Isatin ameliorates ovarian inflammation and apoptosis caused by hormonal imbalances in PCOS mice.

Ferroptosis, induced by iron overload and an imbalance in redox homeostasis, promotes the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to iron-dependent lipid peroxides (LPO) and oxidative stress. Lipid peroxidation induced by reactive oxygen species is essential for the progression of spermatogenesis. However, its imbalance can lead to reproductive system damage and oligoasthenospermia, a critical cause of oligoasthenospermia. Isatin (ISA) is a naturally occurring compound that is widely distributed in lobsters, crustaceans, shellfish and various plants. It exhibits significant antioxidant and anti-aging properties, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of oligoasthenospermia. This study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of ISA on oligoasthenospermia and to elucidate the underlying molecular pathways. All mice were divided into normal group, model group and treatment group. Both model group and treatment group received a single intraperitoneal injection of 30mg/kg BUS to create the model of oligoasthenospermia. After 2weeks, the treatment group received different doses of 25, 50 and 100mg/kg ISA by gavage for 28days, and then mice were sacrificed and tested. The results demonstrated that ISA effectively reversed busulfan-induced reproductive system damage in mice. This included the restoration of testicular histomorphology, improvement in sperm concentration and motility, regulation of serum sex hormone levels, and normalization of various oxidative indices in testicular tissue. Furthermore, ISA successfully reversed testicular ferroptosis by restraining the translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) into the nucleus and improved oligoasthenospermia through the glutathione (GSH)/glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) axis. ISA was found to effectively ameliorate oligoasthenospermia in mice, presenting a potential therapeutic option for patients with this condition.

Antibiotic resistance, particularly against fluoroquinolones and macrolides, has emerged globally among thermophilic Campylobacters (Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli), giving rise to concerns about the efficacy of antibiotic treatment of these bacteria. Thus, developing new antibacterials with excellent activity is important. Isatin (IST) and its derivatives have exhibited promising antibacterial activities in several pathogenic bacteria. However, its activity against Campylobacter is unknown. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial activity of isatin against 29-Campylobacter strains (C. jejuni-17 and C. coli-12) and investigate the effects at the cellular level. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of isatin were between <1.0 and 16.0 µg/mL in Campylobacter strains. Most strains presented with MIC = 8.0 µg/mL (76%). The minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) was determined to be 16.0 µg/mL for 72% of the Campylobacter strains tested. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value for isatin was 125.63 µg/mL on the MRC-5 normal cell line, suggesting that isatin can be considered a safe substance in terms of cytotoxicity. In this study, we demonstrated the potential of isatin based on its low toxicity and effectiveness in vitro against antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter strains, which indicates that this compound could be an attractive candidate for future use in multidrug-resistant Campylobacter treatment.

Bletilla Striata polysaccharides thermosensitive gel for photothermal treatment of bacterial infection

Abstract Synthesis of some ternary complexes with isatin (ISA) as primary ligand and N,N,N,N‐tetramethyl ethylene diamine (TMEDA) as secondary ligand with a series of metal ions (M) Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) is presented. IR, elemental analysis, melting point, molar conductance, mass and thermal analysis were applied to characterize the prepared compounds. Conductometry measurements reveal that all complexes are non‐electrolytes except Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(III) and Co(II) complexes. In the light of magnetic and solid reflectance techniques, all prepared complexes were suggested in an octahedral geometry. ESR study of Cu(II) complex prove its octahedral geometry. The mixed ligand complexes were found to have the formulae [M(ISA)(TMEDA)Cl 2 ] where M=Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II); [M(ISA)(TMEDA)Cl 2 ]Cl n .xH 2 O in case of M=Cr(III), Fe(III) and Cd(II) (where n=l, x=0 for Cr(III), n=l, x=0 for Fe(III) and n=0, x=2 for Cd(II) and [M(ISA)(TMEDA)Cl(H 2 O)]Cl in case of M=Mn(II) and Co(II). Antimicrobial activity of some complexes are higher than parent ligands. Molecular docking study confirmed the importance of Cu(II), Ni(II) and Cr(III) complexes as they have the highest interaction with the receptors of crystal structure of S.aureus nucleoside (PDB ID: 3Q8U), E. coli (PDB: 3T88) and protein phosphatase (PPZl) of C. albicans (PDB: 5JPE) with minimum binding energy of −2l.5, −7.2 and −45.6 kcal/mol, respectively.

