Irreversible Visual Impairment Research Articles

Smartphone App to Detect Pathological Myopia Using Spatial Attention and Squeeze‐Excitation Network as a Classifier and Segmentation Encoder

ABSTRACTPathological myopia (PM) is a worldwide visual health concern that can cause irreversible vision impairment. It affects up to 20 crore population, causing social and economic burdens. Initial screening of PM using computer‐aided diagnosis (CAD) can prevent loss of time and finances for intricate treatments later on. Current research works utilizes complex models that are too resource‐intensive or lack explanations behind the categorizations. To emphasize the significance of artificial intelligence for the ophthalmic usage and address the limitations of the current studies, we have designed a mobile‐compatible application for smartphone users to detect PM. For this purpose, we have developed a lightweight model, using the enhanced MobileNetV3 architecture integrated with spatial attention (SA) and squeeze‐excitation (SE) modules to effectively capture lesion location and channel features. To demonstrate its robustness, the model is tested against three heterogeneous datasets namely PALM, RFMID, and ODIR reporting the area under curve (AUC) score of 0.9983, 0.95, and 0.94, respectively. In order to support PM categorization and demonstrate its correlation with the associated lesions, we have segmented different forms of PM lesion atrophy, which gave us intersection over union (IOU) scores of 0.96 and fscore of 0.97 using the same SA+SE inclusive MobileNetV3 as an encoder. This lesion segmentation can aid ophthalmologists in further analysis and treatment. The optimized and explainable model version is calibrated to develop the smartphone application, which can identify fundus image as PM or normal vision. This app is appropriate for ophthalmologists seeking second opinions or by rural general practitioners to refer PM cases to specialists.

Lacquer cracks in pathological myopia: a clinical review.

Lacquer cracks, described as breaks in the Bruch's membrane, are unique lesions in the spectrum of fundus changes associated with pathological myopia. Lacquer cracks are generally believed to be relatively innocuous lesions by themselves; however, progression to other features of myopic macular degeneration, such as patchy chorioretinal atrophy and choroidal neovascularization, may result in irreversible visual impairment. With the rising prevalence of pathological myopia to epidemic proportions, particularly in the Asian countries, ophthalmologists expect to encounter lacquer cracks more frequently in clinical practice. Therefore, it is crucial for the ophthalmic community to be aware of lacquer cracks and to actively look for these lesions in myopic patients so that early detection and close monitoring can help prevent blinding complications. This article provides a comprehensive review on lacquer cracks in eyes with pathological myopia from a clinical perspective.

The Guardian of Vision: Intelligent Bacteriophage-Based Eyedrops for Clinical Multidrug-Resistant Ocular Surface Infections.

Clinical multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR-PA) is the leading cause of refractory bacterial keratitis (BK). However, the reported BK treatment methods lack biosecurity and bioavailability, which usually causes irreversible visual impairment and even blindness. Herein, for BK caused by clinically isolated MDR-PA infection, armed phages are modularized with the type I photosensitizer (PS) ACR-DMT, and an intelligent phage eyedrop is developed for combined phagotherapy and photodynamic therapy (PDT). These eyedrops maximize the advantages of bacteriophages and ACR-DMT, enabling more robust and specific targeting killing of MDR-PA under low oxygen-dependence, penetrating and disrupting biofilms, and efficiently preventing biofilm reformation. Altering the biofilm and immune microenvironments alleviates inflammation noninvasively, promotes corneal healing without scar formation, protects ocular tissues, restores visual function, and prevents long-term discomfort and pain. This strategy exhibits strong scalability, enables at-home treatment of ocular surface infections with great patient compliance and a favorable prognosis, and has significant potential for clinical application.

Achyranthis radix Extract Enhances Antioxidant Effect of Placenta-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell on Injured Human Ocular Cells.

