Irrigation Of Agricultural Crops Research Articles

Uptake and translocation of pharmaceutically active compounds by olive tree (Olea europaea L.) irrigated with treated municipal wastewater.

The use of treated municipal wastewater (TWW) represents a relevant opportunity for irrigation of agricultural crops in semi-arid regions to counter the increasing water scarcity. Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) are often detected in treated wastewater, posing a risk to humans and the environment. PhACs can accumulate in soils and translocate into different plant tissues, reaching, in some cases, edible organs and entering the food chain. This study evaluated the uptake and translocation processes of 10 PhACs by olive trees irrigated with TWW, investigating their accumulation in different plant organs. The experiment was conducted in southern Italy, in 2-year-old plants irrigated with three different types of water: freshwater (FW), TWW spiked with 10 PhACs at a concentration of 200 µg L-1 (1× TWW), and at a triple dose (3× TWW), from July to October 2021. The concentration of PhACs in soil and plant organs was assessed, collecting samples of root, stem, shoot, leaf, fruit, and kernel at 0 (T0), 50 (T1), and 107 (T2) days of irrigation. PhACs extraction from soil and plant organs was carried out using the QuEChERS method, and their concentrations were determined by high-resolution mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography. Results of uptake factors (UF) showed a different behavior between compounds according to their physicochemical properties, highlighting PhACs accumulation and translocation in different plant organs (also edible part) in 1× TWW and 3× TWW compared to FW. Two PhACs, carbamazepine and fluconazole, showed interactions with the soil-plant system, translocating also in the aerial part of the plant, with a translocation factor (TF) greater than 1, which indicates high root-to-leaf translocation. Findings highlight that only few PhACs among the selected compounds can be uptaken by woody plants and accumulated in edible parts at low concentration. No effects of PhACs exposure on plant growth have been detected. Despite the attention to be paid to the few compounds that translocate into edible organs, these results are promising for adapting wastewater irrigation in crops. Increasing knowledge about PhACs behavior in woody plants can be important for developing optimized wastewater irrigation and soil management strategies to reduce PhACs accumulation and translocation in plants.

Development of modular cleaning complexes water of the north crimea canal for watering agricultural crops

In the market of equipment for irrigation of agricultural crops, a significant number of imported filters are sold at a fairly high cost, the loading of which requires constant regeneration and periodic replacement. With the resumption of water supply through the North Crimean Canal and thanks to government investments in agriculture of the Republic of Crimea, the development of compact filtration structures designed to purify irrigation water is relevant.

Assessment of the Possibility of Using Treated Wastewater for Irrigation in the Republic of Crimea

The possibility of using wastewater in the Republic of Crimea for irrigation of agricultural crops was considered, the volume of which in 2021 amounted to over 50 % of the total water intake for national economic needs from all sources. It is shown that a significant part of the wastewater after its additional purification and water treatment can be used in irrigated agriculture in the Azov Sea basin, where there are agricultural lands prepared with irrigation. It is concluded that the use of other wastewater will require reconstruction and modernization of treatment facilities, drainage systems and the creation of utilities for the accumulation of wastewater, its post-treatment for irrigation purposes and transportation to irrigation systems.

ENVIRONMENTALLY ACCEPTABLE NORMS OF MAN-MADE LOADS ON IRRIGATED LANDS DURING WASTEWATER DISPOSAL

Nature management is a combination of various forms of exploitation of the natural resource potential of natural and man-made systems and measures to preserve it. Its most important component is not only conservation, but also reproduction, as well as rational change in the ecological balance of natural systems.It is from these positions that it seems necessary to determine environmentally acceptable norms of man-made loads on irrigated lands during the disposal of wastewater, widely used in the practice of water supply and sanitation. The use of wastewater from industrial and municipal facilities for irrigation of land is of fundamental importance from both ecological and economic positions. From the point of view of ecology, the use of wastewater in the presence of waste-free and safe technologies for their disposal in irrigation fields for irrigation of agricultural crops can serve as the basis for rational environmental management. At the same time, the ecological sustainability of landscapes is ensured, which makes possible the long-term exploitation of natural resources without their pollution and degradation.From an economic point of view, by creating agricultural landscapes in unproductive lands, using wastewater from industrial and municipal facilities, it is possible to ensure the production of a certain amount of agricultural products, provided that the damage caused to the natural system (S) will be less than the profit (S). Under these conditions, the object of wastewater disposal is the soil, which requires the need to determine a number of environmentally effective ways to optimize the soil-forming process, which would create, in an agroecological and economic sense, a perfect technology for their disposal, taking into account the laws of nature

