Irregular Spacing Research Articles

Engineering Properties of Foxtail Millet Seeds for Development of Planter for Millet Crop

Millets are sown by broadcasting and drilling by traditional implements. By using these tools, seeds were not distributed uniformly, which led to an excess of plants and irregular spacing. Furthermore, if seed is sown in a line rather than a spread pattern, harvesting and threshing activities become more efficient. In keeping the views of above facts, planter for millet seeds was developed. A study was carried out to measure the engineering properties of foxtail millet seeds for development of planter for millet crop. Engineering properties helps in design of machine parameters like type of seed metering mechanism, size of cell and hopper capacity etc. The engineering properties such as mean linear dimensions viz., length, width and thickness are 2.20 mm, 1.23 mm and 1.11 mm respectively. The physical properties like geometrical mean diameter, bulk density and true density of are 1.43 mm, 670.33 kg m-3, 1156.2 kg m-3 respectively. The frictional properties such as angle of repose, co-efficient of internal and external friction are 24.30 degrees, 1.23 and 0.45 degrees respectively. In developing the millet planter, these measured engineering parameters were taken into account.

Vortex-induced anomalies in the superconducting quantum interference patterns of topological insulator Josephson junctions

The superconducting quantum interference (SQI) patterns of Josephson junctions fabricated from hybrid structures that interface an s-wave superconductor with a topological insulator can be used to detect signatures of novel quasiparticle states. Here, we compare calculated and experimental SQI patterns obtained from hybrid junctions fabricated on cadmium arsenide, a two-dimensional topological insulator. The calculations account for the effects of Abrikosov (anti-) vortices in the superconducting contacts. They describe the experimentally observed deviations of the SQI from an ideal Fraunhofer pattern, including anomalous phase shifts, node lifting, even/odd modulations of the lobes, irregular lobe spacing, and an asymmetry in the positive/negative magnetic field. We also show that under a current bias, these vortices enter the electrodes even if there is no intentionally applied external magnetic field. The results show that Abrikosov vortices in the electrodes of the junctions can explain many of the observed anomalies in the SQI patterns of topological insulator Josephson junctions.

Hidden Markov Mixtures for Change Detection in Unevenly Spaced Time Series

This work tackles sequential data change-point detection, a research area with various applications in different fields. It focuses on analyzing sequential data such that the distance between locations of consecutive observations is not fixed. The models developed here for change detection extend a Hidden Markov Mixture approach originally designed to handle irregular spacing to improve the identification of atypical values. These models consider the probability of Markov dependence explained by the distance between locations. Bayesian inference is carried out via Gibbs Sampling. Informative priors for the dependency structure are crucial to identify clusters. The models adapt these priors to enable change identification in a general setting. Two mixture models are formulated: one for mean changes and another for mean or variance changes. Post-processing strategies are suggested to categorize observations among the components to facilitate change identification by the mixtures. These strategies are based on maximum posterior probability and consider the uncertainty associated with classifications. Models and clustering performances are evaluated in simulation studies including a Monte Carlo scheme. The analysis also explores three real illustrations. Finally, the proposed approaches are compared to existing clustering and change detection methods available in the literature.

Debiasing Welch’s method for spectral density estimation

Abstract Welch’s method provides an estimator of the power spectral density that is statistically consistent. This is achieved by averaging over periodograms calculated from overlapping segments of a time series. For a finite-length time series, while the variance of the estimator decreases as the number of segments increases, the magnitude of the estimator’s bias increases: a bias-variance trade-off ensues when setting the segment number. We address this issue by providing a novel method for debiasing Welch’s method that maintains the computational complexity and asymptotic consistency, and leads to improved finite-sample performance. Theoretical results are given for fourth-order stationary processes with finite fourth-order moments and an absolutely convergent fourth-order cumulant function. The significant bias reduction is demonstrated with numerical simulation and an application to real-world data. Our estimator also permits irregular spacing over frequency and we demonstrate how this may be employed for signal compression and further variance reduction. The code accompanying this work is available in R and python.

