Isewan Typhoon Research Articles

Marine inundation history during the last 3000 years at Lake Kogare-ike, a coastal lake on the Pacific coast of central Japan

Sediment cores collected at Lake Kogare-ike, a coastal lake on the Pacific coast of central Japan, record the marine inundation history during the last 3000 years. The sediments consist mainly of organic mud, sand, gravel, inorganic mud, and volcanic ash, and inundation events were recognized as 19 event deposits (E1–E19, from top to bottom) interbedded with the organic mud. Visual observation by naked eyes and X-ray computed tomography (CT) images identified 16 event deposits based on quantitative and qualitative changes in sand contents and changes in the textures and colors of the sediment samples (E1–E3, E5, E6, E8, E9, and E11–E19). The other three event deposits (E4, E7, and E10) were identified only on the CT images as layers with higher radiodensity than the underlying and overlying organic mud layers. The sedimentary features, the spatial bias of the event deposits toward seaward areas, the diatom assemblages, and the frequency of inundation events suggest that 13 (E1–E10 and E12–E14) of the 19 event deposits were formed by tsunamis or extraordinary storms. To constrain the depositional ages of the event deposits, Bayesian age–depth models were constructed based on radiocarbon dating of plant macrofossils and concentrated fossil pollen and the 137Cs profile. The depositional ages of the event deposits indicate that five or possibly six event deposits can be correlated with historical tsunamis along the Nankai Trough: E2, either of E3 or E4, E5, E7, and E9 correspond to the 1707 CE Hoei, the 1605 CE Keicho, the 1498 CE Meio, the 1096 CE Eicho, and the 684 CE Hakuho tsunamis, respectively. E1 was possibly formed by the 1944 CE Showa-Tonankai tsunami, the 1854 Ansei–Tokai tsunami, the 1959 Isewan typhoon, or a combination of two or all three events.

Disaster Risk Reduction Regime in Japan: An Analysis in the Perspective of Open Data, Open Governance

This paper addresses open data, open governance, and disruptive/emerging technologies from the perspectives of disaster risk reduction (DRR). With an in-depth literature review of open governance, the paper identifies five principles for open data adopted in the disaster risk reduction field: (1) open by default, (2) accessible, licensed and documented, (3) co-created, (4) locally owned, and (5) communicated in ways that meet the needs of diverse users. The paper also analyzes the evolution of emerging technologies and their application in Japan. The four-phased evolution in the disaster risk reduction is mentioned as DRR 1.0 (Isewan typhoon, 1959), DRR 2.0 (the Great Hanshin Awaji Earthquake, 1995), DRR 3.0 (the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami: GEJE, 2011) and DRR 4.0 (post GEJE). After the GEJE of 2011, different initiatives have emerged in open data, as well as collaboration/partnership with tech firms for emerging technologies in DRR. This paper analyzes the lessons from the July 2021 landslide in Atami, and draws some lessons based on the above-mentioned five principles. Some of the key lessons for open data movement include characterizing open and usable data, local governance systems, co-creating to co-delivering solutions, data democratization, and interpreting de-segregated data with community engagement. These lessons are useful for outside Japan in terms of data licensing, adaptive governance, stakeholder usage, and community engagement. However, as governance systems are rooted in local decision-making and cultural contexts, some of these lessons need to be customized based on the local conditions. Open governance is still an evolving culture in many countries, and open data is considered as an important tool for that. While there is a trend to develop open data for geo-spatial information, it emerged from the discussion in the paper that it is important to have customized open data for people, wellbeing, health care, and for keeping the balance of data privacy. The evolution of emerging technologies and their usage is proceeding at a higher speed than ever, while the governance system employed to support and use emerging technologies needs time to change and adapt. Therefore, it is very important to properly synchronize and customize open data, open governance and emerging/disruptive technologies for their effective use in disaster risk reduction.

