Irrigated Rice Farming Research Articles

Awareness and Implications of the Rice Tariffication Law (Republic Act 11203) among Irrigation Association Members in Dipolog City, Philippines

The Rice Tariffication Law, enacted in the Philippines in 2019, aimed to reduce rice prices for consumers while supporting rice growers through various assistance measures. This study assessed the awareness and implications of the Rice Tariffication Law (Republic Act 11203) among irrigated rice farmers in selected barangays of Dipolog City, Philippines. Interviews with 82 farmers revealed that although 71% were aware of the law, their understanding of its objectives (71%) and key provisions (70%-77%) was limited. Nevertheless, all participants received government assistance in the form of farm mechanization, fertilizers, financial aid, and seeds. Farmers unanimously acknowledged both the positive and negative effects of the law. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference in the average income per hectare of rice farmers before and after the law's implementation. The study recommends educational initiatives, particularly through institutions like Jose Rizal Memorial State University, to enhance farmers' understanding and dissemination of the law's objectives and key provisions.

EFFECTS OF POLICY FACTORS ON TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY OF IRRIGATED RICE PRODUCTION UNDER DIFFERENT LAND ADMINISTRATION INSTITUTIONS DADIN KOWA IRRIGATION SCHEME, NIGERIA

The study was conducted to determine the effects of policy factors of land administration on the technical efficiency of irrigated rice production in the Dadin Kowa Irrigation Scheme (DKIS) area. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Three hundred and twenty irrigated rice farmers were selected using multi-stage sampling technique drawn from five land administration institutions in the DKIS area. Descriptive statistics, stochastic frontier, and multiple regression models were used to analyze the data. The technical efficiency (TE) analysis revealed that for the sample, farm size (P<0.01), fertilizers (P<0.05), herbicides (P<0.05), and pesticides (P<0.01) were all significant and negative while labour was positive (P<0.01). The inefficiency model for TE revealed that for the sample, four variables education, household size, access to improved seeds, and distance to market were each statistically significant at 5% probability level and negative (except for education which was positive). The effects of five policy factors of land administration (land governance, partnership in land use, socio-economic factors, gender and inclusiveness, institutional and environmental factors) on TE revealed that for the aggregate sample, only land governance (P<0.01) and socio-economic factors (P<0.05) were significant. The study recommended that the five policy factors of land administration should be accorded priority in strategic policy planning and implementation of programme for improving the productivity of irrigated agriculture and the livelihoods of people in the study area.

Participatory irrigation management, social capital, and efficiency in rice production. Understanding the linkage in the case of irrigated rice farms in Northern Thailand

Enforcement of rules to increase farmers' involvement in participatory irrigation management (PIM) has been ineffective given the non-exclusivity nature of surface irrigation. In this study, we investigated the interrelationship of the social capital's role in higher participation in PIM and the effects towards farmers' efficiency using the case of rice farmers in Northern Thailand. We found that higher intention to participate in PIM collective activities is largely driven by the water user's social capital endowments. Farmers' efficiency level is positively associated with PIM participation and the condition of the collective irrigation management. Our findings suggest the importance of complementing current government efforts with policy interventions focusing on strengthening water user groups' social capital, such as improving group cohesion and their capacity for networking in compensating for various impediments faced by farmers.

Biomarkers of oxidative stress and bioaccumulation of trace metals in waterbirds from different rice fields systems

AbstractWe compared trace metal concentrations (Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu) in feathers and biomarkers in muscle and liver tissue of waterbirds from organic and conventional irrigated rice farms in South Brazil. Cu and Pb concentrations were higher in waterbirds from conventional farms, whereas Cd and Zn levels were elevated in organic farms. Birds foraging in organic farms exhibited lower CAT and SOD activity and higher NPSH, LPO, and PC concentrations compared to those in conventional farms. Higher Cu and Pb concentrations were associated with elevated SOD and CAT activity, more prevalent in birds frequenting conventional farms. Conversely, birds with higher Cd and Zn concentrations showed increased NPSH, LPO, and PC levels and were more common in organic farms. Our study underscores complex differences in trace metal accumulation and oxidative stress biomarkers among waterbirds in organic and conventional rice crops.