Rates of palaeoecological change can inform ecosystem restoration

Abstract. Accelerations of ecosystem transformation raise concerns, to the extent that high rates of ecological change may be regarded amongst the most important ongoing imbalances in the Earth system. Here, we used high-resolution pollen and diatom assemblages and associated ecological indicators (the sum of tree and shrub pollen and diatom-inferred total phosphorus concentrations as proxies for tree cover and lake-water eutrophication, respectively) spanning the past 150 years to emphasize that rate-of-change records based on compositional data may document transformations having substantially different causes and outcomes. To characterize rates of change also in terms of other key ecosystem features, we quantified for both ecological indicators: (i) the percentage of change per unit time, (ii) the percentage of change relative to a reference level, and (iii) the rate of percentage change per unit time relative to a reference period, taking into account the irregular spacing of palaeoecological data. These measures document how quickly specific facets of nature changed, their trajectory, as well as their status in terms of palaeoecological indicators. Ultimately, some past accelerations of community transformation may document the potential of ecosystems to rapidly recover important ecological attributes and functions. In this context, insights from palaeoecological records may be useful to accelerate ecosystem restoration.

Assessment of Local Radial Basis Function Collocation Method for Diffusion Problems Structured with Multiquadrics and Polyharmonic Splines

This paper aims to systematically assess the local radial basis function collocation method, structured with multiquadrics (MQs) and polyharmonic splines (PHSs), for solving steady and transient diffusion problems. The boundary value test involves a rectangle with Dirichlet, Neuman, and Robin boundary conditions, and the initial value test is associated with the Dirichlet jump problem on a square. The spectra of the free parameters of the method, i.e., node density, timestep, shape parameter, etc., are analyzed in terms of the average error. It is found that the use of MQs is less stable compared to PHSs for irregular node arrangements. For MQs, the most suitable shape parameter is determined for multiple cases. The relationship of the shape parameter with the total number of nodes, average error, node scattering factor, and the number of nodes in the local subdomain is also provided. For regular node arrangements, MQs produce slightly more accurate results, while for irregular node arrangements, PHSs provide higher accuracy than MQs. PHSs are recommended for use in diffusion problems that require irregular node spacing.

Microcracks in CVD diamond produced by scaife polishing

We investigate sub-surface damage in a CVD diamond, polished on a (110) plane using the traditional scaife method. The damage lies in tracks that consist of microcracks lying perpendicular to the polishing direction. These cracks have an irregular spacing and are comprised mainly of {111} facets. Their geometry is consistent with a modified Hertzian fracture, caused by a stick-slip movement of relatively large (micron-sized) diamond particles on the scaife. The interior surface of the cracks shows a 1 × 1 CH3 surface reconstruction, consistent with a high hydrogen overpressure that results from ingress of hydrocarbons in the polishing lubricant and a relatively low temperature process. The crack edge is ragged, and voids with sizes of a few nm are found up to hundreds of nm from the crack front, particularly where the crack ends at the polished surface. We propose that these features are evidence of significant healing of the cracks once the applied stress is removed. Luminescence at the crack tips is seen, presumably due to impurities trapped in these voids, which quenches with electron irradiation at 10 keV.

CNN-optimized text recognition with binary embeddings for Arabic expiry date recognition

Recognizing Arabic dot-matrix digits is a challenging problem due to the unique characteristics of dot-matrix fonts, such as irregular dot spacing and varying dot sizes. This paper presents an approach for recognizing Arabic digits printed in dot matrix format. The proposed model is based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) that take the dot matrix as input and generate embeddings that are rounded to generate binary representations of the digits. The binary embeddings are then used to perform Optical Character Recognition (OCR) on the date images. To overcome the challenge of the limited availability of dotted Arabic expiration date images, we developed a True Type Font (TTF) for generating synthetic images of Arabic dot-matrix characters. The model was trained on a synthetic dataset of 3287 images and 658 synthetic images for testing, representing realistic expiration dates from 2019 to 2027 in the format of yyyy/mm/dd and yy/mm/dd. Our model achieved an accuracy of 98.94% on the expiry date recognition with Arabic dot matrix format using fewer parameters and less computational resources than traditional CNN-based models. By investigating and presenting our findings comprehensively, we aim to contribute substantially to the field of OCR and pave the way for advancements in Arabic dot-matrix character recognition. Our proposed approach is not limited to Arabic dot matrix digit recognition but can be also extended to text recognition tasks, such as text classification and sentiment analysis.

