Irregular Density Research Articles

Optimization of Land Area Mapping and Volume Calculations using Drone Lidar Livox Mid-40 Data with the Downsampling Method

One reason for the growing acceptance of 3D point cloud-based research and applications is the quick advancement of 3D scanning technologies. However, there are still a number of serious issues that have an impact on point cloud utilization performance. Among these difficulties are controlling the quantity of points, irregular point density, and a deficiency of location proximity data. In this study, we use Livox Mid-40 Drone Lidar Data and a downsampling technique to compute land area and volume. However, it can be highly challenging and time-consuming to extract usable information from enormous amounts of gathered data. Motivated by these results, this study recommends using downsampling approaches to minimize the size of the final data set while preserving data integrity, which will facilitate and expedite. The Livox Mid-40 Lidar Drone data was optimal at 00:00:30 with a flying height of 75,719 meters and a measurement diameter of 50.3 meters. By using downsampling techniques, the number of points can be reduced by up to 40 percent from the previous number of data points. Meanwhile, the data size can be 10 percent smaller than the original data. To calculate the area of land of the same size, there is a difference of 0.53 square meters. Meanwhile, for the calculation of cubic volume, there is a difference of 1.63 cubic meters.

Implementation of the irregular pulse density modulation‐controlled wireless power transfer system for constant current and constant voltage output

SummaryIn this paper, irregular 32 pulse density modulation (PDM)‐controlled wireless power transfer (WPT) system is proposed for constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) outputs. The proposed WPT system has a load independent ZPA frequency characteristic with CC and CV outputs. Thus, soft switching conditions are achieved for both CC and CV outputs. An experimental prototype was prepared to validate the effectiveness of the proposed irregular 32 PDM‐controlled WPT system. WPT coil design parameters are presented and analyzed with lateral and rotational misalignment conditions in ANSYS. The experiments were determined as 3 A for CC output and 200 V for CV output. The maximum efficiency of the proposed system is measured (95.34%) at aligned coils with 100 mm air gap. In addition, the efficiency results are presented and evaluated by performing experimental studies under both lateral and rotational misalignment conditions.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma of head and neck: Summary and review of imaging findings

PurposeCurrent reports of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck (ACC) are all case reports, and there is no basilar summary of its imaging findings. This study aims to summarise ACC's computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings to improve radiologists' knowledge of this disease. MethodsWe collected clinical and imaging data of patients with ACC during the last decade, and two radiologists retrospectively analysed the imaging characteristics. ResultsOf the 16 patients included, six were able to self-perceive bulkiness, and 11 had regional pain. Tumour morphology was regular in six cases, with clear borders in 11 cases, invasion of the surrounding bony mass in 12 cases, and invasion of peripheral nerves in 15 cases. CT mostly shows an irregular soft-tissue density mass with mild-to-moderate enhancement after contrast medium administration. On MRI, the ACC showed isointense or hypointense signals on T1-weighted images (T1WI) and hyperintense or slightly hyperintense signals on T2-weighted images (T2WI). All signals were markedly enhanced after gadolinium enhancement. ConclusionsACC often has an irregular morphology, sometimes with a cystic component, enhancement on enhancement scans, easy destruction of adjacent bone, and invasion of peripheral nerves. The diagnosis should be considered when these features are encountered in clinical practice.

Enhanced Density Peak-Based Power Grid Reactive Voltage Partitioning

Clustering-based reactive voltage partitioning is successful in reducing grid cascading faults, by using clustering methods to categorize different power-consuming entities in the power grid into distinct regions. In reality, each power-consuming entity has different electrical characteristics. Additionally, due to the irregular and uneven distribution of the population, the distribution of electricity consumption is also irregular and uneven. However, the existing method neglects the electrical difference among each entity and the irregular and uneven density distribution of electricity consumption, resulting in poor accuracy and adaptability of these methods. To address these problems, an enhanced density peak model-based power grid reactive voltage partitioning method is proposed in this paper, called EDPVP. First, the power grid is modeled as a weighted reactive network to consider entity electrical differences. Second, the novel local density and density following distance are designed to enhance the density peak model to address the problem that the traditional density peak model cannot adapt to weighted networks. Finally, the enhanced density peak model is further equipped with an optimized cluster centers selection strategy and an updated remaining node assignment strategy, to better identify irregular and uneven density distribution of electricity consumption, and to achieve fast and accurate reactive voltage partition. Experiments on two real power grids demonstrate the effectiveness of the EDPVP.