Development of disaster risk learning support tool using former edition maps and evaluation of its use in museum exhibition － Implementation in a special exhibition on the Typhoon Vera (the Isewan Typhoon) in 1959 －

Development of disaster risk learning support tool using former edition maps and evaluation of its use in museum exhibition － Implementation in a special exhibition on the Typhoon Vera (the Isewan Typhoon) in 1959 －

Loss of Typhoons Resolved in “History of Post-Disaster Memory -Great Kanto Earthquake and Isewan Typhoon in the Media” by Koki Mizuide

Loss of Typhoons Resolved in “History of Post-Disaster Memory -Great Kanto Earthquake and Isewan Typhoon in the Media” by Koki Mizuide

Disaster Records of the Isewan Typhoon

Disaster Records of the Isewan Typhoon

Geomorphological maps as the basis of hazard mapping in Japan

Abstract. Japanese Islands are situated along the tectonically very active zone. Earthquakes occur frequently, and there are many active volcanoes. Climatically Japan is located in the east Asian monsoon zone and has high annual precipitation. Tropical cyclones (typhoons) or baiu (early summer rain season) sometimes lead to torrential rainfall. Such natural conditions have created broad high mountain areas and rivers of strong erosional process. Mountain slopes are geologically open to collapse, and debris flows often occur in streams in mountainous areas. While the area of alluvial plains, underlain by thick unconsolidated sediment, account for only 25% of the whole of Japan, approximately 80% of the population is concentrated in these weak-ground areas. Owing to such geographical characteristics, people have suffered many and various natural disasters (earthquake ground motion, liquefaction, landslide, debris flow, river flood, high tide, tsunami, etc.) in Japan.In 1959, a very strong typhoon (Isewan Typhoon or Typhoon Vera) brought the greatest flood damage in Nagoya City and its surrounding area. More than 5,000 people were killed or missing by it. The major damage was caused by high tide inundation in the delta of the Nobi plain. Three years before the disaster, Masahiko OYA (1923–2005) made a 1 : 50,000 geomorphological map of the plain. The damaged area had been shown in the map which was based on geomorphic features. After this, it became well-known that geomorphological mapping is effective for understanding flood risks.Since then, the various natural disasters have been studied by Japanese geomorphologists and the relationship between the damage and geomorphological condition has been revealed. Nowadays we know that the geomorphological land condition influences very much not only the damage by earthquake strong motion but also occurrence of ground liquefaction. It is also well-known that landforms derived by landslide or debris flow shown in a geomorphological map mean that the place is open to damage in the future.The national government carried out and is carrying out some geomorphological mapping projects for the purpose of hazard assessments. Nowadays, national and local governments prepare various kinds of “hazard map” which show probably dangerous zones, and some of them are made using the information provided from geomorphological maps.Major geomorphological mapping projects are as follows:Chikei Burui Zu (Landform Classification Map) 1 : 50,000, 1953–This project intended not to use for hazard assessment but to contribute to the development conservation and higher utilization of land in the rapid population growth period. At first, this project executed by the Geographical Survey Institute (national survey and mapping agency of Japan, present name: Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, GSI), but most of maps has been prepared by prefectural governments. Most part of Japan has been covered. We can see the maps on a website of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport and on the web-GIS (Chiriin Chizu) of GSI.http://nrb-www.mlit.go.jp/kokjo/inspect/landclassification/land/l_national_map_5-1.htmlSuigai Chikei Bunrui Zu (Geomorphological Survey Map of River Basins Showing Classification of Flood Stricken Areas) 1956–200135 maps of this series, the scale of which are mainly 1 : 50,000 or 1 : 25,000, were made by OYA and his co-workers. The above-mentioned geomorphological map of the Nobi plain is the first one. The mapping was made from a viewpoint that the micro-landforms of a plain reflect the history of flooding because they have been formed by the deposition process during the flood time, and therefore they enable us to estimating flooding in the future. The project was sponsored by some government organizations, especially river offices. Oya and his co-workers also made 10 maps in foreign countries of Asia and Africa. Today, we can see the maps on the website of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED).

最大クラス台風を想定した淀川流域における洪水流出シミュレーション

A largest-class flood caused by a typhoon under a climate change condition at the Yodo River basin is examined by using rainfall data developed by a physically-based course ensemble typhoon experiment for the Isewan Typhoon in 1959 and a distributed rainfall-runoff model including flood regulation with dam reservoir operation. Simulated flood discharge at the Hirakata station under a pseudo global warming condition is analyzed, and it is found that the peak flood discharge at the Typhoon 18 in 2013 is larger than the largest peak discharge estimated by the Isewan Typhoon course ensemble simulation under a pseudo global warming condition. Magnitudes of floods with different return periods of rainfall patterns for the Isewan Typhoon and the Typhoon 18 in 2013 are also examined for evaluating the effect of flood control by dam reservoirs in the basin.

