Irritation Index Research Articles

Prolonged Skin Retention of Luliconazole from SLNs Based Topical Gel Formulation Contributing to Ameliorated Antifungal Activity.

The development of effective therapy is necessary because the patients have to contend with long-termtherapy as skin fungal infections usually relapse and are hardly treated. Despite being a potent antifungal agent, luliconazole (LCZ) has certainshortcomings such as limited skin penetration, low solubility in aqueous medium, and poor skin retention. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) were developed using biodegradable lipids by solvent injection method and were embodied into the gel base for topical administration. After in-vitro characterizations of the formulations, molecular interactions of the drug with excipients were analyzed using in-silico studies. Ex-vivo release was determined in contrast to the pure LCZ and the commercial formulation followed by in-vivo skin localization, skin irritation index, and antifungal activity. The prepared SLNs have an average particle size of 290.7nm with no aggregation of particles and homogenous gels containing SLNs with ideal rheology and smooth texture properties were successfully prepared. The ex-vivo LCZ release from the SLN gel was lower than the commercial formulation whereas its skin deposition and skin retention were higher as accessed by CLSM studies. The drug reaching the systemic circulation and the skin irritation potential were found to be negligible. Thesolubility and drug retention in the skin were both enhanced by the development of SLNs as a carrier. Thus, SLNs offer significant advantages by delivering long lasting concentrations of LCZ at the site of infection for a complete cure of the fungal load together with skin localization of the topical antifungal drug.

EVALUATING THE SKIN IRRITATION OF CHILI PEPPER NANO GEL ON EXPERIMENTAL RABBIT SKIN

Chili is not only a popular spice in food preparation but is also used as a traditional medicine. In particular, when used topically, the active ingredient called capsaicin in chili peppers helps treat bone and joint pain. Objectives: The study aims to evaluate the local irritation on the healthy skin of rabbits of a nano gel product containing chili fruit extract provided by the Institute of Research and Application for Traditional Pharmaco-Medicine Methods: The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Vietnam Ministry of Health, ISO 10993-10 and OECD on skin irritation assessment for topical products. Three healthy white New Zealand rabbits were used. Animals were applied gauze which was soaked in nano gel containing chili fruit extract at a dose of 0.5 grams on a healthy skin area 2.5 x 2.5 cm for 4 hours. We evaluated the irritation index including erythema and edema on the skin at 24, 48, and 72 hours after gauze removal. Results: Three rabbits were still healthy, and living normally, there were no signs of erythema and edema on the rabbit's skin, and the irritation indexes were 0 during 72 hours of continuous monitoring. Conclusions:The nano gel containing chili fruit extract applied topically does not irritate healthy rabbit skin.

THE RISK OF SKIN IRRITATION OF CLARTÉ IN EXPERIMENTAL RABBITS

CLARTÉ is an external genital hygiene product, thus assessing skin irritation is an important test before commercializing the product for the community. Objectives: The study evaluated the local irritation on healthy rabbit skin of CLARTÉ manufactured and supplied by VIHECO PHARMA., JSC. Methods: The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Vietnam Ministry of Health, ISO 10993-10, and OECD on skin irritation assessment for topical products. Three healthy white New Zealand rabbits were shaved off the fur on the back. Animals were applied directly 0.5 mL of CLARTÉ solution on the back skin and covered the application sites with a 2,5 cm × 2,5 cm non-occlusive dressing for 4 hours. We evaluated the irritation index including erythema and edema on the skin at 1, 24, 48, and 72 hours after removing the patches. Results: Three rabbits were still healthy, and living normally. There was very slight or well-defined erythema and very slight edema on the rabbit's skin applied by CLARTÉ after the first 24-hour treatment. The irritation index of CLARTE’ was 0.44, corresponding to negligible skin irritation during 72 hours of continuous monitoring. Conclusions: CLARTÉ product applied topically caused negligible irritation on healthy rabbit skin.