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most frequent malignancies and the most common reasons for impermanence in women. The backbone of therapy for BC is principally chemotherapy, but its non-specific nature to differentiate between normal cells and cancer cells and severe side effects are the main barriers in its use. So, there is an intense requirement to enlarge more efficacious, more specific and safer anti-BC agents. Isatin (IST) is an endogenous molecule that is a principal class of heterocyclic compounds and exhibits a wide range of therapeutic activities which can be used as a starting material for the synthesis of several drug molecules. Many kinds of literature were reported previously on different pharmacological activities of IST derivatives and particularly on anticancer activity but this review mainly focuses on anti-BC activities of IST derivatives through MCF-7, MDA MB 231, MDA-MB 435 and MDA-MB 468 cell lines. Herein we mentioned; a total of 33 IST derivatives (compound 24- 56) which show good anti-BC activity. IST-derived compounds are also available in the market and are used for various cancer types like sunitinib for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and Nintedanib for the cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis treatment, but when evaluated for BC, they did not prove to be much successful. This review mainly highlights anti-BC activities of various IST analogues using MCF-7, MDA MB 231, MDA-MB 435 and MDA-MB 468 cell lines, displaying the potent compound of the series and structure-activity relationships of compounds with molecular docking also. So, this study mainly shows the importance of IST as a major source for drug design and development of newer anti-BC drugs.

تم تحضير 3- ((2- هيدروكسي فينيل) إيمينو) إندولين- 2 ون عن طريق تفاعل الايزاتين مع 2- أمينوفينول (HIAP)، تم تشخيص الكاشف بواسطة أطياف IR H 1NMR,، يشكل هذا الكاشف مع أيونات النيكل معقد بنفسجي اللون 2: 1 عند الرقم الهيدروجيني 9.0=pH، = λ max 575 نانومتر وبدرجة حرارة الغرفة باستخدام محلول منظم رباعي بورات الصوديوم، الامتصاصية المولارية 1.43 × 10 + 4 لتر مول- 1 سم- 1 وقيمة حساسية ساندل هي 0.03800 ميكروغرام سم- 2 ويتم الامتثال لقانون بير في حدود 0.50- 5.28 ميكروغرام. مل- 1 من النيكل (II) ومعادلة المنحنى العياري y = 0.0663x + 0.0749. ومعامل الارتباط R² = 0.9988

Purpose: Isatin (IS) is a synthetically significant heterocyclic moiety with an influential pharmacodynamic indole nucleus and hence the electrocatalytic property of has been investigated. Methods: The electrochemical analysis was demonstrated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in the potential window of 0.2 V to 1.4 V using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) modified carbon nano tube paste electrode (SDSMCNTPE) over a pH range of 6 to 8.5 in 0.2 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS). Surface morphology was studied by using Field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FESEM).Results: The CV study discloses that under ideal condition oxidation of IS arises at a potential of 0.970 V accompanied with an exceptional stability, selectivity and sensitivity for the resultant SDSMCNTPE contrasting to bare carbon nano tube paste electrode (BCNTPE). Individual parameters like electrode surface area, effect of surfactant, detection limit, simultaneous detection of IS and resorcinol (RC) were studied at a scan rate of 0.1 V/s. Scan rate study uncovers the process is diffusion controlled. The oxidation peak current amplified linearly with the surge in concentration of IS under ideal condition. Detection limit (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) in the solution of optimum pH (7.5) at a scan rate of 0.100V/s is 2.4×10-7 M and 8.2 × 10-7 M respectively. Conclusion: The proposed electrode portrays excellent repeatability, reproducibility and reliability to resistant electrode fouling.

Isatin (IST) is a crucial pharmacologically active compound, chemically known as indole- 1H-2,3-dione. Development of different IST based analogues acquired significant awareness because of its pronounced therapeutic importance such as analgesic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antitubercular, antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral (effective against SARS coronavirus 3C protease) and many other activities, and represents an important class of heterocyclic compounds that can be used as a precursor for the synthesis of many useful drugs. Previously, many articles were reported on IST synthesis and its different pharmacological activities but herein, we mentioned 59 different synthesis schemes of several IST derivatives/hybrids derived from the substitution of the nitrogen, aromatic ring, the second and third position of IST along with most potent molecule among each of synthesized libraries with their structural activity relationship (SAR). Using these standardized approaches, several biologically important compounds were developed like sunitinib, nintedanib, indirubin, etc and several studies have been carried out nowadays to develop newer compounds having fewer side effects and also overcome the problem of resistance. This report critically reviews the different strategies for the designs and synthesis of several IST based compounds having different biological activities with SAR, which can favour further investigation and modification for the development of new and more potent entities.