Rice farmers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards mosquitoes in irrigation schemes in Côte d’Ivoire: a qualitative study

BackgroundIrrigated rice cultivation in sub-Saharan Africa not only brings more malaria vectors to nearby communities, but also greater malaria risk. To aid the implementation of mosquito control in rice-growing communities, it is necessary to understand how farmers understand, view and manage their responsibility in mosquito generation and whether they are interested in coordinating to minimize it.MethodsQualitative methods (observation grids, semi-structured in-depth interviews and focus group discussions) were used to reveal the perceptions of mosquitoes and their control in two irrigated rice farming communities in central Côte d’Ivoire near the M’bé and Lokapli irrigation schemes.ResultsAll rice farmers viewed mosquitoes as severe nuisances, and most acknowledged that they caused djèkouadjo (malaria) and were less numerous during harmattan (dry season). Many study participants believed that mosquitoes originated from grasses and stagnant water around villages. Only those living closer in proximity (~ 1 km) to the paddies believed that mosquitoes came from the bas-fonds (irrigated lowlands). However, they did not associate mosquito production with rice cultivation. Some farmers believed that there were more mosquitoes in recent years than historically because of the dam construction, but remarked on the importance of the dam (and bas-fonds) for their livelihood. Many farmers were not convinced that mosquito control could occur at farm-level.ConclusionsTo enhance accountability amongst rice farmers, there is a need for greater awareness on the rice-mosquito link, and emphasis that the link does not imply a trade-off between food production and health. Training should not only be directed towards farming communities, but also agricultural and health extension workers. Future riceland mosquito control methods must focus on improving crop productivity and address collective action problems that may occur.

Technological performances and economic feasibility in rice irrigated farming

The actual rice yield by farmers is still lower than the potential yield in lowland irrigated farming. The study attempted to see the technological performance and economic feasibility of irrigated rice farming. The research was carried out in the Jember Regency in May 2021. The survey involved 51 farmers, selected purposively through simple random sampling. Primary data was collected, i.e. the respondent’s characters, farming traits, and inputs-outputs in the rice growing season May-August 2020. Data were analyzed descriptively to obtain a holistic image of the phenomena in lowland rice practice. The results indicated rice farming by farmers has a productivity of 5,945 kg/ha and provides a profit of IDR 14,534,500/ha (B/C 2.47). The break-even point could be managed properly and profitably if the grain price was at least IDR 1,655/kg and the production break-even point was at least 2,400 kg/ha so as not to lose. The application of rice yield-enhancing technologies needs to be improved, such as the use of superior varieties, also appropriate fertilizer doses, and applications to achieve maximum benefits.

Comparative Analysis of the Income of Irrigated Rice Farmers and Non-Irrigated Rice Farmers in Tabir District Merangin Regency Jambi Province

This research aims to analyze the comparison of income between irrigated and non-irrigated rice farmers in Tabir District, Merangin Regency. The research location was chosen in Tabir District, Merangin Regency, with the consideration that this area has the highest harvest area, land area, and rice production in Merangin Regency. The research was conducted in December 2018. In selecting the location, a purposive approach was used. Data collection was carried out using descriptive analysis techniques, which aim to describe the current situation based on existing facts. A different t-test was used in data analysis by taking a sample of 108 respondents in Tabir District from villages that have irrigated and non-irrigated rice fields. The research results show that the income of irrigated rice farmers is IDR8,860,012.08 per planting season, while for non- irrigated rice farmers IDR5,113,529.06. Data analysis indicates that there are significant differences in income between irrigated and non-irrigated rice farmers.