Irrigation of Agricultural Crops with Municipal Wastewater - A Review

Irrigation of Agricultural Crops with Municipal Wastewater - A Review

Improving the efficiency of creating a mole irrigation system in the Lower Volga region

The article presents the results of research in the Lower Volga region on the development of working bodies for the installation of mole sprinklers in the soil (soil pipes for supplying water to plants). This method of irrigation, as the main type of subsoil irrigation of agricultural crops, is used in this region for the first time. In field experiments, 3 options for the design of expanders were studied, as the main elements of molehills for the formation of mole drains. These were expanders combining a cone and a cylinder (cone-cylindrical); truncated cone and paraboloid (cone-parabolic form) and vice versa, paraboloid and truncated cone (parabolic form). Each form differed by 3-4 lengths of the main part of the body and diameters. The conducted studies showed that among the three considered forms of expanders, the cone-parabolic one turned out to be the most effective, since the degree of safety of the molehills here was the highest. With a cutting depth of 0.45 … 0.50 m, the degree of shedding of the walls decreased with an increase in the diameter of molehills more than 50 mm, reaching the best results for mole irrigators with a diameter of 70 mm. Comparison of different lengths showed that molehills are formed most effectively when using 380 mm long expanders. The results obtained will be used in 2023. to create an effective mole irrigation system for technical (on the example of cotton) and leguminous crops (on the example of soybeans).

Improvement of interpolymer complex-based anti-filter screening irrigation techniques

Research is being conducted around the world to develop technologies for saving and efficient use of irrigation water in the irrigation of agricultural crops. In this regard, special attention is paid to the efficient use of irrigation water, improvement of irrigation techniques and technologies, introduction of modern methods of irrigation, reduction of infiltration and filtration processes in irrigation of cotton, development of methods to retain more soil moisture and justification of irrigation regimes. Nowadays, some results have been achieved based on the research conducted by the above scientists, but insufficient research has been conducted on the effectiveness of discrete irrigation technology for cotton in screen fields formed by interpolymer complexes in typical gray soils of Tashkent region. and methods have been developed to reduce inefficient consumption of mineral fertilizers.

Ways of efficient use of water in conditions of water resources shortage

The shortage of water from Uzbekistan is becoming increasingly urgent due to global climate change. The demand for water of the population of the Central Asian countries is mainly satisfied at the expense of transboundary rivers. According to research, by 2025, due to climate change and global temperature increase, the reserve of glaciers supplying water to the Amu Darya and Sir Darya rivers is expected to decrease by 15-20%. It has been found that the volume of mountain glaciers is decreasing by 0.2-1 percent per year, and the snow reserves in mountain river basins are decreasing. In order to solve the problems presented in this article, it is necessary to improve the use of water-saving technologies in the irrigation of agricultural crops and fully automate the methods of water consumption calculation, remote control of the channel, recording of water losses in the channel and its prevention. elaborate proposals have been developed.

Modeling of the process of mass transfer by surface and groundwater flows during furrow irrigation of agricultural crops

The article presents the results of research on modeling the process of mass transfer by interacting ground and surface water flows, taking into account the migration of moisture in the humidification zone using the dimensionality analysis method, as when solving the problem of mass transfer by interacting ground and surface water flows in the humidification zone, associated with the determination of the mass transfer coefficient, the method of dimension analysis acquires special importance. Based on these considerations, stochastic differential equations of changes in the parameters of the infiltration flow in the humidification zone are derived and a one-dimensional hydraulic model of convective moisture transfer in hydromorphic media caused by irrigation of agricultural crops is obtained.