Age-related ocular diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy are major causes of irreversible vision impairment in the elderly. Conventional treatments focus on symptom relief and disease slowdown, often involving surgery, but fall short of providing a cure, leading to substantial vision loss. Regenerative medicine, particularly mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), holds promise for ocular disease treatment. This study investigates the synergistic potential of combining placenta-derived MSCs (PD-MSCs) with Achyranthis radix extract (ARE) from Achyranthes japonica to enhance therapeutic outcomes. In a 24-h treatment, ARE significantly increased the proliferative capacity of PD-MSCs and delayed their senescence (* p < 0.05). ARE also enhanced antioxidant capabilities and increased the expression of regeneration-associated genes in an in vitro injured model using chemical damages on human retinal pigment epithelial cell line (ARPE-19) (* p < 0.05). These results suggest that ARE-primed PD-MSC have the capability to enhance the activation of genes associated with regeneration in the injured eye via increasing antioxidant properties. Taken together, these findings support the conclusion that ARE-primed PD-MSC may serve as an enhanced source for stem cell-based therapy in ocular diseases.

Regulatory factors of Nrf2 in age-related macular degeneration pathogenesis.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complicated disease that causes irreversible visual impairment. Increasing evidences pointed retinal pigment epithelia (RPE) cells as the decisive cell involved in the progress of AMD, and the function of anti-oxidant capacity of PRE plays a fundamental physiological role. Nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a significant transcription factor in the cellular anti-oxidant system as it regulates the expression of multiple anti-oxidative genes. Its functions of protecting RPE cells against oxidative stress (OS) and ensuing physiological changes, including inflammation, mitochondrial damage and autophagy dysregulation, have already been elucidated. Understanding the roles of upstream regulators of Nrf2 could provide further insight to the OS-mediated AMD pathogenesis. For the first time, this review summarized the reported upstream regulators of Nrf2 in AMD pathogenesis, including proteins and miRNAs, and their underlying molecular mechanisms, which may help to find potential targets via regulating the Nrf2 pathway in the future research and further discuss the existing Nrf2 regulators proved to be beneficial in preventing AMD.

Cellular senescence mediates retinal ganglion cell survival regulation post-optic nerve crush injury.

Traumatic optic neuropathy refers to optic nerve (ON) injury by trauma, including explosion and traffic accident. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death is the critical pathological cause of irreversible visual impairment and blindness in ON injury. We previously investigated the patterns of 11 modes of cell death in mouse retina post-ON injury. Here we aimed to identify additional signalling pathways regulating RGC survival in rodents post-ON injury. RNA sequencing analysis identified the upregulation of inflammation and cellular senescence-related genes in retina post-ON injury, which were confirmed by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence analyses. Increased expression of senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-βgal) in RGCs and activation of microglia were also found. Transforming growth factor-β receptor type II inhibitor (LY2109761) treatment suppressed p15Ink4b and p21Cip1 protein and SA-βgal expression and promoted RGC survival post-ON injury with decreasing the expression of cell death markers in retina. Consistently, senolytics (dasatinib and quercetin) treatments can promote RGC survival and alleviate the reduction of ganglion cell complex thickness and pattern electroretinography activity post-ON injury with reducing SA-βgal, p15Ink4b, p21Cip1, microglial activation and cell death marker expression. In summary, this study revealed the activation of cellular senescence in rodent retina post-ON injury and contribute to RGC survival regulation. Targeting cellular senescence can promote RGC survival after ON injury, suggesting a potential treatment strategy for traumatic optic neuropathy.

Improve the efficiency and accuracy of ophthalmologists’ clinical decision-making based on AI technology

BackgroundAs global aging intensifies, the prevalence of ocular fundus diseases continues to rise. In China, the tense doctor-patient ratio poses numerous challenges for the early diagnosis and treatment of ocular fundus diseases. To reduce the high risk of missed or misdiagnosed cases, avoid irreversible visual impairment for patients, and ensure good visual prognosis for patients with ocular fundus diseases, it is particularly important to enhance the growth and diagnostic capabilities of junior doctors. This study aims to leverage the value of electronic medical record data to developing a diagnostic intelligent decision support platform. This platform aims to assist junior doctors in diagnosing ocular fundus diseases quickly and accurately, expedite their professional growth, and prevent delays in patient treatment. An empirical evaluation will assess the platform’s effectiveness in enhancing doctors’ diagnostic efficiency and accuracy.MethodsIn this study, eight Chinese Named Entity Recognition (NER) models were compared, and the SoftLexicon-Glove-Word2vec model, achieving a high F1 score of 93.02%, was selected as the optimal recognition tool. This model was then used to extract key information from electronic medical records (EMRs) and generate feature variables based on diagnostic rule templates. Subsequently, an XGBoost algorithm was employed to construct an intelligent decision support platform for diagnosing ocular fundus diseases. The effectiveness of the platform in improving diagnostic efficiency and accuracy was evaluated through a controlled experiment comparing experienced and junior doctors.ResultsThe use of the diagnostic intelligent decision support platform resulted in significant improvements in both diagnostic efficiency and accuracy for both experienced and junior doctors (P < 0.05). Notably, the gap in diagnostic speed and precision between junior doctors and experienced doctors narrowed considerably when the platform was used. Although the platform also provided some benefits to experienced doctors, the improvement was less pronounced compared to junior doctors.ConclusionThe diagnostic intelligent decision support platform established in this study, based on the XGBoost algorithm and NER, effectively enhances the diagnostic efficiency and accuracy of junior doctors in ocular fundus diseases. This has significant implications for optimizing clinical diagnosis and treatment.