Predictive value of imaging manifestations of supratentorial hemorrhage in hematoma enlargement and clinical prognosis

IntroductionIntracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is an important cause of death and disability. This study aimed to explore the imaging indicators identifying hematoma expansion in primary ICH and to provide a basis for its clinical treatment.Material and methodsHematoma expansion was evaluated by plain computed tomography (CT) scan and multi-detector-row CT angiography (MDCTA).ResultsThis study included a total of 203 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. The size of the hematoma at the time of admission was 32.5–92.3 mL (average, 45.5 mL). Original or reconstructed MDCTA images with contrast extravasation were available in 35 cases (17.2%). Patients were divided into two groups based on whether or not hematoma expansion had occurred: hematoma expansion group (n = 87) and no hematoma expansion group (n = 116). Patients with spot signs in the two groups were 37.93% and 3.45%, respectively, and those with spot sign ± blend sign ± black hole sign ± island sign (%) were 48.30% and 1.72%, respectively, with significant statistical differences. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of hematoma enlargement were 37.93%, 98.27%, and 94.29% and 67.86%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of blend density sign ± irregular sign in predicting hematoma enlargement in ICH patients were 97.7%, 76.7%, and 75.9% and 97.8%, respectively.ConclusionsBlend density sign ± irregular sign can be used as substitute signs. The more irregular and uneven density the hematoma, the more likely it is that the hematoma will be enlarged.

Large Data Oriented to Image Information Fusion Spark and Improved Fruit Fly Optimization Based on the Density Clustering Algorithm

The density-based applied spatial clustering algorithm is an algorithm based on high-density interconnected regions, which discovers class clusters of arbitrary shapes in noisy data sets and is widely used. However, it suffers from slow computation speed due to large-scale disk I/O and clustering bias due to uneven density class clusters and poor parameter search ability. To address these problems, a parallel density clustering algorithm based on an improved fruit fly optimization algorithm and Spark memory iteration is proposed. The proposed algorithm first divides the data grid using an irregular dynamic density region partitioning strategy. Then, a hybrid fruit fly particle swarm algorithm based on a genetic optimization mechanism is proposed to achieve dynamic optimization seeking for parameters in local clustering to improve the clustering effect of local clustering. Finally, the local merging of samples in irregularly bounded grid cells under each partition is achieved by designing a custom clustering merging strategy. The experiments show that the improved algorithm is generally applicable to the clustering of different shape class clusters and larger scale data and has obvious improvement in accuracy and parallel efficiency.

A three-dimensional chemical simulation with irregular density distributions of L1544

ABSTRACTThe dust continuum and molecular distributions observed on the sky plane always show irregular shapes of molecular clouds. However, it is hard to directly reproduce the observed distributions using symmetrical models. In this work, for the first time, we present a three-dimensional (3D) gas-grain chemical simulation using an irregular 3D density structure derived by the Abel inversion taking the starless core L1544 as an example. We found that most (∼70 per cent) of the observed features (molecular distributions, peak positions, and column density values of 16 species) can be reproduced directly. The previously reached conclusion of non-uniform illumination at C3H2 peak is confirmed as the contribution from the gas component with density of a few 104 cm−3 at distance of ∼3000–8000 au from the core centre along the line of sight.

Primary Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma of Breast Masquerading as Inflammatory Breast Cancer Clinically in a Patient on TNF Alpha Inhibitors

Background: Primary non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the breast is an aggressive and rare disease with DLBCL (Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma) being the most common variant followed by Marginal zone lymphoma (MZL), follicular lymphoma (FL) and Burkitt’s lymphoma. Out of these, MZL and FL are less aggressive variants unless they undergo transformation. Primary breast lymphoma can mimic inflammatory breast cancer clinically due to peau d’orange appearance of the overlying skin. Association of primary breast lymphoma with TNF alpha inhibitors is rare but has been reported in the literature. Case presentation: We present one such case where a 56-year-old lady presented with a breast lump and nipple retraction in her right breast for 6 weeks. The patient had a history of psoriatic arthritis and had been on Disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDS) for six years. TNF alpha inhibitor was started 3.5 years ago. Clinically, the case was highly suspicious for inflammatory breast cancer. Bilateral mammogram revealed 80mm irregular density in the right retro areolar region of breast; however, no discrete mass was identified on ultrasound examination. Core biopsy showed extranodal marginal zone lymphoma with features of impending transformation. The neoplastic cells were positive for CD45, CD20, PAX5 and BCL6. These cells were negative for AE1/AE3, CD5, CD10, MUM1 and cyclin D1. The patient was then started on R-CHOP (rituximab-cyclophosphamide-hydroxydaunorubicin-oncovin-prednisone) chemotherapy regime for six cycles. TNF alpha inhibitor was stopped. The patient tolerated the chemotherapy regime well and no flare ups of psoriasis were noted. Conclusion: There was rapid progression of breast tumour within a span of 6 weeks in a patient with no family history, no systemic lymphadenopathy and in a background of TNF alpha inhibitors. Based on these findings and the published literature, a probable association of primary breast lymphomas with TNF alpha inhibitors is likely. Although this causal association may be minimal, more research should be done to consolidate the findings.