Anti-angiogenic activity of polymeric nanoparticles loaded with ursolic acid

Ursolic acid (UA) is an abundant natural product and has shown great promise for treating diseases related to the appearance of new blood vessels. However, its clinical use is limited due to its low solubility in aqueous media, resulting in reduced bioavailability. The present study aimed to synthetize poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles loaded with UA by nanoprecipitation method and to evaluate the toxicity and anti-angiogenic activity using the in vivo chorioallantoic model. The nanoparticles were obtained in the size range that varied from 103.0 to 169.3 nm, they presented a uniform distribution (polydispersity index <0.2), and a negatively charged surface, with an encapsulation efficiency close to 50%. The release profile of the developed nanoformulation showed an initial burst in the first 2 h and demonstrated no acute toxicity (irritation index <0.9). Moreover, the chorioallantoic assay showed a significant reduction in both geometrical and topological parameters compared to saline control (p < .05). In conclusion, the study revealed a quick and simple way to obtain poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles, a drug delivery system to UA, which showed potential antiangiogenic action and can be used to treat diseases involving neovascularisation.

Safety assessment of female sexual hygiene product containing cannabidiol in new zealand white rabbit and clinical trial

Cannabis is an herb known for its significant pharmacological effects. This study evaluated the safety of a female sexual hygiene product containing cannabidiol on the skin of experimental animals and humans. Irritation symptoms were tested using three female New Zealand white rabbits. In human trials, irritation and sensitivity symptoms were assessed in 30 healthy female volunteers. The results from the animal study indicated that body weight and clinical symptoms remained normal, with only slight irritation noted in the primary irritation index of the skin (PII = 0.6). In human trials, transepidermal water loss was observed during the induction phase but decreased over time. No abnormalities were found during the induction phase; however, irritation occurred during the challenge phase, which resolved after 8 h. It was concluded that the rinse-off product caused slight irritation when applied for more than 4 h in animals and 24 h in humans, which differs from its intended use of immediate rinse-off, where no irritation was observed.

Anti-inflammatory efficacy and skin irritation study of Cleome gynandra extract: an animal model and pre-clinical evaluation

Cleome gynandra, a kind of medicinal herb which has strong antioxidant properties has been traditionally used for treating various ailments including skin inflammatory diseases. To date, the anti-inflammatory efficacy of C. gynandra based cream has not been reported. The aim of the study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activities of C. gynandra leaf extract cream using an in vivo arachidonic acid-induced ear edema in the rat model. The expression of genes related to rat ear inflammation was measured to evaluate the topical anti-inflammatory activity of C. gynandra cream. The toxicity effect of C. gynandra cream was determined through a skin irritation test in rats and human cumulative skin irritation assessment. Data collected evidently showed a significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) percentage of recovery rate (70.21±5.14%) in rats treated with C. gynandra cream when compared to the negative control (27.43±4.75%) and basal cream (55.8±4.61%), indicating that C. gynandra cream effectively reduced inflammation symptoms in rat ear edema model study. The expressions of all pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute inflammatory-related genes were significantly down-regulated in C. gynandra cream-treated group than untreated group (negative control). The dermatological safety aspect of C. gynandra cream was confirmed by human cumulative skin irritation assessment with the average cumulative irritation index of 0.046, indicating a non-irritating effect. The overall findings demonstrated that C. gynandra cream has great potential to be applied for treating skin-related inflammatory diseases.

ASSESSMENT OF DERMAL IRRITATION OF LAO NHA QUE COCONUT OIL IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS

Lao Nha Que virgin coconut oil (LNQ VCO) is a natural product inteneded to treat some skin diseases such as burns, atopic dermatitis, and xerosis.... To provide information on its local irritation, this study was carried out to evaluate the dermal irritation of LNQ VCO. 0.5 ml of VCO was applied on the skin in one side of the spine while 0.5 ml of distilled water was applied on the other side. After 4-hour exposure period, the residual LNQ VCO was removed and the skin reactions for erythema and oedema was described and scored at 1 hour, 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours after removing the patches. The results showed that the erythema appeard on the LNQ VCO-applied skin in two out of three rabbits and recovered up to 72h. The primary irritation index was calculated to catogorize the skin irritation of LNQ VCO. The primary irritation index of LNQ VCO was 0.78. Thus, LNQ VCO might cause slight irritation on the rabbit’s skin.