ANALYSIS EFFICIENCY OF IRRIGATED RICE FARMING IN WONOSARI DISTRICT

Farmers, as parties who have an important role in meeting people's food needs in agriculture, should have high selling prices and their welfare should be taken into account by the government. Agricultural development is a means of effort to improve the standard of living of farmers, increase income, expand employment and business opportunities, and expand markets both domestically and abroad. This can be achieved through advanced, efficient and resilient agriculture so that it can increase yields, improve quality and support regional development. This study aims to analyze income, efficiency and costs of irrigated lowland rice farming in Wonosari district, Klaten. The method used in this research is to determine the sample by means of purposive sampling. Data analysis uses farming analysis such as analysis of income, efficiency and costs. The results of this research are the average income earned on irrigated rice fields in Wonosari District Rp. 10,542,703.72/Ha. Farming costs obtained by irrigation rice farmers amounted to IDR 11,009,059.63/Ha. Revenue for irrigated lowland rice farming is IDR 21,551,763.35/Ha and the efficiency of irrigated lowland rice farming in Wonosari District is IDR 2.0.

Credit access and intensity of borrowing by irrigated rice farmers in Ghana: the role of extension services

PurposeCredit is essential in the farm business because it facilitates the adoption of productive technologies such as irrigation. However, access to credit remains a significant hurdle for sub-Saharan Africa, including Ghanaian farmers. Therefore, the authors assessed credit utilization and the intensity of borrowing by irrigated rice farmers in the Upper East region. In addition, how extension moderates the amount borrowed was analysed.Design/methodology/approachThe multistage sampling approach was used in the study. The Tono and Vea irrigation schemes were purposively selected. Proportionally, 318 rice farmers were sampled from the Tono irrigation scheme and 159 from the Vea irrigation scheme. Cragg's double hurdle and moderation analysis were used.FindingsIt was uncovered that gender, age, years of farming, total farm size, rice farm size, contract farming and off-farm employment explain farmers' decision to borrow. On the other hand, the intensity of borrowing was influenced by gender, age, years of farming, rice farm size, contract farming and the number of extension contact. The moderation analysis revealed that extension contact improves the amount borrowed by farmers.Research limitations/implicationsWhile there are irrigated rice farmers in other regions of Ghana, this study was limited to rice farmers under the Tono and Vea Irrigation schemes in the Upper East region.Originality/valueThis study investigated the moderating role of extension contact on amount borrowed in Ghana. This makes a modest addition to the limited literature on the moderating role of extension and credit access.

Partisipasi Petani Terhadap Ketersediaan Sumberdaya Air Irigasi Aceh Besar

The participation of farmers who own irrigated paddy fields has an effect on the availability of water resources because the participation of farmers in managing irrigation water resources can help the availability of water in paddy fields even though the availability of water is limited. One of the factors causing the non-optimal distribution of water and the long distance between the water source and the irrigated paddy fields causes an uneven distribution of water in the paddy fields so that some farmers use water pumps to irrigate the paddy fields. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of participation of paddy farmers. irrigation on the availability of water resources in Blang Bintang District, Aceh Besar District. The data analysis model used is Likert scale analysis. The results showed that the average level of participation of irrigated rice farmers on the availability of water resources was in the medium category or 63.82%. This shows that involvement in each activity is only when entering the rice planting season. Based on the partial test (t test) shows that the variables of land area (X1), income (X2), motivation (X3) and experience (X4) partially have no significant effect on the participation of irrigated rice farmers in the availability of water resources in Blang Bintang District, Aceh BesarRegency

Perceived risk and risk management strategies under irrigated rice farming: Evidence from Tono and Vea irrigation schemes-Northern Ghana