Spatial variation of local stand structure in an Abies forest, 45 years after a large disturbance by the Isewan typhoon

Heterogeneity of forest stand structure often results from repeated small disturbances, but structural variation also arises in a stand that has regenerated after a single large stand-replacing disturbance. We explored the structural variation within a subalpine Abies forest in Japan that regenerated after a large typhoon in 1959. In 2004, four 50 × 50 m plots were established at two sites in the regenerated forest. To characterize local stand structure within each plot, we determined the stem density, stand basal area, mean diameter at breast height (DBH), and coefficient of variation (CV) of DBH in 10 × 10 m subplots. We analyzed the spatial distribution pattern of the trees in each subplot using the L(t) function and categorized the distributions as clumped or non-clumped. The analysis revealed marked variation among subplots in the stand's structural characteristics. Although the spatial distribution patterns of the trees in all plots were clumped, 11 of 50 subplots at one site and 39 of 50 subplots at the other site were non-clumped. Subplots with a clumped distribution pattern generally had a smaller basal area, smaller mean DBH, and greater CV of DBH than subplots with the same density but a non-clumped pattern. These results illustrated the spatial heterogeneity of forest structure that can arise in Abies forest that has experienced a large disturbance, probably because of the different densities and distribution of saplings surviving the disturbance and the different forest growth dynamics that result.

Estimating Wave Height Distributions in the Seto Inland Sea, Ise Bay and Tokyo Bay of Japan Generated by 3 Giant Typhoons in the Showa Era

Shallow water wave hindcastings are conducted in the Seto Inland Sea, Ise Bay and Tokyo Bay for each of the so-called 3 giant typhoons in the Showa Era (Muroto Typhoon in 1934, Makurazaki Typhoon in 1945 and Isewan Typhoon in 1959). The computations follow the spatial distribution of time-dependent wave height and maximum value. The sea wind distributions given as the driving forces are estimated using a method which transforms the land-based measurement wind data into the wind data at sea or coastal stations and applies a spatial interpolation technique to the data. The main conclusion is that any of the typhoons may have generated the largest wave height over the past 90 years in the sea area of the typhoon path.

Storm Surge Simulation due to Isewan Typhoon using Detailed Meteorological Re-analysis Data

Re-analysis and reproduction of storm surges and waves due to the Isewan Typhoon were tried using the detailed re-analysis meteorological data that agreed with the meteorologocal observations. In the simulations a coupled model of surge, wave and tide was used. The predictions using the coupled model agreed well with the observed surges, but not for the uncoupled model's predictions that are much smaller than the observations. Predicted waves were comapred with previous estimations since there are no observations. The magnitudes of wave heights were constistent each other.

A Historical Study on the Organization of the Medical Health Cooperative : From the Example of Southern Part of the Isewan Typhoon Stricken Area in Minami Ward, Nagoya-city

A Historical Study on the Organization of the Medical Health Cooperative : From the Example of Southern Part of the Isewan Typhoon Stricken Area in Minami Ward, Nagoya-city

Risk assessment of wind disturbance in Japanese mountain forests

Wind damage of coniferous plantation forests containing hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) and natural broad-leaved forests was studied in the Japanese mountains. Wind conditions determined using an air flow simulation model and historical wind disturbance records were integrated within a Geographic Information System (GIS). Based on the data set, the relationships between wind disturbance, wind speed, and stand height in plantation and natural forests were analyzed. A logistic analysis technique was applied to assess the probability of wind disturbance in stands that remained intact or were damaged as a result of the Isewan Typhoon. The results indicate that higher wind speeds and greater stand heights increase the probability of wind disturbance in both plantation and natural forests. Cross tabulation of the observed disturbance percentages in relation to wind speed and stand height in coniferous plantation forests and natural broad-leaved forests revealed that the former are more likely to be disturbed by strong winds than the latter. The logistic regression model enabled us to predict the likelihood of wind disturbance at our study site. Our results confirmed that it is possible, using wind condition prediction software, to analyze wind disturbance in mountain forests with complex terrain and steep slopes.