A Dermatological Safety Test of a Face Serum Formulation Derived from Honey and Propolis of Stingless Bee from East Kalimantan

Skincare, which is a type of cosmetics, is an essential component in the process of maintaining and caring for the skin. It is known that the skin quickly absorbs the tiny molecular structure of serum. Stingless bees, widespread in East Kalimantan and Indonesia, benefit the skin's health by producing honey and propolis. This research aims to demonstrate that a face serum derived from honey and propolis of stingless bees from East Kalimantan is safe for use on the skin using dermatological standards. Here we will see whether there are allergic reactions and irritation from using facial serum. Using the Repeated Open Application Test (ROPT) technique, 20 volunteers were subjected to applying a face serum containing honey and stingless bee propolis. The serum was given to the upper arm twice daily for seven days. As part of the test, allergic reactions were evaluated using the system developed by the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group (ICDRG), and irritating reactions were evaluated using the Primary Irritation Index (PII). The results showed that on the first day, four of the volunteers reported moderate irritation reactions. Consequently, they scored 0.7, indicating they suffered minor irritation. On the other hand, the reactions of the remaining 16 volunteers were typical. Twenty participants had normal skin from the second treatment until the seventh day. The overall findings show that the facial serum based on honey and kelulut propolis from stingless bees from East Kalimantan showed a mild irritation reaction at the beginning of use and was safe to use in subsequent uses.

Stability and Safety Analysis of Statin-Loaded Nano-films for the Treatment of Diabetic Wound

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease that delays the regular stages of the wound's healing process due to delayed inflammatory stages. Due to foot pressure points, chronic foot wounds are ultimately considered the primary cause of lower leg amputation. Diabetic patients have vascular dysfunction and neuropathy, leading to inadequate oxygen supply to the wound area. Statins have a crucial role in the regulation of angiogenesis that could increase vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) synthesis. By offering a localized treatment approach while minimizing systemic side effects associated with oral medication, this study aimed to develop statin-loaded nanofilms to determine their stability and safety among healthy individuals as a potential procedure for diabetic wound healing. Simvastatin (SIM) loaded nanofilms formulations (F1-F10) were prepared using the solvent casting method. The formulation was optimized based on tests such as physical appearance, tensile strength, microscopic photographs, morphology, and drug content uniformity. ICH guidelines were followed to determine various parameters (physical appearances, tensile strength, microscopic photographs, morphology, and drug content uniformity) for six-month stability study at three different storage conditions. Safety analysis of the nanofilms was performed on healthy human skin using the Draize skin irritation test. Results showed F7 formulation was considered an optimized formulation as well as stable through the storage period at 4 ± 2°C, 25 ± 2°C, and 40 ± 2 °C. Furthermore, Primary Irritation Index results (PII was 0 showed no irritation in case and control groups) indicate its safety and biocompatibility to skin. Thus, the optimized statin-loaded nanofilm is stable, safe, and non-toxic, which may be used as a potential diabetic wound healing agent.

Preliminary study on developing ocular formulations for natural antioxidants to prevent long‐term complications associated with high myopia

Aims/Purpose: The progression of retinal damage in high myopia (HM) has been associated with a reduction in its antioxidant capacity. α‐Lipoic acid (ALA), among other natural antioxidants, has gained important attention due to its impact on visual health1. The objective of this study is to develop ocular inserts containing ALA and to evaluate the potential ocular irritancy of ALA using the HET‐ CAM (hen's egg test‐chorioallantoic membrane) test.Methods: In the HET‐CAM test, five eggs were used under the following conditions: negative control (NaCl 0.9%), positive control (NaOH 0.1%), low concentration (0.01 M ALA), medium concentration (0.1 M) and high concentration (0.2 M). Bleeding, vascular lysis and coagulation were assessed for 300 s to calculate the Irritation Index (IS)2. For each ocular formulation, 5 mg of ALA was dissolved in phosphate‐buffered saline solution (PBS) with a pH 7.4. Different proportions of selected polymers (HPMC, PVP, HA and PG as an adjuvant) were homogenized and placed into a Petri dish, dried overnight and cut into 1 cm2 inserts.Results: The HET‐CAM measurement demonstrated the absence of haemorrhage, coagulation and lysis in the three tested concentrations of ALA. The IS score falls within the range of 0–0.9, classifying it as non‐irritant. In parallel, four ocular formulations containing 5 mg of ALA were prepared as follows: F1‐ PVP 10%; F2‐ PVP 2.5% and HPMC 1%; F3‐ PVP 2.5% and HA 1%; F4‐ PVP 1%, HA 1% and HPMC 1%. It was shown that F2 and F3 had preferred organoleptic characteristics.Conclusions: ALA was a non‐irritant and probably suitable for ocular administration as an antioxidant. Further research will be conducted to assess the efficacy of the ophthalmic inserts. However, preliminary findings suggest that these inserts hold promise as a potential formulation to delay the long‐term progression of high myopia.

THE EFFECT OF VARIATION CONCENTRATION OF TETRAHYDROHEXAGAMAVUNON-5 (THHGV-5) IN EMULGEL PREPARATION ON ACUTE DERMAL IRRITATION EFFECT AND SUN PROTECTING FACTOR (SPF) VALUE

Objective: A tropical nation experiences intense daytime solar radiation. The likelihood that this condition will result in skin conditions like skin cancer may increase. The skin can be protected as one strategy for coping with this poor potency. Applying various cosmetic products to the skin can provide protection. Due to the antioxidant activity of certain components, various active ingredient types are used in the formulation of those products. A chemical that was created from the structure of curcumin is one of the examples. This substance is referred to as a curcumin analog. THHGV-5 is an analog of curcumin that has strong antioxidant properties. The purpose of this investigation is to ascertain how different Tetrahydropentagamavunon-5 (THHGV-5) concentrations affect the emulgel's sun-protecting factor (SPF) value and irritancy effect. Methods: The three different concentrations of THHGV-5 emulgel are 1.50%, 1.75%, and 2.00%. Then, tests are conducted on the physical qualities (organoleptic, pH, adhesion, dispersiility, and viscosity). The UV spectrophotometric method was used to determine the SPF value of THHGV-5 emulgel in vitro. Regression analysis was used to examine the SPF values from measurements. The acute dermal irritation method was used to measure the Primary Irritation Index (PII) in real-time. The Indonesian Food and Drug Administration's In vivo Non-Clinical Toxicity Test Guidelines are followed by this procedure. PII results were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis statistical analysis with a 95% confidence level. Results: SPF and PII values will rise as a result of increasing the THHGV-5 content in the formulae. The concentration of THHGV-5 (1.50%, 1.75%, and 2.00%) causes the increase of the SPF values of the formulas (5.76±1.10, 13.03±1.39, and 15.77±0.22) by moderate, maximum, and ultra protection. PII values obtained are significantly different, with a significance level of ≤ 0.05. Conclusion: According to the study's findings, emulgel formulas with higher THHGV-5 concentrations would have higher SPF values and irritant effects. Since a tropical country's SPF recommendation is 15, THHGV-5 with a 2.00% concentration will be able to provide enough protection. However, a study of three different THHGV-5 concentrations (1.50%, 1,75%, and 2.00%) revealed that none of the formulae were skin-safe since they can irritate the skin.