Micro-morphological study of three members of genus <i>Plectranthus</i> L. (Lamiaceae) in Nigeria

Micro-morphological studies of three members of the Genus Plectranthus L. (Lamiaceae) in Nigeria were conducted to investigate the anatomical characteristics of taxonomic importance. The following plant samples were collected from various locations in Southwestern Nigeria, namely Plectranthus aegyptiacus (Forssk.) C. Chr., Plectranthus esculentus N.E.Br. and Plectranthus monostachyus (P. Beauv.) B. J. Pollard. The anatomical study of the lamina epidermis, venation pattern and petiole were performed. The Single Linkage Cluster Analysis (SLCA) and one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) were used to analyze the parameters, and photomicrographs were employed to document the observations. Foliar epidermal characteristics such as epidermal cell shape, anticlinal wall pattern, stomata types, trichome types and ergastic substances are essential in delimiting the species. The identification of numerous starch grains delimits P. monostachyus from the other species, a straight anticlinal wall pattern delimits P. esculentus, and the presence of abundant crystal sands delimits P. aegyptiacus. Quantitatively, stomata index (S.I.) and trichome length for both adaxial and abaxial surfaces were significantly different (P≤0.05) among the species. The venation pattern of the studied plant samples also revealed specific characteristics. Irregular vein spacing, eucamptodromous secondary vein category and polygonal areole shape delimit P. esculentus from the other species.

Cytology Techniques Can Provide Insight into Human Placental Structure Including Syncytiotrophoblast Nuclear Spatial Organisation.

The aim of this study was to provide the first systematic description of human placental cytology appearances and to investigate syncytiotrophoblast nuclear organisation patterns using cytology techniques. Term placentas from normal pregnancies were sampled using fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and direct scrapes. Standard histological examination was also performed to exclude pathological changes in the placentas being studied. Both Papanicolaou-stained cytospin preparations and air-dried Giemsa slides from FNA provided high-quality material for cytological assessment with good cellularity. Among the key features of the cytology preparations were villous "microbiopsies" that allowed for the three-dimensional appreciation of villous branching patterns. Cytological appearances, including nuclear characteristics of villous cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast, were also well demonstrated. In microbiopsies and detached villous trophoblast sheets, complex patterns of syncytiotrophoblast nuclear organisation, not previously described cytologically, were observed, including irregular spacing of nuclei, syncytioplasm windows and linear nuclear arrangements. This study showed that placental cytology (a) provides technically excellent material for cytological evaluation, (b) confirms the presence of complex nuclear organisational patterns in the syncytiotrophoblast by eliminating the possibility of tangential sectioning artefact, (c) provides superior nuclear detail over standard histological sections and (d) may be an untapped research resource for the investigation of normal and pathological processes because of its ability to look at the placenta in a novel way and through its potential for both ex vivo and in vivo placental sampling.

A single fiber view of the nucleosome organization in eukaryotic chromatin.

Eukaryotic cells are thought to arrange nucleosomes into extended arrays with evenly spaced nucleosomes phased at genomic landmarks. Here we tested to what extent this stereotypic organization describes the nucleosome organization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using Fiber-Seq, a long-read sequencing technique that maps entire nucleosome arrays on individual chromatin fibers in a high throughput manner. With each fiber coming from a different cell, Fiber-Seq uncovers cell-to-cell heterogeneity. The long reads reveal the nucleosome architecture even over repetitive DNA such as the ribosomal DNA repeats. The absolute nucleosome occupancy, a parameter that is difficult to obtain with conventional sequencing approaches, is a direct readout of Fiber-Seq. We document substantial deviations from the stereotypical nucleosome organization with unexpectedly long linker DNAs between nucleosomes, gene bodies missing entire nucleosomes, cell-to-cell heterogeneity in nucleosome occupancy, heterogeneous phasing of arrays and irregular nucleosome spacing. Nucleosome array structures are indistinguishable throughout the gene body and with respect to the direction of transcription arguing against transcription promoting array formation. Acute nucleosome depletion destroyed most of the array organization indicating that nucleosome remodelers cannot efficiently pack nucleosomes under those conditions. Given that nucleosomes are cis-regulatory elements, the cell-to-cell heterogeneity uncovered by Fiber-Seq provides much needed information to understand chromatin structure and function.

Applications of leaf architecture characters in delineating selected species and infraspecific taxa of Genus Cucumis L. (Cucurbitaceae)

