping of groundwater in the basin was banned in 1968 due to the land subsidence. Since then, groundwater level in the Taipei basin has risen over the years and the land subsidence has also stopped. However, due to the continuous rise of groundwater level, the soil liquefaction potential of saturated sand soil strata has increased. Thus, the groundwater in Taipei basin should be controlled based on the suitable groundwater level to reduce the possibility of land subsidence or soil liquefaction. This study proposes a novel performance of groundwater management model, which considers the three aspects of safe yield, soil liquefaction, and land subsidence. In this process, a three-dimensional groundwater numerical model is primarily established with MODFLOW, and the safe yield and groundwater level are deduced through the Hill method. The second part requires an estimation of the soil liquefaction potential by applying the Seed97 method. The third part of the process includes an estimation of the subsidence of sand by adopting the Ishihara method and the subsidence of clay blanket through the Terazaghi method. Finally, combine the limited groundwater level through the application of the said methods, the proper scope for the level of groundwater in the Taipei Basin is then estimated. Hence, the maximum amount of groundwater that can be pumped could be estimated based on the suitable lower limit of groundwater level, and the minimum amount of groundwater that can be pumped could be estimated based on the suitable upper limit of groundwater level. The study result indicates the central region in the basin has a high potential of soil liquefaction, while the periphery of the basin has a high potential for land subsidence. In consideration of three environmental limited constraints, namely, safe yield of groundwater, soil liquefaction, and land subsidence, could estimate the maximum groundwater amount that can be generated per annum is about 0.77x109m3 to 1.03x109m3, while the minimum groundwater amount per annum is about 0.53x 109m3 to 0.71x109m3.

Comparison of incidence of C5 nerve palsy after laminoplasty and laminectomy with internal fixation

Objective To compare the incidence of C5 nerve palsy after laminoplasty and laminectomy with internal fixation for treating multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy (MCSM).Methods From January 2005 to June 2010,68 patients with MCSM were treated with laminoplasty (27 patients,group A) or laminectomy with internal fixation (41 patients,group B).There were 21 males and 6 females in group A,aged 33-80 years (average,60.4 years),31 males and 10 females in group B,aged 22-77 years (average,58.7 years).All the patients were followed up for 12-48 months (average,22 months).In both groups,Cobb's method was applied to measure cervical lordotic angle,and Ishihara's method was conducted to measure cervical curvature index (CCI) before and after operation.The incidence of C5 nerve palsy was recorded and compared.Then we further compared preoperative and postoperative the cervical lordosis angle and CCI of 9 patients with C5 nerve palsy (group B1) and 32 patients without C5 nerve palsy (group B2) in group B.Results The incidence of C5 nerve palsy in group A was 3.7％(1/27),while 22.0％(9/41) in group B (x2=4.32,P＜0.05).For all ten patients with C5 nerve palsy,the muscle strengths of paralyzed muscles were recovered to grade 4 or better after being treated with conservative treatment for an average of 14 months.The change rate of preoperative and postoperative CCI in group B1 was 38.07％±18.03％,while 22.81％±12.71％ in group B2.There was a statistical difference between group B1 and group B2 (t=2.88,P＜0.05).Conclusion Compared with laminoplasty,laminectomy with internal fixation has a higher incidence of C5 nerve palsy.The C5 nerve palsy may be associated with postoperative increase of cervical lordosis angle.Moreover,tethering of the C5 root may be one of its important pathomechanisms. Key words: Cervical spondylosis; Laminectomy; Radiculopathy

Extensive laminectomy for the treatment of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the cervical spine

To introduce the surgical strategy of extensive laminectomy (with inner 1/4 facet joint resection to expose the origin of the nerve root) and to discuss its benefit for the treatment of cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) with myelopathy. From January 1998 to December 2005, 82 patients with cervical OPLL underwent extensive laminectomy. We assessed neurological function using the Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) scoring system, neck/shoulder pain using a visual analogue scale (VAS), and cervical curvature index (CCI) by the Ishihara method; the expansion degree and the drift-back distance of the spinal cord was calculated using the MRI image. The mean duration of follow-up was 41.6 months. The postoperative JOA score suggested that neurological function improved significantly with a recovery rate of 64%. The incidence rate of transient palsy of the C5 nerve root, which occurred in only 2 patients who recovered to useful function over 2 weeks, was 2.4%. The postoperative VAS score suggested that the pain in the neck/shoulder was mild. Although the postoperative CCI was small, there was no correlation with the length of follow-up period. The increased cross-sectional area of the dural sac at the level of maximum compression together with the significant drift-back distance of the spinal cord suggested that decompression was complete. Extensive laminectomy is effective in treating cervical OPLL, with mild cervical/shoulder pain, low rate of C5 nerve root palsy, and no recurrence of spinal cord compression symptoms.

Is Posterior Spinal Cord Shifting by Extensive Posterior Decompression Clinically Significant for Multisegmental Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy?