Perceptions of Airbnb’s impact beyond the tourist bubbles of Cusco, Peru: an exploration of resident irritability

PurposeSpecifically, this study aims to examine residents’ perceptions regarding the following: the sociocultural, environmental and economic impacts generated by the presence of Airbnb and the irritability caused by the presence of Airbnb based on Doxey’s Doxey (1975) irritation index (i.e. index).Design/methodology/approachTwenty-one semistructured in-depth interviews were conducted between February and March 2021 with residents of three condominiums in the Huancaro residential complex. Data were analyzed using the qualitative data analysis software ATLAS.ti 8.FindingsResults showed that participants perceived negative economic impacts regarding investments, jobs, real estate prices and overall cost of living; negative sociocultural impacts regarding criminality, social conflicts and cultural exchange; and negative environmental impacts regarding sanitation in the context of the pandemic and the state of the Airbnb apartments. Further, it was found that participants related to the following three of the four stages of irritability: euphoria, apathy and annoyance.Research limitations/implicationsIt is necessary to complement the information with the perceptions of the residents about the city’s authorities and managers in the hotel business before the stage of the COVID-19 pandemic and the current stage.Practical implicationsThe study identifies improve Airbnb operations like establishing health paraments and defining cohabitation rules at the condominiums.Social implicationsThe residents consider that visitors’ returns produce positive and negative impacts on the quality of life being important for understanding their perceptions.Originality/valueShort-term rental companies, such as Airbnb, generate a range of impacts on urban residents, particularly when travelers encroach on areas of the city beyond the traditional “tourist bubbles.” This study explored the perceptions of Airbnb’s impacts on activities among residents of Huancaro, a residential section of Cusco-Peru, in the context of tourism reopening after a year of an almost complete halt in tourism activities because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study also highlighted the heterogenetic responses to Airbnb within the community.

Physical and Chemical Characteristic, Irritation Index and Anti-inflammatory Activity from Ointment of Syzygium aromaticum Oil by Adding an Enhancer

This research aimed to evaluate how enhancers affect the properties of Syzygium aromaticum oil in both water-soluble and hydrocarbon bases. Physical and chemical characteristic tests, irritation index evaluations, and anti-inflammatory activity assessments were carried out to analyze the Syzygium aromaticum oil ointment. The pH tests were conducted to measure the chemical characteristics and viscosity, adhesivity, spreadability tests were conducted to measure the physical characteristics of the ointment. Rabbit-based tests were used to determine the irritation index, mice induced by crotton oil were used in anti-inflammatory activity assessments. The pH tests revealed no significant differences between both of ointments. The ointment in the water-soluble base had higher viscosity and adhesivity but lower spreadability than the ointment in the hydrocarbon base. The epidermis thickness of watersoluble and hydrocarbon-based ointments was 3.81±0.40 μm and 4.22±0.15 μm, while the number of cells with COX-2 expression was 18.24±6.51 and 21.01±5.96. The addition of enhancers did not cause any irritation in either ointment. The study concluded that the formula of Syzygium aromaticum oil in a water-soluble ointment with the addition of propylene glycol and oleic acid (70:30) as enhancers provided better physical and chemical characteristics, a lower irritation index, and higher anti-inflammatory activity compared to the hydrocarbon.

Optimisation of seed oil and powder of Momordica charantia in the formulation of body scrub cream

Background: Momordica charantia seed oil and powder are potential ingredients for a body scrub. The seeds contain fatty acids to moisturise the skin, and the mineral content to remove dead skin cells and nourish the skin. Objective: To determine the optimal efficiency of Momordica charantia seed oil and powder on body scrub cream produce. Methods: The body scrub used W/O (water-in-Oil) cream base. Simplex Lattice Design was used to determine five formulas. The irritation test with the Draize Skin Test method was carried out on rats (n = three, in each formula), and the Primary Dermal Irritation Index (PDII) was calculated. Informed consent from the female participants has been obtained for the hedonic test. Results: The body scrub cream produced appropriate organoleptic, was not irritating, and was stable after centrifugation and cycling test. The optimum formula contained five grams of oil and one gram of powder with a pH of 5.21; viscosity of 205.33 dPa.s; spreading of 6.12cm; adhesion time of 19.86 seconds; rate of washing of 20.60 seconds; a colour value of 4.04; scent value of 2.90; and texture value of 2.98. Conclusion: The optimised body scrub cream yielded a good formula which can be developed as a body scrub preparation.