CAROTID - CAVERNOUS FISTULA - CCF

Carotid-cavernous fistulas are a rare vascular disorder resulting from an abnormal connection between the cavernous sinus and the carotid arteries. Direct carotid-cavernous fistulas require endovascular treatment. Indirect fistulas may resolve spontaneously or with non-invasive treatment, but worsening symptoms may also require endovascular treatment. Endovascular treatment is performed using detachable balloons, detachable coils, stents, and embolization materials such as n-BAC or Onyx. The symptoms occur as a result of increased pressure within the venous drainage vessels. The most common clinical manifestation are symptoms within the eyeball. Due to their rare occurrence and often non-uniform clinical symptoms, carotid-cavernous fistulas may pose diagnostic difficulties. The Aim of this work: Carotid-cavernous fistula is a disorder that may result in complete loss of vision. Appropriate diagnostics and the involvement of an interdisciplinary team of specialists are important. Such a team should consist of an ophthalmologist, a radiologist and a neurosurgeon. The fistula requires differentiation from other more common diseases with similar symptoms, hence the knowledge of the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of the fistula is crucial. Methods: Selected articles from Pubmed and specialist literature were analyzed in detail. We focused on selected issues related to carotid-cavernous fistulas. Conclusion: When the clinical symptoms are vague, the diagnosis may be incorrect or established with a long delay. Early correct diagnosis can effectively prevent irreversible vision impairment.

Enhanced diabetic retinopathy detection and classification using fundus images with ResNet50 and CLAHE-GAN

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a progressive eye disorder, can lead to irreversible vision impairment ranging from no DR to severe DR, necessitating precise identification for early treatment. This study introduces an innovative deep learning (DL) approach, surpassing traditional methods in detecting DR stages. It evaluated two scenarios for training DL models on balanced datasets. The first employed image enhancement via contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) and a generative adversarial network (GAN), while the second did not involve any image enhancement. Tested on the Asia pacific tele-ophthalmology society 2019 blindness detection (APTOS-2019 BD) dataset, the enhanced model (scenario 1) reached 98% accuracy and a 99% Cohen kappa score (CKS), with the non-enhanced model (scenario 2) achieving 95.4% accuracy and a 90.5% CKS. The combination of CLAHE and GAN, termed CLANG, significantly boosted the model's performance and generalizability. This advancement is pivotal for early DR detection and intervention, offering a new pathway to prevent irreversible vision loss in diabetic patients.

Circular RNA-based therapy provides sustained and robust neuroprotection for retinal ganglion cells

Ocular neurodegenerative diseases like glaucoma lead to progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss, causing irreversible vision impairment. Neuroprotection is needed to preserve RGCs across debilitating conditions. Nerve growth factor (NGF) protein therapy shows efficacy but struggles with limited bioavailability and a short half-life. Here we explore a novel approach to address this deficiency by utilizing circular RNA (circRNA)-based therapy. We show that circRNAs exhibit an exceptional capacity for prolonged protein expression and circRNA-expressed NGF protects cells from glucose deprivation. In a mouse optic nerve crush model, lipid nanoparticle-formulated circNGF administered intravitreally protects RGCs and axons from injury-induced degeneration. It also significantly outperforms NGF protein therapy without detectable retinal toxicity. Furthermore, single-cell transcriptomics revealed LNP-circNGF’s multifaceted therapeutic effects, enhancing genes related to visual perception while reducing trauma-associated changes. This study signifies the promise of circRNA-based therapies for treating ocular neurodegenerative diseases and provides an innovative intervention platform for other ocular diseases.