Solution of a complex of problems of operational planning and management in the conditions of a mining landmark in Azerbaijan

The main direction of the economic and social development of the Republic of Azerbaijan is the intensification of agricultural production. Irrigation is a powerful means of intensifying agricultural production in the context of its specialization. In areas with insufficient moisture (especially typical for mountainous areas), irrigation is one of the decisive factors in growing high and stable crop yields. This requires the development of new technical solutions and the introduction of automated systems for low-intensity irrigation of agricultural crops that meet the requirements of ecology and environmental protection of their habitat, which makes it possible to improve the ecological state of irrigated lands and reduce water consumption. Per unit of production and increasing the yield of individual crops in irrigated fields.

Environmental aspects of subsurface irrigation and development of a mathematical model of a double-circuit solar heating system

This article discusses the method of subsurface irrigation of agricultural crops. A technological system for subsoil irrigation has been developed using an industrial base for the production of perforated polyethylene pipes of small diameter. In the first moments of water supply for irrigation, when the soil has low initial moisture, the flow through the perforations is maximum. This leads to an intensive increase in the humidification circuit. As the water flow stabilizes, the increase in the size of the circuit in the horizontal and vertical directions practically stops, and further deformation of the humidification circuit occurs mainly due to gravitational forces. When the hydrostatic head at the entrance to the subsurface irrigation system increases above 70 cm, the spread of moisture in the soil in the horizontal and vertical directions increases slightly, but this can lead to the danger of soil destruction and water wedging out on the soil surface. A mathematical model of thermohydraulic processes in a thermosiphon system designed for watering the cultivation layer in solar greenhouses during the cold season according to the subsoil irrigation scheme has been developed. The dynamics equations of all functional blocks were taken into account in accordance with the accepted assumptions.

Теоретические основы расчёта системы ввода органических удобрений во всасывающие трубопроводы насосных станций при удобрительных поливах сельскохозяйственных культур

Purpose: to substantiate theoretically the calculation of the system for introducing organic fertilizers into the suction pipelines of pumping stations during fertilizing irrigation of agricultural crops. Materials and methods. The foundations of calculating the system of introducing organic fertilizers into the suction pipelines of pumping stations during fertilizing irrigation are developed on the basis of literary sources and authors’ research. If there is a composition of nutrients in the manure of cattle (CM), horse, pig or sheep for the planned harvest of the adopted crop, the one-time and annual application amounts for the most toxic element – nitrogen are calculated. It is indicated that in case of a deficiency of nutrients for phosphorus and potassium, an additional calculation for the mineral fertilizers introduction is carried out. Results. An example of calculating the annual amount of irrigation mixture for corn for silage when removing nutrients with an accepted harvest of green mass of 500 q/ha is provided. The calculation is determined by: application rate, cubic meters/ha; nitrogen content in the application rate, kg/ha; the annual volume of the irrigation mixture, with a nitrogen content of 0.15 %. In the example, the calculation is performed for the possible presence of fertilizers in cattle drains according to two variants of technological schemes: without using a mixer, when introducing fertilizers from the storage tank directly into the suction pipeline; using a mixer, when introducing fertilizers from the storage tank into the suction pipe of the mixer. For the calculation, the initial data of hydraulic parameters are given, the consumption of cattle manure with a humidity of 92–95 % is taken as the main calculation parameter. Conclusions: the developed theoretical calculation of the system for introducing organic fertilizers into the suction pipelines of pumping stations allows determining the rate of one-time and annual fertilizer application and determining the hydraulic parameters of the fertilizer input system without a jet mixer.