The study investigated risk perception, adoption of risk management instruments and the intensity of adoption among irrigated-rice farmers in the Upper East Region of Ghana. A multistage sampling technique was employed to draw 477 farmers for the study. The perception index, multivariate probit and Poisson regression models were used for the analysis. The results show that the perception index score was positive (0.43), which implies that farmers agreed that various types of risk (production, marketing and financial risks) affect their farming. It was found that the farmers combined diverse techniques to manage risk. All the farmers were using improved varieties and agrochemicals, yet none had any form of agricultural insurance. Also, farmers’ socio-demographic, farm-level, institutional, risk perceptions and environmental changes have a significant and heterogeneous effect on risk management practice. Particularly, gender, years of education, total farm size, rice farm size and soil fertility status significantly predict crop diversification. Gender, years of education, total farm size, rainfall prediction and soil fertility status are the determinants of off-farm work participation. Again, gender, age, years of education, farming experience, extension access, the land tenure system, total farm size, rice farm size and market risk explains farmers' credit uptake. The practice of crop rotation is influenced by gender, farming experience, access to extension services, the land tenure system, total farm size, market risk perception, and soil fertility status; whiles extension services predict engagement in contract farming. Also, the intensity of adopting risk management instruments is influenced by farmers' age, farming experience, the land tenure system, extension access, total farm size and erratic rainfall, heterogeneously. Further, market risk perceptions augment crop rotation and credit access adoption, validating the Protection Motivation Theory. We recommend that insurance companies develop strategies to ensure the uptake of the policies by farmers within the irrigation scheme. Also, investment in organisations like extension services, research centres, and ICOUR is crucial for development because it may persuade farmers to use the right risk management tools. Further, stakeholders should consider farmers' risk perception when designing risk management policies.

PERHITUNGAN PENDAPATAN USAHATANI PADI SAWAH IRIGASI POMPA AIR DI KELURAHAN INOBONTO KECAMATAN BOLAANG KABUPATEN BOLAANG MONGONDOW (Calculation of Water Pump Irrigation Rice Farming Income in Inobonto, Bolaang Sub-District, Bolaang Mongondow Regioncy)

This study aims to calculate the income of pump-irrigated rice farmers in Inobonto Village. The sampling method used census techniques, the data collected in this study were primary data obtained from direct interviews with respondents through questionnaires or questionnaires and secondary data in the form of other information related to this research through literature studies. The results of this study show that the average farmer income per hectare is Rp. 9,298,464 per planting season and the R/C ratio value of 2.02 indicates that water pump irrigated rice farming in Inobonto Village is already profitable.

DETERMINAN PENDAPATAN USAHATANI PADI SAWAH IRIGASI MENGGUNAKAN UNIT OUTPUT PRICE COBB DOUGLAS PROFIT FUNCTION DI KABUPATEN BANYUMAS

This study aimed to examine the determinants of income for irrigated rice farming in Banyumas Regency. This research was used analytical descriptive method with the survey method for the technical implementation. Determination of the research location used purposive method, considering that the majority of the research locations were technically irrigated rice fields. Determination of irrigated rice farming income in Banyumas Regency used the Cobb-Douglass type UOP profit function (Unit Output Price of Cobb-Douglass Profit Function). The results showed that the income of irrigated rice farming in Banyumas Regency was negatively affected by the price of Urea fertilizer and the price of pesticide, and positively influenced by the area of land used for irrigated rice farming. Meanwhile, the price of seeds, Phonska & TSP fertilizer prices, labor wages, and depreciation of the equipment used did not significantly affect the income of irrigated rice farming in Banyumas Regency.

Rainfall Variability and Rice Sustainability: An Evaluation Study of Two Distinct Rice-Growing Ecosystems

The inconsistency of the Indian monsoon has constantly threatened the country’s food production, especially key food crops such as rice. Crop planning measures based on rainfall patterns during the rice-growing season can significantly improve the sustainable water usage for water-intensive crops such as rice. This study examines the variability of Indian monsoonal rainfall in rainfed and irrigated rice-cultivating regions to improve rainfall utilization and irrigation water-saving practices. Two distinct rice-growing conditions in southern peninsular India are chosen for this study. The preliminary seasonal rainfall analysis (1951–2015) showed anomalies in the Sadivayal (rainfed rice) region compared to the Karaikal (irrigated rice). The dry-spell analysis and weekly rainfall classification suggested shifting the sowing date to earlier weeks for the Thaladi season (September–February) and Kar season (May–September) to avoid exposure to water stress in Sadivayal. Harvesting of excess rainwater during the wet weeks is proposed as a mitigation strategy for Karaikal during the vegetative stage of the Kuruvai season (June–October) and Late Thaladi season (October–February), where deficit rainfall is expected. Results showed that an adaptation strategy of early sowing is the most sustainable measure for rainfed rice cultivation. However, harvesting the excess rainwater is an ideal strategy to prevent water stress during deficient rainfall periods in irrigated rice farming. This comparative study proposes a comprehensive rainfall analysis framework to develop sustainable water-efficient rice cultivation practices for the changing rainfall patterns.