Key words dimethylenaminones - isatins - trimethylsilyl chloride - Pfitzinger reaction - quinolinecarboxylates

Context: Indigofera suffruticosa Miller (Fabaceae) and I. truxillensis Kunth produce compounds, such as isatin (ISA) and indirubin (IRN), which possess antitumour properties. Their effects in mammalian cells are still not very well understood.Objective: We evaluated the activities of ISA and/or IRN on cell viability and apoptosis in vitro, their genotoxic potentials in vitro and in vivo, and the IRN- and ISA-induced expression of ERCC1 or BAX genes.Materials and methods: HeLa and/or CHO-K1 cell lines were tested (3 or 24 h) in the MTT, Trypan blue exclusion, acridine orange/ethidium bromide, cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus (CBMN) and comet (36, 24 and 72 h) tests after treatment with IRN (0.1 to 200 μM) or ISA (0.5 to 50 μM). Gene expression was measured by RT-qPCR in HeLa cells. Swiss albino mice received IRN (3, 4 or 24 h) by gavage (50, 100 and 150 mg/kg determined from the LD50 – 1 g/kg b.w.) and submitted to comet assay in vivo.Results: IRN reduced the viability of CHO-K1 (24 h; 5 to 200 μM) and HeLa cells (10 to 200 μM), and was antiproliferative in the CBMN test (CHO-K1: 0.5 to 10 μM; HeLa: 5 and 10 μM). The drug did not induce apoptosis, micronucleus neither altered gene expression. IRN and ISA were genotoxic for HeLa cells (3 and 24 h) at all doses tested. IRN (100 and 150 mg/kg) also induced genotoxicity in vivo (4 h).Conclusion: IRN and ISA have properties that make them candidates as chemotherapeutics for further pharmacological investigations.

Abstract Non‐stabilized azomethine ylides, generated in situ from isatin (II) or quinone (VI) and L‐proline (III), are reacted with bis(arylidene)indan‐2‐ones (I) as dipolarophiles in a 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition.

Abstract CsF catalyzed direct cyanomethylation of various isatins (I) and (IV) using TMSCH2CN (II) as nucleophile is developed.

Abstractγ‐Lactames having a hexatriene moiety undergo 6π‐electrocyclization followed by oxidation to give 3‐phosphorus ylide oxindoles, which are further oxidized to yield isoxazolidinones (III) and isatins (V).

Interaction of N-ethyl isatin 3 with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate in the presence triphenylphosphine has led to good selectivity of methyl 1'-ethyl-4-methoxy-2',5-dioxo-5H-spiro[furan-2,3'-indoline]-3-carboxylate 4 formation.Similar yields of spirolactones 6,8 were obtained by addition of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate to 5-bromo functionalized isatins 5,7.However, reaction of N-butyl isatin 9 resulted in formation of an inseparable mixture of compounds.Treatment of N-benzyl isatin 10 and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate with triphenylphosphine proceeded with reduced selectivity of the spirooxindole 11 formation.

Обобщены и проанализированы данные по реакциям производных изатина с соединениями трех-, четырех- и пяти- координированного фосфора, опубликованные с 1966 по 2014 г. Как ссылаться Musin, L. I.; Bogdanov, A. V.; Mironov, V. F. Chem. Heterocycl. Compd. 2015 , 51 , 421. [ Химия гетероцикл. соединений 2015 , 51 , 421.] Статья в английском издании журнала: DOI 10.1007/s10593-015-1717-2

发展了一种有机催化靛红与4-苯基-3-丁炔-2-酮的反应, 提供了高效合成3-取代-3-羟基氧化吲哚类衍生物的方法. 该方法所采用的有机催化剂廉价易得, 靛红底物中氮原子无需保护, 反应操作简单, 条件温和, 各种不同取代基的靛红以及4-芳基-3-丁炔-2-酮都能较好地参与反应且以较高的收率合成目标产物. 另外, 该体系也可用于催化靛红与3-己炔-2-酮的反应.

Abstract Using corresponding Knoevenagel adducts from methylene‐active components (III) or (V) and isatin (II) as starting materials, spiro compounds (IV) and (VI) are formed in lower yields under similar conditions.

Abstract A series of isatins (II) is prepared by iodine‐catalyzed oxidation—cyclization of o‐aminoacetophenones (I) with DMSO as both a reagent and a solvent.

An aldol condensation/skeletal rearrangement protocol for the synthesis of 7-ylideneimidazo[4,5-e]thiazolo[2,3-c]-1,2,4-triazines via the reaction of imidazo[4,5-e]thiazolo[3,2-b]-1,2,4-triazines and isatins has been developed.