ОЦЕНКА КОМПЛЕКСНОЙ РЕКОНСТРУКЦИИ И МОДЕРНИЗАЦИИ ОРОСИТЕЛЬНЫХ СИСТЕМ

The purpose of the work: comprehensive reconstruction, including the reconstruction of the irrigation network and increasing water availability, increasing the efficiency (efficiency) and ensuring guaranteed receipt of agricultural products; modernization-provides for the replacement and renewal of individual elements of the GTS. To select the most appropriate option, the target function is used, taking into account the given costs for the reconstruction or modernization of the system, the profits from irrigation of agricultural crops and the indicators of the technical level of the system. Based on the technical and economic comparison, four options were considered: complex and partial reconstruction; modernization of irrigation systems and current repairs. According to the objective function, the optimal version of the sys-tem is selected based on the minimum cost reduced to the estimated year. Carrying out a comprehensive reconstruction will increase the availability of water resources to the system to 100 %, increase the main indicators of the technical condition of the system: KZI – more than 90 %, efficiency-up to 0.85-0.95, the depth of siltation of the ground water level-more than 2.5-3.5 m, will ensure guaranteed receipt of agricultural products-up to 90-100 %. Among all the variants, the objective function is the smallest for complex reconstruction. Partial reconstruction provides for certain types of work, which allows to increase the water supply of the system to 60-80 %, KZI - to 0.60-0.80, efficiency-to 0.80, guaranteed production of up to 80 %. The option of modernization of irrigation systems gives the same values of indicators as for partial reconstruction. We consider two examples of calculating the objective function, where the minimum value was obtained for both variants of the complex reconstruction. The algorithm of computer calculations for choosing the optimal option is developed.

Qualitative evaluation of sewage water for Karbala governorate center and study of the possibility of using it for different purposes

The study discussed natural and human factors and their direct and indirect effects on some physical and chemical properties of wastewater in Karbala governorate, for irrigation water quality, it has affected the quality and quantity of water and man has a role that cannot be overlooked its negative impact on those characteristics in its wrong agricultural practices and the irrigation methods used, as well as the use of fertilizers and pesticides in an thoughtful manner. As discussed Physical and chemical properties include temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), and total dissolved solids (TDS).Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) plus laboratory analysis. The hydro chemical study of groundwater includes the main small ionic components (Cl-), SO4, NO3), and trace elements (Fe, Pb, Ni, Cd and Cr). For this study 8 sites for sewage pumping stations were selected in the center of Karbala governorate, and 8 samples were taken from the sites, in order to conduct chemical analyzes on them. The results of the elements varied in the sewage pumping stations. The study also discussed the unified Karbala treatment project and the possibility of this in treating sewage from polluting elements and the possibility of using treated water for irrigation of agricultural crops.

Effect of sewage polluted by heavy metal on domestic crops

The application of sewage water (SW) to irrigate and feed agricultural crops in Mexico is widespread due to the problem of scarcity in the country, and in the world. Agricultural crops not eaten raw irrigated and fed with SW benefit and/or harm directly or indirectly by the chemical composition that in industrial cities that includes heavy metals of risk to human health. The objective of this work was to analyze the effect of sewage with heavy metals on the growth and yield of an agricultural soil of "El Canada" N.L. Mexico. Compared with plant growth and yield in a soil from Cadereyta, Nuevo León, Mexico in greenhouse irrigated with ground water and conventional chemical fertilization. For which the concentration of heavy metals of the SW in the plant and the soil was determined. The results show that the SW used in the irrigation of agricultural crops supported plant growth. With no evidence that heavy metals caused any negative effect on plant growth and yield, despite the length of SW use, it is believed that some of these crops have developed tolerance to heavy metals regarding the risk to be consume by humans and animals

A calculation model for determining the agricultural crops water consumption for resource-saving irrigation regimes

Scientific and technical progress in the development of land reclamation substantiates the urgent need in implementation of a new methodological approach for developing and implementing the processes for resource-saving water use in general, including irrigation of agricultural crops. The essence of the method is that all above-mentioned processes should be substantiated with the ecological-landscape approach methodology, taking into account progressive knowledge both in the accompanying natural sciences and in the reclamation industry that ensures minimal anthropogenic loads on the environment components and the creation of a healthy environmental situation in agricultural landscapes. Empirical dependences of various crops evapotranspiration and the actual moisture supply of the soil root layer have been determined for the corresponding phases of plant development by long-term experimental studies on the irrigation systems of the North Caucasus region for various soil and climatic irrigation zones, followed by comparison of the data obtained with the potential evapotranspiration data at the corresponding meteorological stations. Data analysis shows that the calculated absolute data values of the correlation coefficients between the compared values of the studied parameters vary in a wide range from 0.34 to 0.98, and obtained empirical dependencies are generally described by nonlinear mathematical equations. Comparison between the methods for determining the parameters under study has shown that calculation according to Alpatev gives significant errors; calculation according Kharchenko, while generally satisfactory, allows for unacceptable deviations in particular solutions; calculation according to the proposed model shows good results with acceptable deviations in all cases.