Strategies to Increase Income for Semi-technical Irrigated Rice Farming in Pengandonan Subdistrict, Pengandonan District, Ogan Komering Ulu

Rice farming is one of the production activities in agriculture carried out by farmers, including those carried out by farmers in the Pengandonan district of Ogan Komering Ulu regency. Farmers run their Rice farming business to get their family's source of income to meet the needs of life and improve the level of welfare of farmers. This study aims to determine the amount of income for half-technical irrigated Rice farming and determine the strategy of increasing the income of half-technical irrigated Rice farming in the Pengandonan District. The research was carried out in Pengandonan District, Ogan Komering Ulu regency, which was carried out from March to July 2022 using survey and interview methods and filling out questionnaires. The data collected are primary and secondary. The sampling technique uses a simple random method on a sample of farmers as respondents where the number of farmers is determined by the solving method. The data analysis method uses R/C ratio analysis and SWOT analysis by considering internal factors or IFAS (Internal Factor Analysis Strategic) and external factors or EFAS (External Factor Analysis Strategic). The results showed that the half-technical irrigated rice farming business in the Pengandonan sub-district is profitable with an R/C ratio of 2.8 and the strategy of increasing the income of half-technical irrigated Rice farming in the Pengandonan sub-district is a diversification strategy, namely by utilizing the high motivation of farmers by participating in the AUTP (Rice Anticipation Insurance) program as a crop failure due to pest and disease attacks, always optimize the adoption rate of technology as well as involve more labor in the family in farming activities, increase the intensity of meetings with agricultural officials in overcoming pest and disease attacks, and optimize land conditions by improving irrigation systems.

Constraints on Rice Cultivation in Eastern Madagascar: Which Factors Matter to Smallholders, and Which Influence Food Security?

In the eastern rainforests of Madagascar, rainfed swidden rice cultivation remains prevalent despite efforts to encourage uptake of irrigated systems to reduce deforestation. We used agricultural surveys with a stratified sample of 171 households to investigate constraints on and productivity of irrigated and rainfed rice perceived by farmers, and actual rice yields. Irrigated rice plots had higher median yields (1.72 t/ha compared to 0.62 t/ha), but farmers perceived the type of rice cultivation they practised themselves as more productive, possibly reflecting differences in the land suitability, farmers experience, and other constraints. While some factors, such as pests and water, were mentioned to limit yields, access to fertiliser was not frequently mentioned by smallholders. Higher food security was related to irrigated rice farming, higher rice yields, and owning more livestock. Conservation initiatives need to target households with and without access to irrigable land to improve food security and reduce deforestation, as exclusively promoting a cessation of swidden agriculture is neglecting its cultural value and the scarcity of irrigable land in the region.

Production efficiency and the role of collective actions among irrigated rice farms in Northern Thailand.

ABSTRACT The idea of shared irrigation management is expected to result in a better production outcome for farmers. However, there is little evidence of whether collective action participation leads to a higher level of production efficiency. Using cross-sectional survey data from irrigated rice farms in Northern Thailand, we found that a higher level of production efficiency is associated with higher participation in collective action. At the same time, engagement in collaborative works such as irrigation maintenance, group meetings, conflict resolution, and policy adherence has a marginal effect on farmers’ efficiency. Our findings suggest that complementing existing efforts in addressing irrigation issues with efforts to mobilize collective actions among farmers leads to an improved on-farm outcome.