Posterior cervical spinal cord shifting after selective single laminectomy associated with partial laminotomies was compared with that after bilateral open-door laminoplasty between the C3 and C7 levels in relation to the clinical results of each procedure. To investigate the clinical significance of posterior spinal cord shifting after extensive cervical laminoplasty. Current techniques used for cervical laminoplasty for multisegmental cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) are consecutively performed between the C3 and C6 or C7 levels with expectation that the spinal cord will shift backward to keep it clear of anterior compression. However, the clinical significance of the posterior spinal cord shifting remains controversial, and there has been no report verifying it by comparing limited posterior decompression procedures with conventional extensive ones. Twenty-six patients with consecutive 2- to 3-level CSM who underwent selective laminoplasty (Group A) were enrolled in the study, and among 56 CSM patients who underwent bilateral open-door laminoplasty between the C3 and C7 levels, 25 who had consecutive 2- or 3- level stenosis identified by preoperative magnetic resonance imaging were used as controls (Group B). The recovery rate was calculated using preoperative and postoperative Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) scores for each patient, and for each patient's magnetic resonance imaging, the postoperative cervical curvature index was obtained according to Ishihara's method and the magnitude of postoperative backward shifting of the spinal cord was measured. There was no significant difference between the subjects in Groups A and B with respect to the spinal curvature index, preoperative JOA scores, and recovery rate, but the magnitude of the postoperative posterior shifting of the spinal cord was greater for those in Group B than for those in Group A. There was no correlation between the recovery rate and posterior shifting of the spinal cord for each group, and no correlation was also found between the curvature index and posterior shifting of the spinal cord. The outcome of posterior decompression surgery for multisegmental CSM is not correlated with the magnitude of postoperative backward shifting of the spinal cord. Extensive and consecutive decompression performed in conventional cervical laminoplasties is therefore not always necessary for multisegmental CSM.

Skip laminectomy—a new treatment for cervical spondylotic myelopathy, preserving bilateral muscular attachments to the spinous processes: a preliminary report

Background context: Techniques in current use for expansive laminoplasty operations (ELAP) on the cervical spine damage the extensor mechanisms, resulting in restriction of neck motion, loss of lordosis and persistent axial pains. Purpose: This article introduces a new surgical technique called skip laminectomy, which reduces morbidity after decompression of the cervical spinal canal. Study design/setting: A prospective study is presented of all patients with multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM), treated by this new procedure between December 1998 and March 2000. Patient sample: Since December 1998, 61 patients with CSM have undergone the procedure, of whom 24 (13 men and 11 women) were selected for this study. Follow-up periods ranged from 12 to 25 months, with an average of 18 months. Average age at operation was 69 years (range, 50 to 82 years). Eighteen patients with CSM on whom C3–C7 open-door laminoplasties had been performed by the author before 1998 were selected as controls for study of postoperative atrophy of the deep extensor cervical muscles. There were 11 men and 7 women, average age 67 years (range, 45 to 81). Outcome measures: Axial symptoms and Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores were recorded. Pre- and postoperative ranges of neck motion were measured on lateral flexion and extension radiographs. Pre- and postoperative cervical curvature indexes were calculated according to Ishihara's method. For quantitative analysis of damage to the posterior cervical muscles, atrophy rates were calculated from cross-sectional areas of the deep extensor muscles on the pre- and postoperative axial magnetic resonance imaging. Methods: In skip laminectomy, standard laminectomies are performed at selected levels, combined with partial laminectomies of the cephalad halves of laminae at other selected levels, where the muscular attachments to the spinous processes are left undisturbed. Instead of a standard laminectomy, an interlaminar decompression can be performed at levels where the anterior spinal cord compression is insignificant. It is accomplished by simply removing the cephalad half of the inferior lamina and ligamentum flavum without detaching the semispinalis cervicis and multifidus muscles from the adjacent spinous processes. Results: Using JOA scores, the average recovery rate was 61.0 %. None of the patients complained of persistent axial symptoms. The postoperative range of flexion-extension motion averaged 97 % of the preoperative measures. The cervical curvature index was reduced in 1 of the 24 patients. The atrophy rate of the deep extensor muscles after skip laminectomy was 20 % of that seen after open-door laminoplasty. Conclusions: Skip laminectomy for cervical spinal canal decompression is less invasive than conventional laminectomy and ELAP. It is effective in preventing postoperative problems, such as persistent axial symptoms, restriction of neck motion and loss of cervical lordosis.

Kripke Semantics for Modal Substructural Logics

We introduce Kripke semantics for modal substructural logics, and prove the completeness theorems with respect to the semantics. The completeness theorems are proved using an extended Ishihara's method of canonical model construction (Ishihara, 2000). The framework presented can deal with a broad range of modal substructural logics, including a fragment of modal intuitionistic linear logic, and modal versions of Corsi's logics, Visser's logic, Mendez's logics and relevant logics.

頚椎後方要素を温存した棘突起縦割法の手術成績

We studied the clinical and radiological follow-up of patients with double door laminoplasty, splitting the spinous processes, but preserving the posterior supporting structures and using a hydroxyapatite spacer for cervical degenerative diseases. In our hospital standard double door laminoplasty, splitting the spinous processes and using a hydroxyapatite spacer has been performed on 44 patients from July 1994 to September 1995. This standard procedure has gradually produced favorable clinical results. However the partial removal of the spinal posterior structures, as happens in this method, might possibly spoil the stability of the cervical spine. Because of this danger, we incorporated into our standerd method the preservation of the maximum amount of the posterior supporting structures. This modified procedure has been performed on 69 patients since November 1995. Among them, 41 patients who had been followed-up for more than 1 year were selected. Thirty patients had cervical spondylotic myelopathy, 6 had ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and 5 had cervical myelopathy due to disc herniation. The average age at operation was 60.0 years old. The average follow-up period was 18.1 months. Preoperative and postoperative clinical assessments were evaluated by Neurosurgical Cervical Spine Scale (NCSS). Radiological courses were examined by the cervical range of motion on the lateral flexion and extension radiographs and the cervical curvature index calculated by Ishihara's method. The improvement of the postoperative clinical courses by NCSS was maintained over 1 year, including cases where the patients were over 70 years old. Radiologically, the cervical range of motion decreased after the operation, but the cervical curvature was generally maintained better after the operation, compared with results obteined by the former standard procedure. We emphasize that double door laminoplasty splitting the spinous processes but preserving the posterior supporting structures is a useful posterior approach, which is easily and safely performed and produces good clinical results for cervical degenerative diseases. However, it should be noted that follow-up periods were short.