APPLICATION OF LOW PRESSURE DROP SYSTEM FOR IRRIGATION OF TOMATO CROPS IN IRRIGATED LAND OF KYZYLORDA REGION

Today, Kazakhstan's agriculture is undergoing major changes. Instead of former collectives and state farms, private farms, Joint-Stock Companies, production cooperatives and farms have been created, which reflect the state and prospects of on-farm irrigation systems. The irrigated lands of Kyzylorda region have long been formed in the lower reaches of the Syrdarya River, are suitable for agriculture, and have a great influence on the life of the local population. Currently, a serious problem is the lack of water resources used for irrigation of agricultural crops. In this regard, drip irrigation plays a special role in the economical use of Water Resources. In this approach, only the area of the soil that is known to be necessary is moistened, and water is drip at one point in a certain amount and time. The advantage of this is that water can be supplied without stopping; water is supplied in the right amount; the crop of the plant increases; water is saved; the land does not need to be leveled; the plant does not trample and goes out to the moistened soil; there is no need for other sewage measures. The article under consideration is aimed at improving the efficiency of water resources through the use of drip irrigation technology for agricultural crops in dry conditions of the Kyzylorda region

ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННЫЙ ОПЫТ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННО- БЫТОВЫХ СТОЧНЫХ ВОД

Purpose: to study domestic experience in the household wastewater use for fertilizer irrigation, as well as to analyze legal acts and regulations in the field of irrigation of agricultural crops with treated household wastewater. Discussion. In the course of studying domestic experience, it was found that since 2012, widespread studies of the effectiveness of the household wastewater use and their impact on crops during irrigation have ceased. Research today is sporadic. The provisions of the Water Code and other normative documents regulating the prevention of water body pollution are analyzed. Conclusions. The colossal practical experience of irrigation with household wastewater, confirming the beneficial effect on soil fertility, falls on the 70–90s last century. But despite this, the technological possibilities of the widespread introduction of irrigation with wastewater in Russia are not expanding and are practically not used. Appropriate preparation of household wastewater for the purposes of fertigation and compliance with the current sanitary legislation will solve several problems at once: wastewater disposal, rational use of water resources, saving mineral fertilizers, water sources protection from pollution, increasing soil fertility and agricultural yields. In order to update the outdated regulatory framework, the authors propose the development of the GOST R standard “Reclamation systems and structures. Irrigation systems using wastewater. Technological design standards”, which establishes the main provisions for standardizing the quality of household wastewater for irrigation purposes.

The Perception of Guyanese to Urban Wastewater Reuse

Support of the public is critical for wastewater reuse projects to succeed. The findings of an online questionnaire-style survey conducted with 117 participants to measure the public's opinion toward potential urban reuse opportunities in Guyana are examined in this article. Support for and resistance to 13 reuse options are examined in this article. Wastewater reuse for irrigation of agricultural crops, public park irrigation, sidewalk landscape irrigation, cooling purpose in industries and firefighting received the highest support ranging from 73% to 84%. With the exception of reuse for irrigation for agricultural crops, participants generally preferred low-contact reuse options. Wastewater reuse for potable water, commercial launderette and discharge to surface water bodies received the lowest support ranging to 23% to 41%. The public, in general, may be reluctant to accept any wastewater reuse that is directly or indirectly tied to humans. Prior to the implementation of any wastewater reuse project in Guyana, public campaigns should focus on disseminating information about wastewater treatment, technologies, health issues, the environmental impact of water reuse, and create good public opinion, as these factors help to determine individuals endorsement to reuse projects.

DEVELOPMENT OF A SYSTEM FOR ANALYSIS AND UNLOADING OF ROAD TRAFFIC USING INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Greenhouse technology has improved significantly in recent years and the cost of associated electronic components has been steadily declining. The growing popularity of open-source software platforms and microcontrollers such as the Arduino are making major contributions to making assembly and programming easy and affordable.
 Purpose – development of a system for monitoring indicators and irrigation of agricultural crops.
 Method or methodology of work: the article considers a project for the automation of a greenhouse.
 Results: an intelligent plant watering system based on the Arduino UNO microcontroller was developed and configured.
 Scope of the results: It is advisable to apply the results obtained in agriculture.