Watershed-scale modelling of the irrigated rice farming system at Muda, Malaysia, using the Soil Water Assessment Tool

ABSTRACT Agricultural production in a highly managed watershed is challenging to capture in models due to its complexity and large hydrological, management, and crop data requirements. We evaluated hydro-crop simulation of Malaysia’s largest rice granary using the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The 4515 km2 watershed is characterized by dams in the upper sub-watersheds that drain towards 1007 km2 of rice paddies. Monthly averaged streamflow simulation produced Nash-Sutcliffe efficiencies and coefficients of determination between 0.84 and 0.90 in both calibration and validation periods. Meanwhile, the normalized root mean square error and the percent bias for rice yield simulation in off and main seasons of rice planting were within ± 10%. Investigation of rice yield loss processes revealed a stronger control by solar radiation on crop growth processes compared to other hydroclimatic and environmental stresses. Our findings show that SWAT can reliably simulate streamflow and rice growth; however, it may not capture all yield loss processes.

Arthropod and Earthworm Populations on Irrigated Rice Farming Land after Paraquat Herbicide Application

Paraquat dichloride is a herbicide compound commonly used to control grasses and broadleaf weeds. Its use is presently under scrutiny as there is a report that this herbicide is very harmful and hazardous to the environment, especially to wild fauna surrounding the farming sites. An irrigated rice farming locale experiment was conducted to observe the effect of paraquat treatment on rice plant biotic environment, particularly its arthropods and earthworm population, two of the most prominent fauna easily affected by paraquat. The study was carried out in Seyegan District, Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta Province, on irrigated rice land from October 2018 to February 2019. Four treatments of paraquat, i.e. control (0 kg/ha paraquat), lower dose (0.8 kg/ha), medium dose (1.6 kg/ha), and higher dose (3.2 kg/ha) were arranged. Carbendazim 5 kg/ha was also applied as comparing pesticides, especially for paraquat’s effect on the earthworm. The treatments were replicated five times in a plot of 5 x 5 m2. The number of arthropods and earthworms was observed in about two weeks intervals or more. The observation was done for the number of arthropods and their families, while for earthworms, only for their numbers. The arthropods population data were subjected to diversity indices and statistical analysis, while the earthworms data were statistically analyzed. The result showed that the arthropod numbers in treated plots were statistically significantly different, but biologically their number was still abundant. Their diversity did not differ from the control treatment at all. The arthropod numbers were 2007, 1483, 1095, 1746, and 1204 in control, lower, medium, higher, and carbendazim plots. The earthworms' numbers were still plenty; those in the higher dosage did not differ significantly from those in control. Their numbers from control, lower, medium, higher dose, and carbendazim plots were 811, 658, 567, 882, and 445 individual earthworms.

Evaluating the implementation of fertilizer-based decision support systems to increase yield productivity and efficiency of irrigated rice farming in West Java

Nutrient management and fertilizer application are paramount elements for increasing rice productivity. However, most of farmers are still applying fertilizer in an improper way and hence economic benefit of the yield remain low. The objective of this study was to examine various fertilizer recommendations and hence the best and efficient dose of fertilizer can be obtain to increase growth and yield of rice. This experiment was conducted in farmers irrigated lowland Sukabumi, West Java in dry season 2019. The material used was high yielding IR-64 rice variety subjected to six fertilizer recommendation, namely urea only (A), LKP (B), factory’s recommendation (C), PUTS, (D), KATAM (E) and farmer’s practice (F). This experiment was arranged in randomized block design (RBD) with four replications. The quantitative morphological and physiological traits and financial analysis were observed. The result showed that fertilizer significantly affected morphological, physiological parameters and grain yield of rice. PUTS and KATAM (9,7t/ha) treatments had higher grain yield compared to other treatments. Fertilizer by farmer’s practice tended lower in morphological, physiological and grain yield responses compared to other fertilizer recommendation. Similar pattern showed for yield components such as panicle number, grains number and % empty grain were also affected by fertilizer recommendation. Based on the financial analysis that treatment with LKP fertilizer recommendation had higher profit (75.61%) compared with farmer’s practice. That treatment can reduce fertilizer costs by 61.57%, can increase revenue by 14.04% and give a profit of Rp. 5,580,969,-.