Isotretinoin‐associated intracranial hypertension: A concise report

AbstractWe present a case of a 24‐year‐old preobese female undergoing isotretinoin treatment for acne vulgaris, who experienced drug‐induced intracranial hypertension (DIIH). Recognizing and addressing this potentially serious adverse effect is essential to prevent severe outcomes, particularly irreversible vision impairment. When suspected, immediate discontinuation of isotretinoin, neuroradiological imaging and urgent ophthalmologic evaluation to rule out papilloedema is imperative. Formulation of alternative treatment strategies, caution while prescribing DIIH‐causing drugs in future patient treatments and proactive reporting of adverse events are integral aspects of its comprehensive management.

A review of Musca sorbens (Diptera: Muscidae) and Musca domestica behavior and responses to chemical and visual cues.

Musca flies (Diptera: Muscidae) have been found culpable in the mechanical transmission of several infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, protozoans, and helminths, particularly in low-income settings in tropical regions. In large numbers, these flies can negatively impact the health of communities and their livestock through the transmission of pathogens. In some parts of the world, Musca sorbens is of particular importance because it has been linked with the transmission of trachoma, a leading cause of preventable and irreversible blindness or visual impairment caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, but the contribution these flies make to trachoma transmission has not been quantified and even less is known for other pathogens. Current tools for control and monitoring of house flies remain fairly rudimentary and have focused on the use of environmental management, insecticides, traps, and sticky papers. Given that the behaviors of flies are triggered by chemical cues from their environment, monitoring approaches may be improved by focusing on those activities that are associated with nuisance behaviors or with potential pathogen transmission, and there are opportunities to improve fly control by exploiting behaviors toward semiochemicals that act as attractants or repellents. We review current knowledge on the odor and visual cues that affect the behavior of M. sorbens and Musca domestica, with the aim of better understanding how these can be exploited to support disease monitoring and guide the development of more effective control strategies.

Do not stumble over the same “stone” twice: a case series of endogenous endophthalmitis secondary to severe systemic diseases

BackgroundEndogenous endophthalmitis (EE) is a rare but highly destructive eye emergency secondary to systemic infection. Acute endophthalmitis can lead to irreversible vision impairment or even loss of the whole eye, unless being diagnosed and treated promptly.Case presentationThis study reports three typical EE cases of endogenous endophthalmitis secondary to different severe systemic diseases. Patients were recruited from the Department of ophthalmology at Zhongnan hospital of Wuhan University and the Department of ophthalmology at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University. Patients were followed up for up to 60 days. Among these cases, the eye symptoms is the initial manifestations while secondary to original different special systemic conditions. Patients have been treated under dynamically prompt response undergoing systemic treatment and eye treatment at the same time. Best corrected visual acuity were 20/40, 20/60 and light perception during follow-up evaluation.ConclusionsOur observation suggest that prompt identification and treatment could save patients’ vision from EE.

Diabetic Retinopathy: New Treatment Approaches Targeting Redox and Immune Mechanisms.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) represents a severe complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by irreversible visual impairment resulting from microvascular abnormalities. Since the global prevalence of diabetes continues to escalate, DR has emerged as a prominent area of research interest. The development and progression of DR encompass a complex interplay of pathological and physiological mechanisms, such as high glucose-induced oxidative stress, immune responses, vascular endothelial dysfunction, as well as damage to retinal neurons. Recent years have unveiled the involvement of genomic and epigenetic factors in the formation of DR mechanisms. At present, extensive research explores the potential of biomarkers such as cytokines, molecular and cell therapies, antioxidant interventions, and gene therapy for DR treatment. Notably, certain drugs, such as anti-VEGF agents, antioxidants, inhibitors of inflammatory responses, and protein kinase C (PKC)-β inhibitors, have demonstrated promising outcomes in clinical trials. Within this context, this review article aims to introduce the recent molecular research on DR and highlight the current progress in the field, with a particular focus on the emerging and experimental treatment strategies targeting the immune and redox signaling pathways.