FORMULATION OF EYESHADOW CREAM COMBINATION OF EXTRACT SPISSUM BUTTERFLY PEA FLOWER (Clitoria ternatea L.) WITH SECANG WOOD (Caesalpinia sappan L.) AS A NATURAL COLOR

Eye shadow is one of the decorative cosmetic that contains color that is applied to the eyelids. Eye shadows were generally blue, pink, dark red, silver, green, and brown. Natural dyes are derived from plants, animals, and microorganisms. Butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) and secang wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) are plants that contain natural dyes that can be used as dyes. The two plants were removed by maceration in 70% ethanol. Eye shadow preparation using a combination of extract spissum of butterfly pea flower and secang wood produces eye shadow with a purple color in 3 formulations, namely F3 extract spissum butterfly pea flower and secang wood (3:2), F4 extract spissum butterfly pea flower and secang wood (2:3), F5 extract spissum butterfly pea flower and secang wood (1:4). In the hedonic test, there was no significant difference &gt;0.05% among F3, F4, and F5. Thus, the results of the irritation test showed that the eye shadow cream preparation produced an irritation index of 1.00, namely, mild irritation. Keywords: Eye shadow, butterfly pea flower, Secang wood.

Safety evaluation and effects of cascara pulp Gayo Arabica coffee cream as anti-photoaging in animal model.

Prolonged sunlight and ultraviolet (UV) exposure causes premature skin aging called photoaging and coffee-derived topical antioxidants may help to reduce this process. Since a significant amount of antioxidant-rich cascara pulp are wasted in coffee processing, this study aimed to evaluate the safety of cascara extract cream of Gayo Arabica coffee pulp (CECGACP) as anti-photoaging in male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) by assessing the skin primary irritation index (PII), skin macroscopic changes and the level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Twenty-five rats were randomly divided into five different groups: negative control (base cream only), positive control containing L-ascorbic acid 3%, and three treatment groups treated with cream containing 5%, 7.5% and 10% of CECGACP. The CECGACP was extracted, formulated into cream as a topical treatment and applied on the backs of the rats two times a day, once before the UV exposure and four hours after the exposure. After four weeks, the skins were macroscopically examined, and the TNF-α levels were measured. The PII was assessed after applying the cream 24 hours before UX exposure. Our data suggested that CECGACP was considered safe because there were no erythema and edema formation on the skin of the rats with PII score of 0 (classified as no irritation or negligible). After UV exposure, all rats had visible wrinkles and erythema on the skin in particular in the first week. After administration of CECGACP, both wrinkles and erythema were decreased. The levels of TNF-α varied from 0.15±0.02 ng/mL in the negative control and CECGACP 7.5% rat groups to 0.19±0.03 in the positive control group; however, there was no significant difference among all the groups. Our study suggests that CECGACP is safe to use in Wistar rats and able to reduce the erythema and edema due to UV exposure. However, the application of CECGACP does not provide a significant reduction of TNF-α levels.

The Use of an Ambroxol Solution to Assess Acute Dermal Irritation on Rabbit Skin

Ambroxol can overcome infections due to the presence of biofilms in the body by interfering with the formation of sticky biofilms and reducing biofilm production, so it has the potential to be used in topical preparations for the treatment of infections. This study aimed to measure the irritating effect on the skin of rabbits resulting from the ambroxol solution to assess the safety of the ambroxol solution. The methods refers to BPOM 2020, namely by dabbing 0.5 ml of ambroxol solution on the back skin of rabbits, then covering it with gauze and non-irritant plasters, after 4 hours of cleaning of residues is then observed at 1 , 24, 48 and 72 hours to see whether or not there was an effect of erythema and edema arising from the influence of the experiment, and at the end of the investigation, a histopathological test was carried out. The results of the research are Macroscopically the ambroxol solution did not show any erythema and edema, so the primary irritation index score was obtained for all test solutions with a score of 0. In contrast, in the microscopic irritation test, the score for erythema was 4 and for edema was 3. . From this research, it can be concluded that the ambroxol solution non-irritating to the skin.&#x0D; &#x0D; KEYWORDS: Biofilm, ambroxol solutions, acute irritation test.&#x0D; &#x0D;