Leaf venation characters of twelve (12) Cucumis taxa, comprised of eight species, three subspecies, and three varieties were examined to determine patterns of leaf architectural characters and delineate these accessions at the species, subspecies, and variety level. The leaf architecture of twenty-seven accessions representing six taxa were examined and described in this study. Additionally, data on the leaf architecture of another six taxa (represented by 57 accessions) published by Masungsong et al. (2022) were incorporated in the analysis. Results revealed that the twelve (12) taxa of Cucumis primarily varied in blade class, apex angle, primary vein size, secondary vein spacing, tertiary vein angle to primary vein, and areole development. These variations were found consistent with Cucumis species examined in previous studies. A dichotomous key was constructed for the twelve Cucumis taxa using leaf characters derived. Cluster analysis (based on UPGMA) formed two major clusters at 0.130 Gower distance. Cluster I includes Cucumis melo subsp. melo, C. pustulatus, C. melo var. flexuosus, C. melo subsp. agrestis, and C, melo var. texanus which exhibited secondary vein spacing that increases towards the base. while Cluster II is composed of the remaining Cucumis taxa, all displaying irregular secondary vein spacing. Furthermore, sub-clusters were formed based on tertiary vein angle in relation to primary vein, blade class, apex angle, and primary vein size. Results showed that utilizing leaf architecture is an effective technique to describe, characterize and delineate closely related taxa with many similar characters.

Exploring the ceratopsid growth record: A comprehensive osteohistological analysis of Triceratops (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae) and its implications for growth and ontogeny

Ceratopsids represent one of the most iconic groups of non-avian dinosaurs. These large quadrupedal ornithischians are well-known for their bizarre cranial ornamentations, which are distinctive among different ceratopsids. However, only very little data exist on ceratopsid osteohistology and growth rates. Here, we present a detailed osteohistological analysis on Triceratops horridus preserved in a relatively large bonebed from the Lance Formation (eastern Wyoming, USA) as well as additional Triceratops cf. prorsus specimens from Canada. Deciphering the bone microstructure of this iconic dinosaur allows to better understand the growth and development of ceratopsids. The Triceratops limb elements show a distinct pattern of slower growing parallel-fibred and faster growing woven-parallel bone tissue that serves as basis for the definition of histologic ontogenetic stages (HOS). Lower (i.e., younger) HOS correspond to woven-parallel tissue while higher (i.e., older) HOS correspond to parallel-fibred tissue. The intraskeletal variation in histology is best explained through the Three-Front Model, indicating significant differences in cortical thickness between different limb bones. The Triceratops primary growth record is poorly expressed, and the few growth marks preserved show irregular spacing inconsistent with expected growth patterns. The HOS scheme provides seven stages that correspond to biological age classes and that show a correlation with body size. Our analysis suggests that the taxonomic ambiguity between Torosaurus and Triceratops cannot be solved based purely on histological data, but requires additional taphonomic, taxonomic and histological analyses. This study expands the current ceratopsian histological database and helps to better understand ceratopsid growth patterns.

Effect of Stimulation Current in Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation (tVNS): A Study Using Concurrent Magnetoencephalography (MEG).

Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) is a non-invasive method of brain stimulation that has been investigated for its use in the clinical treatment of a number of different conditions. There has been little investigation into the stimulation current that is delivered and the effect on individual variability in response to tVNS.Seventeen participants underwent tVNS, and stimulation current was determined based on individual pain threshold. To investigate individual variability, brain dynamics were measured concurrently using magnetoencephalography (MEG) in response to two different stimulation protocols of tVNS. The first protocol consisted of a sequence of equally spaced short (1ms) stimulation pulses applied 24 times per second (24 Hz), and the second consisted of a sequence of 24 pulses per second spaced according to a 6 Hz pulse frequency modulation (PFM). Both stimulation sequences were delivered to the cymba concha in the left ear.The difference in brain responses to the two sequences was initially calculated using a one-sample t-test at the group level, based on z-scoring of the data at the individual level, and no statistically significant differences were observed. Further investigation of individual variability suggested that participants fell into two groups; one that responded more strongly to 24 Hz and one that responded more strongly to the irregular spacing of pulses in the PFM protocol.We tested whether the stimulation current that the participant received could predict how they would respond to the stimulation, but we did not observe any correlation. This supports the literature that suggests that selecting stimulation current based on individual pain threshold is a suitable procedure for tVNS, and higher stimulation intensities does not correspond to stronger brain response. Further investigation into individual variability in response to different frequencies and pulse spacing of tVNS should also be investigated further and may lead to the development of personalised stimulation protocols.Clinical relevance- The stimulation current at which tVNS is delivered does not appear to influence brain response to stimulation, and the value of stimulation current should be selected based on individual participant comfort.