Effect of High-Sucrose Diet on the Occurrence and Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy and Dietary Modification Strategies.

As the most serious of the many worse new pathological changes caused by diabetes, there are many risk factors for the occurrence and development of diabetic retinopathy (DR). They mainly include hyperglycemia, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and so on. Among them, hyperglycemia is the most critical cause, and plays a vital role in the pathological changes of DR. High-sucrose diets (HSDs) lead to elevated blood glucose levels in vivo, which, through oxidative stress, inflammation, the production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cause plenty of pathological damages to the retina and ultimately bring about loss of vision. The existing therapies for DR primarily target the terminal stage of the disease, when irreversible visual impairment has appeared. Therefore, early prevention is particularly critical. The early prevention of DR-related vision loss requires adjustments to dietary habits, mainly by reducing sugar intake. This article primarily discusses the risk factors, pathophysiological processes and molecular mechanisms associated with the development of DR caused by HSDs. It aims to raise awareness of the crucial role of diet in the occurrence and progression of DR, promote timely changes in dietary habits, prevent vision loss and improve the quality of life. The aim is to make people aware of the importance of diet in the occurrence and progression of DR. According to the dietary modification strategies that we give, patients can change their poor eating habits in a timely manner to avoid theoretically avoidable retinopathy and obtain an excellent prognosis.

Eye Abnormalities Detection Using Machine Learning

Abstract: The most common cause of irreversible visualimpairment and incapacity around the world is glaucoma. In any case, the larger part of patients are uninformed of their condition. Despite headways in innovation, diagnosing the movement of glaucoma remains a challengein clinical hone. Observing glaucoma movement ordinarilyincludes a manual examination of the retinal layer, which is time-consuming. This issue can be tended to by computerizing glaucoma conclusions utilizing profound learning and machine learning strategies. A comprehensive survey of various computerized glaucoma forecast and discovery strategies was conducted in this orderly audit. Over 100 papers on machine learning (ML) strategies were analyzed, covering outlines, strategies, goals, execution, benefits, and downsides, with clear charts and tables. Machine learning approaches such as the Resnet calculation and Convolutional Neural Organize are commonly utilized for diagnosing and foreseeing glaucoma. Through precise audits, the most solid strategy for glaucoma discovery and forecast can be distinguished to improve future treatments. Cataracts are the driving cause of visual This ponder givesa comprehensive outline of current headways in machine learning strategies for assessing and classifying cataracts utilizing ophthalmic pictures. The study highlights the qualities and shortcomings of existing investigations and addresses challenges related to independent cataract classification and evaluating utilizing machine learningprocedures, advertising potential arrangements forencourage examination

P010 To establish compliance with British Society for paediatric and adolescent rheumatology (BSPAR) and the Royal College of Ophthalmology (RCOphth) guidelines for screening for uveitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) at a District General Hospital: a retrospective audit

Abstract Background/Aims JIA associated Uveitis (JIA-U) is most common extra-articular manifestation of JIA. The prevalence of uveitis in JIA is approximately 8-30%, but may be as high as 45-57% in young patients with oligoarticular disease. Uveitis is predominantly asymptomatic and requires slit-lamp examination for diagnosis. Up to 67% of JIA-U cases develop ocular complications such as cataracts (20%), glaucoma (19%), band keratopathy (16%), macular oedema and irreversible permanent visual impairment. The primary objective of our audit was to establish compliance of our service with BSPAR/RCOphth 2006 uveitis screening guidelines and therefore reduce the risk of visual complications in children with JIA. Methods A retrospective review of clinical records of children with rheumatological conditions attending our clinic was performed over five-year period. A total of 42 patients with JIA were identified. Data was collated using excel sheet audit tool. Results Results were analysed in accordance with the four major guideline domains as below. 1. Initial Screening exam within 6 weeks of referral: 40 out of 42 children screened within six weeks with 95% compliance rate. 2. Symptomatic patients seen within one week of referral: 4 out of 13 children seen in time with 30% compliance. 70% non-compliance was due to non-availability of ophthalmology appointment. 3. Uveitis may flare on stopping Methotrexate/DMARD’s. Patients should get screened two monthly for six months: 9 out of 13 children were screened with 70% compliance. 15% non-compliance was due to non-availability of ophthalmology appointment. 4. Ongoing screening at two-monthly intervals from onset of arthritis for six months, then 3-4 monthly: 15 out of 20 children screened with 75% compliance. 20% non-compliance was due to non-availability of ophthalmology appointment. Conclusion Practice at our centre as judged against the BSPAR/RCOphth guidelines was suboptimal. The main cause of non-compliance was due to staffing issue, rather than lack of healthcare professional training, delay in onward referral or non-attendance of patients. Non-availability of regular ophthalmology cover with cross-site commitment stretched the uveitis screening service at our centre. We presented this audit in our trust paediatric governance meeting. As a result of this audit, the frequency of paediatric ophthalmology clinics was increased to one a week. The paediatric nurse specialist facilitated liaison with the ophthalmology department and improved compliance with attendance. Patient database on shared drive was regularly updated with separate column for ophthalmology follow-up. The ophthalmologists were granted access to this database detailing clinic attendance and diagnosis. Parent education, reinforced with appropriate literature and a child friendly clinic environment improved awareness and reduces non-attendance. Combined clinics with ophthalmology are being explored. We plan to re-audit the service in near future to assess the impact after above remedial measures. A similar multi-site nation-wide audit may help identify and address local and national concerns. Disclosure K.K. Garg: None. T. Walton: None. A. Holliday: None.

Smart Nanocarriers for the Treatment of Retinal Diseases.

Retinal diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinoblastoma, stand as the leading causes of irreversible vision impairment and blindness worldwide. Effectively administering drugs for retinal diseases poses a formidable challenge due to the presence of complex ocular barriers and elimination mechanisms. Over time, various approaches have been developed to fabricate drug delivery systems for improving retinal therapy including virus vectors, lipid nanoparticles, and polymers. However, conventional nanocarriers encounter issues related to the controllability, efficiency, and safety in the retina. Therefore, the development of smart nanocarriers for effective or more invasive long-term treatment remains a desirable goal. Recently, approaches have surfaced for the intelligent design of nanocarriers, leveraging specific responses to external or internal triggers and enabling multiple functions for retinal therapy such as topical administration, prolonged drug release, and site-specific drug delivery. This Review provides an overview of prevalent retinal pathologies and related pharmacotherapies to enhance the understanding of retinal diseases. It also surveys recent developments and strategies employed in the intelligent design of nanocarriers for retinal disease. Finally, the challenges of smart nanocarriers in potential clinical retinal therapeutic applications are discussed to inspire the next generation of smart nanocarriers.

Optimizing Behçet Uveitis Management: A Review of Personalized Immunosuppressive Strategies.

Behçet uveitis poses significant management challenges, owing to its intricate pathogenesis and the severe prognosis it harbors, frequently culminating in irreversible visual impairment and an elevated risk of blindness. This review synthesizes contemporary insights into personalized immunosuppressive strategies for Behçet uveitis, emphasizing the necessity for a customized approach in recognition of the disease's heterogeneity and the variable responsiveness to treatment. This discourse elaborates on the application, efficacy, and safety profiles of traditional immunosuppressants, highlighting a paradigm shift toward integrative combination therapies aimed at diminishing reliance on glucocorticoids and mitigating their associated adverse effects. This thorough evaluation seeks to enlighten clinical practices and spearhead future investigations aimed at refining the management of Behçet uveitis, championing a personalized, multidisciplinary strategy to amplify therapeutic efficacy and enhance patient quality of life.

Emphasizing the timing and procedure selection for vitrectomy in pathological myopic traction maculopathy

Myopic maculopathy is the primary cause of irreversible visual impairment in patients with pathologic myopia, and myopic traction maculopathy often requires vitrectomy for treatment. Myopic traction maculopathy encompasses epiretinal membrane, foveoschisis, macular hole, and macular hole-related retinal detachment. It is recommended to perform vitrectomy combined with inner limiting membrane peeling for Type II epiretinal membrane, foveal-sparing inner limiting membrane peeling for foveoschisis, inverted inner limiting membrane flap technique for macular hole, and vitrectomy combined with macular buckle for refractory macular hole-related retinal detachment. Myopic traction maculopathy is a chronically progressive condition, and surgeons need to accurately determine the timing of surgery and choose appropriate procedures to maximize the benefits for patients.