Activity and Safety of Cinchonine Nanostructured Lipid Carriers as a Hair Growth Stimulant in Mice Model of Androgenetic Alopecia

Androgenetic alopecia (AA) is a hair growth disorder characterized by hair loss and miniaturization of the size of follicles and dermal papillae. Cinchonine is a quinoline alkaloid that can increase VEGF production and potential as a hair growth stimulant. This study aimed to determine the morphology, penetration (in vitro), as well as safety and activity of cinchonine nanostructured lipid carriers (CN-NLC) serum as a hair growth stimulant. Preparation of CN-NLC serum using a combination of micro-emulsification and ultra-sonification methods, characterization of CN-NLC serum included morphology and closed hair follicle diffusion methods. Dermal and eye irritation test using New Zealand rabbit strain with primary irritation index parameters. Hair growth stimulant activity test using Swiss Webster mice strain, induced with the hormone testosterone. Observations were performed at 7, 14, and 21 days with hair length and histology parameters. CN-NLC serum morphology is a spherical shape with size ±500 nm, diffusion of serum CN-NLC (open hair follicles) of 23.92±0.84%; (close hair follicles) of 11.37±2.29%; and CN solution of 6.00±0.72%. CN-NLC serum are non-irritant with a primary irritation index of 0.0. Activity tests showed hair length on days 7; 14 and 21 were increased by 20.24-23.74%; 33.47-36.43%, and 39.30-39.97% (P≤0.05). Histological data showed an increase in the number and size of both dermal papillae and hair follicles compared to the control group. CN-NLC serum can improve the penetration of CN into hair follicles. CN-NLC serum is safe and effective as a hair growth stimulant in the treatment of AA.

Evaluation of copper electrodes for biomedical monitoring systems

This paper presents several aspects of in vivo biocompatibility tests using the animal model, considering conductive electrodes based on cotton fabric and a conductive paste-based polymeric matrix with copper microparticles that offer the potential to be used in medical devices. Additionally, this work presents a potential application of the electrodes for temperature sensors using the Arduino development board. In addition, after performing in vivo tests, analysis of the primary irritation scores, animal irritation scores, and cumulative irritation index showed that the electrodes resulted in a negligible measurement of perceived skin irritation.

Exploring the Potent Combination of Quercetin-Boronic Acid, Epalrestat, and Urea Containing Nanoethosomal Keratolytic Gel for the Treatment of Diabetic Neuropathic Pain: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies.

Transdermal penetration of therapeutic moieties from topical dosage forms always remains a challenge due to the presence of permeation impeding keratin which should be addressed. The purpose of the study was to formulate quercetin and 4-formyl phenyl boronic acid (QB complex) used for the preparation of nanoethosomal keratolytic gel (EF3-G). The QB complex was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy while skin permeation, viscosity, and epalrestat entrapment efficiency were used for the optimization of nanoethosomal gel. The keratolytic effect of the proposed nanoethosomal gel with urea (QB + EPL + U) was calculated in rat and snake skin. The spherical shape of nanoethosomes was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. According to the findings of stability studies, viscosity decreases as temperature increases, proving their thermal stability. The negative charge of optimized EF3 with 0.7 PDI proved narrow particle size distribution with homogeneity. Optimized EF3 showed two folds increase of epalrestat permeation in highly keratinized snake skin as compared to rats' skin after 24 h. Antioxidant behaviors of EF3 (QB) > QB complex > quercetin > ascorbic acid proved reduction of oxidative stress in DPPH reduction analysis. Interestingly, the hot plate and cold allodynia test in the diabetic neuropathic rat model reduced 3-fold pain as compared to the diabetic control group which was further confirmed by in vivo biochemical studies even after the eight week. Conclusively, ureal keratolysis, primary dermal irritation index reduction, and improved loading of epalrestat render the nanoethosomal gel (EF3-G) ideal for the treatment of diabetic neuropathic pain.