Epithelioid angiosarcoma of the stomach.

A 86-year-old man presented with a 2-month history of epigastric pain. The patient denied nausea, vomiting, hematochezia, or hematemesis. Physical examination on admission showed tenderness beneath the xiphoid process, with a palpable hard mass. Abdominal CT revealed a huge irregular inhomogeneous low density mass between liver and stomach, with moderate enhancement.

Corneal changes in Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy and bullous keratopathy

Evaluation of structural and immunohistochemical features of cornea in Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) and bullous keratopathy (BK). Group 1 - 44 patients (46 eyes) with FECD, group 2 - 42 patients (42 eyes) with BK. All patients underwent keratoplasty. Preoperative anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT, RTVue-100, Optovue, USA) was performed. Endothelium-Descemet membrane (EDM) complexes, corneal buttons were obtained intraoperatively. Morphological (H&E staining) and immunohistochemical (primary antibodies to pancytokeratin, vimentin, fibronectin) studies were performed at the light microscope level (Leica DM-2500, Leica Application Suite V4.8, Leica Microsystems, Switzerland). A direct correlation is found between the results of DM analysis in vivo with OCT and ex vivo with light microscopy. DM thickness (AS-OCT) was significantly greater in FECD (23.0 [19.0; 27.0] μm), than in BK (13.0 [12.0; 14.0] μm). Morphological study of EDM and corneal buttons showed similar difference in DM thickness: 17.9 [16.1; 20.0] μm in FECD and 11.9 [11.3; 13.0] μm in BK. Irregular optical density of stroma is a feature of edema and local fibrosis. In FECD and BK pancytokeratin is expressed in epithelial and endothelial cells, vimentin - in keratocytes, macrophages and vascular endothelium, fibronectin - in DM. In FECD, vimentin is expressed in endothelial cells. FECD and BK are associated with different DM' and endothelium' abnormalities, which lead to similar changes of stroma and epithelium. AS-OCT is a useful method of FECD and BK in vivo diagnostics and the selection of treatment option.

MPPT Design for PV-Powered WPT System with Irregular Pulse Density Modulation

Electric vehicles (EVs) are well-known as environmentally friendly systems. Therefore, the demand for EVs is rapidly increasing every day, but for charging batteries of EVs eco-friendly electrical energy sources are needed. To use a clean energy source, this article proposes a wireless power transfer (WPT) system energized by photovoltaic panels. In this study, pulse density modulation technique controlled with incremental conductance algorithm is preferred in the WPT system for both transferring power from primary to secondary windings and for tracking maximum power point (MPP). The proposed system was tested with an experimental prototype and the results were presented. As a result, both 99.22% MPPT efficiency was obtained and power was transferred from primary to secondary with 90% efficiency.

A case report of anterior mediastinal signet ring cell carcinoma

Anterior mediastinal signet ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) is a rare tumor that has only been reported in two cases of thymic cancer. Positive immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining for caudal-type homeobox (CDX) 2, cytokeratin (CK) 20 and special AT-rich binding protein (SATB) 2 usually indicate gastrointestinal tumors but begin to appear in thymic cancers with enteric differentiation. Here, we describe a case of the anterior mediastinal SRCC with enteric differentiation who was correctly treated with surgery and chemo-radiation and was alive after four months. A 48-year-old female presented without chest and lung symptoms had an anterior mediastinal mass during a routine physical examination. Laboratory examinations showed an elevated level of serum carbohydrate antigen (CA)-125 at 73.63 U/mL. Chest computed tomography (CT) showed an irregular soft tissue density shadow with heterogeneous enhancement in the anterior mediastinum. The tumor had invaded the pericardium, the left septal nerve and the innominate and was completely removed after anterior mediastinal surgery. Postoperative pathological examinations revealed signet ring cell features and positive staining for CDX2, CK20, SATB2 and Ki-67 (Li: 70%). The samples were negative for cluster of differentiation (CD)-5, CK7, thyroid transcription factor (TTF) 1, NapsinA, CerbB-2, P53 and PD-L1 by IHC examinations. The suspected diagnosis was an anterior mediastinal SRCC that had originated in the digestive system. The patient was diagnosed with anterior mediastinal SRCC. The patient was treated with surgery and combined chemo-radiotherapy. The patient had no recurrence or metastasis after five months. We describe a rare case of the anterior mediastinal SRCC of unknown origin. Our case, for the first time shows that surgery combined with chemo-radiotherapy is an effective treatment regimen for anterior mediastinal SRCC.