Deep learning solutions for mapping contour levee rice production systems from very high resolution imagery

The construction of contour levees for rice irrigation represents a major landscape management activity with impacts on irrigation water use efficiency, crop management decisions, and food production. However, levee distribution information traditionally relies on local field surveys because remote sensing approaches are complicated by irregular spacing, shape, and landscape variability within the field. In this paper the authors develop a deep learning approach capable of identifying rice fields with contour style levee irrigation practices from open-source aerial imagery. To generate a levee-identification scheme, a hybrid ResNet/Unet model is built from the commonly known Residual Network (ResNet) architecture for multi-layer deep learning strategies. The model takes a 320 × 320 RGB aerial landscape image from the US National Agricultural Imagery Program as input along with label data to then generate a probability map of the distribution of farm fields that use contour levees within the image. In performing this task, the model generates a 0.991 receiver operating characteristic curve score. The model continues to perform well under the introduction of clouds, data augmentation, or minor reductions in spatial resolution. Throughout these tests, the model performed within 0.2 of its original score, except for when the image quality was reduced to 60 m wherein the model score dropped to 0.691. Via these tests the model demonstrates potential to function well given different spatial extents or potential satellite remote sensing with moderate (10 m) resolutions. This model provides a proof-of-concept for the use of aerial imagery and a deep learning strategy for irrigation-type mapping practices.

Unveiling the dynamic instability mechanism of microstructure transformation in faceted oxide eutectic composite ceramics

Microstructure control is a great challenge in the high-temperature gradient directional solidification of eutectic composite ceramics due to the complex solidification behavior. Herein, the microstructure transformation of faceted Al2O3/Er3Al5O12 thermal emission eutectic composite ceramics is explored over wide ranges of compositions (13.5 mol%–22.5 mol% Er2O3) and solidification rates (2–200 μm/s). Entirely coupled eutectics with primary phases suppressed are fabricated and the coupled zone is broadened in a wide range of 15.5 mol%–22.5 mol% Er2O3 at low solidification rates. The competitive growth between eutectic and dendrite is evaluated on the basis of the maximum interface temperature criterion. In addition, the mechanisms of irregular eutectic spacing selection and adjustment under different solidification rates are revealed based on Magnin–Kurz model. A successful prediction of lamellar to rod-like eutectics is achieved associated with the dynamic instability of lamellar eutectic and the corresponding enlarged coexistence region is mapped based on the interface undercooling. According to the well microstructure tailoring, the flexural strength of Al2O3/Er3Al5O12 eutectic composite ceramics has improved from 508 MPa up to 1800 MPa due to the refined eutectic spacing with low fluctuation. The eutectic composite ceramics show strong selective optical absorption and the intensity increases with the refining microstructure. The as-designed Al2O3/Er3Al5O12 composites with microstructural tailoring have great potential as integrations of structural and functional materials.

Indirect inference approach to estimating dynamic panel data models with irregular spacing

This paper provides an indirect inference approach to calibrating the bias in estimating irregularly spaced dynamic panel data models. With correct model-specification, the indirect inference method performs well in estimating dynamic panel data models under irregular spacing.

A highly ordered 8/1 helical pyramidal column self-organized from the crown conformation of achiral hexa(butyloxy)triphenylene

Liquid crystals of disc-like molecules are known for 45 years. 2,3,6,7,10,11-Hexakis(alkyloxy)triphenylene (HATn) containing n = 4 to 11 carbons in its achiral alkyl groups, represents one of the classic families of disc-like molecules. X-ray analysis suggested that disc-like molecules stack on top of each other at irregular spacing in columns distributed in the melt of their alkyl groups forming discotic or columnar or discotic nematic liquid crystals. Interest in discotic liquid crystals comes mostly from their conducting and photoconducting properties. While writing a recent perspective on the 45th anniversary of discotic liquid crystals we realized that the molecular structures of the 3D crystal and 2D liquid crystal phases of discotic molecules were never determined at the molecular level, in spite of the great interest in their physical properties. Since structure determines function, we decided to perform a detailed investigation of the molecular structure of HATn self-organizations by reconstructing their oriented fiber X-ray diffractograms both in the crystal and liquid crystal states. This communication reports the synthesis, analysis by differential scanning calorimetry of HATn containing n = 4 to 12 carbons in its achiral alkyl groups and the molecular structure of HAT4 in its crystal and liquid crystal states. Unexpectedly, a highly ordered 8/1 helical pyramidal crystalline column assembled from a crown-like conformation of the HAT4 and a non-helical column of the discotic liquid crystal state, the last similar to the original suggested supramolecular structure, were resolved for the first time at the molecular level. These preliminary results raise a lot of fundamental issues in the area of discotic and columnar self-organizations and of related helical columnar self-organizations generated with different building blocks and belonging to different disciplines. A comprehensive mechanistic elucidation of the molecular details of helical and non-helical self-organizations in synthetic complex systems may become as influential in the field of soft condensed matter as that of helical and non-helical self-organizations in the field of molecular biology.

Discotic liquid crystals 45 years later. Dendronized discs and crowns increase liquid crystal complexity to columnar from spheres, cubic Frank-Kasper, liquid quasicrystals and memory-effect induced columnar-bundles

In 1977 Chandrasekhar laboratory reported the first examples of a new class of thermotropic liquid crystals self-organized from planar disc-like molecules substituted with alkyl groups. X-ray analysis demonstrated that these disc-like molecules stack on top of each other at irregular spacing in columns located in the paraffin melt of their alkyl groups. These supramolecular columns self-organize in a hexagonal array defined as the new thermotropic discotic or columnar hexagonal liquid crystal phase. This new thermotropic liquid crystal phase has translational periodicity in two dimensions and liquid-like disorder in the third one, along the column axis. In 2002 Bushby and Lozman dedicated a brief review article to the 25 anniversary of discotic liquid crystals. This review also included a brief discussion of supramolecular discs and columns self-organized from self-assembling dendrons and dendrimers. The current publication is not another review but a brief perspective on new liquid crystal phases self-organized from dendronized rigid planar and conformationally flexible discs as well as from crown-like molecules. Crown-like molecules are the most stable conformation of a transient unstable disc. All dendronized disc-like and crown molecules adopt a crown conformation that self-assemble helical columns and spherical helices. A large diversity of new liquid crystalline phases self-organize from these helical columns and spherical helices. They include helical columnar hexagonal phases from crowns and from supramolecular spheres, Frank-Kasper A15 (known as cubic phase of space group Pm3¯n), σ phase (also known as tetragonal of space group P42/mnm), 12-fold quasi liquid crystals (QLC) and supramolecular orientational memory (SOM) derived complex bundles of supramolecular columnar hexagonal arrays that are not yet completely elucidated. The impact of Chandrasekhar on the discovery of self-assembling dendrons and dendrimers via his biaxial nematic liquid crystal concept will also be discussed. This perspective is dedicated to the 45 anniversary of the discovery of discotic liquid crystals and to the memory of Professor Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar, a modest, respectful and great scientist.

Amplified and suppressed regional imprints of global warming events on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau during MIS 3–2

Large amplitude, rapid climate oscillations, the so-called Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) events, are characteristic of the last glacial period. However, lithological evidence of D-O warming events is rare, mainly due to their brevity. Although the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is regarded as especially sensitive to climate change owing to its fragile cryosphere and ecological systems, little is known about the variability of the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) over the TP on millennial to centennial timescales. Here, we use a well-dated loess-paleosol sequence (LPS) in the Niyang River valley on the southeastern TP (SE TP), China, to determine the patterns and timing of millennial-to centennial-scale variations in paleomonsoon strength and to identify their causes. This stratigraphic sequence developed between 39.2 and 21.8 cal kyr BP, covering the late marine isotope stage (MIS) 3/2 transition. Ten paleosol units were identified within the sequence, based on field observations, high-resolution measurements of color, grain size and magnetic properties, as well as mineralogical and geochemical evidence. These paleosol units provide unambiguous evidence of D-O-like abrupt warming events and repeated climatic instability, associated with large-amplitude, abrupt changes of the ISM system over the SE TP. The amplitudes, duration, and frequency of these abrupt ISM strengthening events over the SE TP present unique features, including irregular spacing and varying amplitudes. In general, the amplitude of ISM oscillations was larger during MIS 2 than in the late MIS 3 period. Four well-developed paleosol units suggest that ISM intensity at ∼38.7, 28.3, 25.9 and 23.5 cal kyr BP was notably higher compared to the climate of the Holocene, including the present-day. However, two substantial abrupt warming events of global scale are not recorded within the LZ2 LPS. We suggest that this was because of the amplification and suppression of global warming events over the SE TP, caused by the interplay of global and regional climatic dynamics. Warming amplification occurred during intervals with less snow and glacier ice cover, whereas warming suppression was the result of unusually large snow and glacier ice cover on the TP. We suggest that anomalous fluctuations of the India-Burma Trough of the westerlies to the south of the TP during winter may have played a crucial role in determining the snowfall, snow cover, glacier accumulation, and the transition from warming amplification to warming suppression. Therefore, the anomalous ISM oscillations in the SE TP were the result of the coupling of global and local processes.