Special Issue on Meteorological Disasters and Water Disasters in Urban Areas

Immediately after World War II, economic and human losses due to water disasters were enormous in Japan. In the years of 1947 and 1953, for example, economic loss reach 10% of personal income, and the number of lives lost in the 1959 Isewan Typhoon exceeded 5,000. The Japanese government then implemented successive 5-year flood control plans that dramatically reduced such disasters. Economic loss by flooding now is on the order of 0.2% of personal income, and fewer than 100 lives are lost per year. The situation has begun changing in the last decade, however, ostensibly due to global warming and local climatic change such as the heat island phenomenon. The most typical change is the increase in heavy precipitation. Meteorologists sometimes call 1997 the turning point in climate change. The year 1998 was one of extreme heavy rain in Japan, with downpours exceeding 100 mm/h occurring 10 times and those of 50 mm/h almost 440 times. The record for 50 mm/h was broken in 2004, when some 470 such downpours occurred. Another marked change has been the increase in the fluctuation of precipitation, suggesting that drought may follow floods as a typical pattern portending major water disasters in the future. Lifestyle changes are another factor inducing water disaster. Increased urban populations inherently induce concentrated land use, paving of land surfaces, hazardous living conditions, etc. Frequent urban flooding and high underground use in Japan increases the danger for inundations. Wind disasters are also increasing. In September 2006, a tornado in Nobeoka, Kyushu, killed 3 people. In November 2006, another tornado struck Saroma, Hokkaido, killing 9 workers when a construction company's meeting room was destroyed. Polluted material transported long distances by wind is a big problem in Asia. Smoke from forest fires and chemical pollutants increasingly endanger people outside of the countries of origin, spreading throughout the continent and to islands beyond. This issue reviews recent meteorological and hydrographic disasters in urban areas that threaten to become major problems in the 21st Century.

Long-term canopy dynamics analyzed by aerial photographs and digital elevation data in a subalpine old-growth coniferous forest

:We analyzed the long-term canopy dynamics of a 2-ha permanent plot in subalpine old-growth coniferous forest over 43 y using digital surface models (DSMs) and a digital elevation model (DEM). The models contoured canopy and ground surface elevation, respectively. Abies mariesii, A. veitchii, Betula ermanii, Picea jezoensis var. hondoensis, and Tsuga diversifolia were the main species in the forest canopy. Canopy surface DSMs (2.5- × 2.5-m grids) were constructed of the area including the 2-ha plot using aerial photographs from 1959, 1969, 1979, 1989, and 2002, and a DEM was constructed from ground survey data collected in 1991. Canopy height profiles were obtained by calculating the difference between the canopy and the ground surface, and the status of the forest in each grid cell for each year was classified as gap or closed canopy, depending on whether the canopy height was ≤ 25 m or > 25 m, respectively. Tree census data were collected in 2000. The threshold value was decided by comparing the gap from digital elevation data with the result of the field survey. The total gap area in 1959 was greater than 1 ha, indicating that some disturbances had occurred in this plot, probably related to the Isewan Typhoon. A large change occurred during 1969–1989, when mean canopy closure rates were significantly higher than mean gap formation rates. Abies mariesii and B. ermanii tended to occur in the canopy layer in grid cells that contained gaps in 1959 and closed canopy in 2002. The presence of A. veitchii in the canopy layer was also associated with the change from gap to closed canopy, although not significantly so. These results suggest that Abies spp. regenerate more effectively than the other species by establishing seedling or sapling banks before gap formation. Large-scale disturbances, such as the Isewan Typhoon, do not favour the regeneration of spruce over subalpine fir, and species other than spruce are responsible for recovery following such disturbances, according to our analyses of long-term canopy dynamics.

Historical Earthquake, Flood and Human Activity Events Recorded in the Holocene Sediments of Lake Suigetsu, Fukui Prefecture, Central Japan

Many spike-like anomalies of grain densities and clay mineral concentrations in silty sediments have been recognized in the uppermost part (60cm in length) of a piston core, named SG2, in Lake Suigetsu of Mikata area, Fukui Prefecture, central Japan. Grain density spikes indicate large precipitations of iron sulfides and carbonates from interstitial waters in the upper part of muddy turbidites, which were suddenly caused by earthquakes. Spikes of Fe- and Mgrich chlorite/illite ratio indicate large accumulations of detrital clay particles which flowed into lake by sudden flood.After the Urami Canal was constructed between Lake Suigetsu and Lake Kukushi, which connects both lakes directly to the Sea of Japan, in 1664 A. D., sea water began to enter Lake Suigetsu and the lake changed its water conditions from fresh-to brackish-water. Iron mineral concentrations changed from siderite (FeCO3) to pyrite (FeS2) which was formed under sulfate reduction condition, in 35cm depth of a core column. Core column from 29cm to 35cm in depth shows a silty layer. Macroscopic observations and historical informations presumed a silty layer to be a muddy turbidite which was probably formed by Kanbun Earthquake (June 6, 1662 A. D.). This interpretation suggests that 29cm depth of core column represents deposition surface in 1662 A. D.Based on relative spacing between 0cm (=1991 A. D.) and 29cm (=1662 A. D.) depths, formation ages of grain density and chlorite/illite ratio spikes can be dated. Grain density spikes are interpreted to represent historical earthquake events of 1449, 1532, 1586, 1605 (Keicho Earthquake), 1662, 1683, 1707 (Houei Earthquake), 1819, 1854 (Ansei Earthquake), 1891 (Nou-bi Earthquake), 1909 (Gonou Earthquake) and 1963 (Echizenmisakioki Earthquake) of the Wakasa region. Chlorite/Mite ratio spikes are interpreted to represent historical flood events of 1633, 1691, 1701, 1729, 1735, 1786, 1791, 1825, 1842, 1853, 1866, 1895, 1953 (Typhoon No.13), 1959 (Isewan Typhoon), 1965 (Typhoon No.23 and No.24) in the Wakasa region. Five spikes cannot be correlated to historical earthquakes and floods. These events that represent depositions in 1646, 1799, 1848, 1931 and 1936 are probably correlated with historical engineering works of 1642, 1801, 1848, 1932 and 1934-35 around Lake Suigetsu.All events suggest that non-bioturbated fine-graind sediments of meromictic lake near human communities recorded any earthquakes, floods and human activities over a long periods of which no historical literature exists.

Land use control and settlement plans in the flooded area of the City of Nagoya and its vicinity, Japan

Floods cannot be completely prevented by structures put up by engineers alone. Land use control will aid in flood controls, and hence is a concern for the geographer. In 1959, the city of Nagoya and its vicinity were devastated by the flood caused by the Isewan Typhoon. On the basis of different flood features and damages, city authorities and the Ministry of Construction divided the area into five zones and issued regulations for each zone. At nearby Nabeta Polder, also inundated, the land was in the process of being reclaimed. Due to the flood, plans for reclamation have been completely changed, and now plans for land use control have been incorporated for the prevention of floods.

SETTLEMENT PLANS OF NABETA RECLAIMED LAND BEFORE AND AFTER THE DISASTER BY THE ISEWAN TYPHOON

Nabeta, newly reclaimed land after the end of World War II, is inside part of Isewan in the central district of Japan. It is about 640 ha. in area. The Isewan Typhoon and the flood tide accompanying it came over Nabeta on Sept. 26, 1959, destroying the settlement and farms, and killed 125 out of 228 settlers. Before the disaster, the settlement pattern of Nabeta was carried out as planned Strassendorf type along the several main roads that ran from the east to the west, so the villages were scattered all over the land. The slightly higher part of this reclaimed land of Nabeta was not used as settlement site, and settlers' houses were made of wood and they were but one-storyed houses. From the viewpoint of protecting settlers and their properties from the flood tide, this settlement plan was not complete. As a result of the disaster the people decided that nearly half of all the area be used for factory site and the rest for agricultural land, the houses be rebuilt of ferro-block and three storyed and concentrated on the north-western corner, the highest part of this land. Then this settlement site was planned to be surrounded by the second dike. Consequently the settlement of Nabeta is being protected from high tide by two dikes, that is, a sea dike (the first dike) and the second dike. Not only the settlement location and buildings but the site of fields of each farmer has been improved. Before the suffering, each farmer had dispersed fields, but after that he has considerably concentrated fields.

4045 伊勢湾台風による家屋の風害分布について(都市計画・建築経済・防災)

4045 伊勢湾台風による家屋の風害分布について(都市計画・建築経済・防災)

WAVES ON THE PACIFIC COAST AND ON THE COAST OF ISE BAY CAUSED BY THE ISE-WAN TYPHOON

General aspects of wave characteristics on the Pacific Coast of the main land and on the coast of Ise Bay caused by the Ise-wan Typhoon are studied on the bases of the observed wave data, calculated wave heights by the authors' method of forecasting shallow water wave and the results of the field inspection of damages by the typhoon.

INVESTIGATION OF DESTROYED STRUCTURES AND THE RECONSTRUCTION PROGRAM; ISE-WAN TYPHOON

The powerful Ise-wan Typhoon destroyed coastal defense works along the Bays of Ise, Chita, and Atsumi, over nearly the entire length of the coastline, and also inflicted considerable damage on breakwaters, piers, and other harbour facilities. The destruction observed in various structures show a close resemblance, and the ground leading to such destruction may be classified into several categories, indicating that these coastal structures possessed a common weakness against the destruction force of nature. This common weakness presents a particuler problem in planning and carrying out reconstruction works in the future.