A comparison of central-tendency and interconnectivity approaches to clustering multivariate data with irregular structure.

Most clustering methods assume data are structured as discrete hyperspheroidal clusters to be evaluated by measures of central tendency. If vegetation data do not conform to this model, then vegetation data may be clustered incorrectly. What are the implications for cluster stability and evaluation if clusters are of irregular shape or density? Southeast Australia. We define misplacement as the placement of a sample in a cluster other than (distinct from) its nearest neighbor and hypothesize that optimizing homogeneity incurs the cost of higher rates of misplacement. Chameleon is a graph-theoretic algorithm that emphasizes interconnectivity and thus is sensitive to the shape and distribution of clusters. We contrasted its solutions with those of traditional nonhierarchical and hierarchical (agglomerative and divisive) approaches. Chameleon-derived solutions had lower rates of misplacement and only marginally higher heterogeneity than those of k-means in the range of 15-60 clusters, but their metrics converged with larger numbers of clusters. Solutions derived by agglomerative clustering had the best metrics (and divisive clustering the worst) but both produced inferior high-level solutions to those of Chameleon by merging distantly-related clusters. Graph-theoretic algorithms, such as Chameleon, have an advantage over traditional algorithms when data exhibit discontinuities and variable structure, typically producing more stable solutions (due to lower rates of misplacement) but scoring lower on traditional metrics of central tendency. Advantages are less obvious in the partitioning of data from continuous gradients; however, graph-based partitioning protocols facilitate the hierarchical integration of solutions.

Sources of irregular energy density in energy–momentum squared gravity with charge

This manuscript studies the inhomogeneity in the energy density for the relativistic dynamical charged system by invoking the outcomes coming from the considered anisotropic distribution of radiating fluid. We use newly developed f(G,T2) theory, which was proposed by the addition of T2=TζξTζξ in the usual action of f(G,) gravity. We construct relativistic field equations for a specific model f(G,T2)=λT2+G(1+Gα), to examine the gravitational structure in the influence of electromagnetic filed. We use dynamical expressions and differential equations for Weyl tensor for the inspection of sources of irregularities. By exploring special cases in the non-radiating and radiating scenarios, the irregularity elements for a fluid are examined. These special cases show that modified terms and charge have a considerable impact on the fluid inhomogeneity.

Dynamics of Rotating Spin-Orbit-Coupled Spin-1 Bose-Einstein Condensates With In-Plane Gradient Magnetic Field in an Anharmonic Trap

We investigate the dynamics of rotating spin-orbit-coupled spin-1 Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs) in an in-plane gradient magnetic field, which is confined in an anharmonic trap. In the case of rotating spin-orbit-coupled spin-1 BECs with given parameters, the system evolves from initial disk-shaped condensates into drastic turbulent oscillations and ghost vortices on the surface of the component densities due to surface wave excitations and then into two final vortex necklaces along the azimuthal direction with an irregular density hole, in which the vortices differ by one quantum number in turn. For the case of rotating spin-orbit-coupled spin-1 BECs with in-plane gradient magnetic field, with the dynamic evolution, the system undergoes a transition from an initial central polar-core vortex to violent turbulent oscillations and then to a final vortex chain along the diagonal of BECs, with the remaining vortices symmetrically distributed on both sides in the individual component. In addition, the corresponding spin texture undergoes a transition from plane-wave phase to double half-antiskyrmion necklaces for the former case and a transition from a structure similar to a quadrupole magnetic field to a half-antiskyrmion chain with the rest of the half-antiskyrmions on both sides. During the dynamic evolution process, the angular momentum increases gradually and then approaches a convergent value.

Various phases of irregular energy density in charged spheres

We explore the factors of inhomogeneity in the spherically symmetric distribution of collapsing fluid under the effect of electromagnetic field in f(G) theory. Modified Bianchi identities and two significant equations for the Weyl tensor are formulated to get help in the analysis. Causes of inhomogeneity are analyzed by considering the non-radiating and radiating charged fluid. The non-dissipative type of fluid contains pressureless, isotropic and anisotropic fluid. It is observed that for anisotropic fluid, the inhomogeneity corresponds to the structure scalar. For dissipative dust, the effects of relaxation time in terms of electromagnetic field are brought out.

New Classification of Intraoral Phosphor Plate Artifacts Based on Literature Review

AIM: Artifacts (error) encountered in phosphor plates (PSP) used in intraoral digital imaging were evaluated under a new classification. METHODS: In our study, when obtaining images with intraoral phosphor plates, artifacts before, during, after the irradiation and artifacts caused by the scanner were determined according to review of the literature. RESULTS: Intraoral radiographs are obtained while many artifacts are encountered. These artifacts can occur in both conventional and digital systems. Artifacts that ocur before irradiation such as scratches, cracks, fingerprints, dust particles, bite marks, plate edge peeling; during irradiation such as positioning error, motion artifact, shooting from different angles errors, cone-cut, double image, light-dark images, glare, fading, revers irradiation , refraction, distortion; after irradiation such as irregular image density, noise, writing artifact, fingerprints, fading artifacts; and depending on the scanner artifacts such as inclined placement, a parallel line to scan direction, dust fragment, plate size determination error has been shown to be visible. CONCLUSION: An inaccurate image with no diagnostic value requires regeneration. For this reason, knowing the causes of artifacts in radiographic images is important for the patient, the environment, and the practitioner to prevent unnecessary x-rays (radiation).

Hemagglutination in gill capillaries of sheepshead, Archosargus probatocephalus (Perciformes: Sparidae), infected by a myxosporidean.

During a survey Myxozoa, four specimens of the sheepshead (18 ± 1.5 cm and 59 ± 2.5 g) (Archosargus probatocephalus) were collected in the Ipioquinha river (Maceió/AL). Transmission electron microscopy observations revealed erythrocyte agglutinations in gill capillaries located near spherical cysts containing myxospores of the genus Henneguya. This hemagglutination partially or totally obstructed the gill capillaries. Erythrocytes occurred in close adherence to each other, with a closed intercellular space. A few lysed erythrocytes were observed among agglutinated cells. The reduced lumen of the capillaries was partially filled with amorphous dense homogenous material adhering to the erythrocytes. In addition, heterogeneous masses of irregular lower electron density were observed in the reduced channel of the capillary. The agglutinated erythrocytes appeared dense and homogenous, lacking cytoplasmic organelles. The nuclei had the appearance of normal condensed chromatin masses, generally without visible nucleoli. This occurrence of hemagglutination only in the capillaries located in close proximity to the developing myxozoan cysts suggests that parasite development may be a factor triggering erythrocyte agglutination. This is supported by previous experimental studies that showed a probable correlation between parasitic infections and hemagglutination. Nonetheless, further studies are necessary in order to better understand the physicochemical processes involved in this phenomenon.

Various Phases of Irregular Energy Density in Charged Spheres

Various Phases of Irregular Energy Density in Charged Spheres

Extra-adrenal paraganglioma of a urinary bladder in an adolescent male: A rare case report.

Introduction and importanceParaganglioma of the urinary bladder is unusual and reported rarely. The patient usually presents with the complaint of hematuria and fluctuating blood pressure.Case presentationWe discuss the case of a 21-year old male, who had been experiencing gross hematuria, was found to have a mass on ultrasonography. Further evaluation with contrast-enhanced computerized tomography (CECT) revealed an irregular soft tissue density of endophytic mass arising from the left posterior wall of the urinary bladder. The histopathological examination of the excised mass was suggestive of a tumor of neural origin, which was further confirmed as paraganglioma by immunohistochemistry.Clinical discussionImaging prior to the surgery must be done for a provisional diagnosis of paraganglioma to avoid fluctuating blood pressure during elective surgery. On histopathological examination tumor cells are arranged in the nest like fashion forming a specific ‘Zellballen’ pattern. Positive staining for synaptophysin and chromogranin in immunohistochemistry confirms the diagnosis.ConclusionIt is difficult to diagnose paraganglioma of the urinary bladder with the aid of imaging only, particularly if the patient presents without specific symptoms of fluctuating blood pressure. So, a multidisciplinary approach is essential for the diagnosis and proper therapy of this entity. However, prompt surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment.