Uniform Irradiation Research Articles

N-Type Nanocomposite Films Combining SWCNTs, Bi2Te3 Nanoplates, and Cationic Surfactant for Pn-Junction Thermoelectric Generators with Self-Generated Temperature Gradient Under Uniform Sunlight Irradiation

N-Type Nanocomposite Films Combining SWCNTs, Bi2Te3 Nanoplates, and Cationic Surfactant for Pn-Junction Thermoelectric Generators with Self-Generated Temperature Gradient Under Uniform Sunlight Irradiation

Design and Analysis of a Triple-Input Three-Level PV Inverter with Minimized Number of MPPT Controllers

Photovoltaic (PV) energy has been a preferable choice with the rise in global energy demand, as it is a sustainable, efficient, and cost-effective source of energy. Optimizing the power generation is necessary to fully utilize the PV system. Harvesting more power uses cascading of impedance source converters taking input from low-voltage PV arrays which requires multiple maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controllers. To solve this problem, a three-level inverter topology with a proposed PV arrangement, offering higher voltage boosting and a smaller size with a lower cost suitable for low-voltage panels, is designed in this article. The design criteria for parameters are discussed with the help of the small signal analysis. In this paper, three PV arrays are used to harvest maximum energy, which require only one MPPT controller and employ an extended perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm, being faster, highly efficient, and reducing the computational burden of the controller. Moreover, a three maximum power points tracker algorithm, which perturbs one parameter and observes six variables, is designed for the selected converter topology. Finally, the designed 1.1 kVA grid-connected PV system was simulated in MATLAB (R2023a) which shows that the MPPT algorithm offers better dynamics and is highly efficient with a conversion efficiency of 99.2% during uniform irradiance and 97% efficiency during variable irradiance conditions.

Smart hybrid algorithm for global maximum power point tracking under partial shading conditions

ABSTRACT Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a complex task due to the nonlinear behavior of the photovoltaic (PV) array. Moreover, partial shading (PS) is a major problem that significantly decreases the overall system’s efficiency, whereas traditional algorithms are mostly local searches and thus cannot guarantee global optimality. Therefore, Swarm Intelligence (SI) algorithms are developed to circumvent this problem. Existing SI algorithms like Cuckoo Search (CS) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) have been used to address partial shading issues; nevertheless, there is a research gap in developing hybrid methods that combine these two algorithms to enhance MPPT performance under various environmental conditions. This paper fills this research gap by providing a novel hybrid algorithm called Smart Hybrid Algorithm (SHA). The developed optimizer avoids the common disadvantages of conventional MPPT techniques and provides a simple and robust MPPT tracker to handle PS in PV systems effectively. The proposed optimizer features a reset function to restart the search process for the new GMPP at any irradiance change. Multiple performance tests were conducted using 4S, 8S, 10S, 12S, and 4S2P PV array configurations to investigate the performance of our optimizer. The results obtained are compared to those of well-known recent algorithms. The proposed system demonstrates a convergence time of less than one second and a steady state power efficiency exceeding 99.79% across various complex partial shading scenarios. It also offers a convergence time reduction of at least 14% compared to other techniques. The findings demonstrate the robustness and suitability of SHA to handle complex partial shading conditions (CPSCs) and uniform irradiance with high dynamic and steady-state efficiencies and minor transient power fluctuations.

Spatial-temporal modulation method of nanosecond laser for the double-cone ignition scheme

In order to improve the stability of the pulse, realize the high requirements of the direct drive ignition design for the uniformity of the target irradiation, reduce the interference of laser plasma instability, and improve the laser-target coupling efficiency, a nanosecond laser spatial-temporal modulation of high-power laser driver for double-cone ignition (DCI) research was proposed. Under the premise of satisfying the near-isentropic compression waveform of driving implosion, the time-power curves of all sub-beams in the facility are redistributed to reduce the waveform contrast ratio of each sub-beam. A fewer number of sub-beams are utilized to generate low-power foot pulses, which are focused on the target surface of the initial radius. And the remaining sub-beams are utilized to generate high-power driving main pulses, which are focused on a relatively small target surface. It is shown that the stability of the time-power curve of each sub-beam and the power balance control ability can be effectively improved by redistributing. At the same time, the variable focal spot control can be realized to reduce the influence of cross-beam energy transfer (CBET).

Osprey optimization algorithm for MPPT of PV system with forward DC to DC converter under partial shading conditions

Abstract Electric power is required anywhere for multiple purposes to do various tasks. Production of electricity from renewable sources such solar energy is feasible solution for many problems. Photovoltaic modules are generally used to produce electricity through solar irradiance. However, a maximum power point tracking device (MPPTD) must be incorporated to Photovoltaic system to ensure its maximum utilization or best efficiency. A forward DC to DC circuit is selected to work as MPPTD in this paper. Many conventional algorithms including incremental conductance, perturb & observe are available to work effectively for MPPTD under uniform solar irradiances. However, non-uniform irradiances will be received by Photovoltaic modules where many are connected to form a power generation system due to trees, shading, dust, birds, clouds, etc Such phenomenon drags the system into Partial Shading Condition (PSC). Under PSC, conventional algorithms cannot identify the best location to harvest more energy. Hence, an optimization technique is required to operate Photovoltaic system at its outfit utilization during PSC. An optimization technique namely ‘Osprey Optimization Algorithm (OOA)’ is developed in this paper on MPPTD to harvest more energy during PSC. The comparison among OOA, Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO), Modified Invasive Weed Optimization (MIWO) and Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) is also included in this paper. The Hardware—in the—Loop is establish by using OPAL-RT technology to collect various results for presenting analysis under different operating conditions.

Primary Results of NRG-RTOG1106/ECOG-ACRIN 6697: A Randomized Phase II Trial of Individualized Adaptive (chemo)Radiotherapy Using Midtreatment 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Position Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography in Stage III Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

NRG-RTOG0617 demonstrated a detrimental effect of uniform high-dose radiation in stage III non-small cell lung cancer. NRG-RTOG1106/ECOG-ACRIN6697 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01507428), a randomized phase II trial, studied whether midtreatment 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose position emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) can guide individualized/adaptive dose-intensified radiotherapy (RT) to improve and predict outcomes in patients with this disease. Patients fit for concurrent chemoradiation were randomly assigned (1:2) to standard (60 Gy/30 fractions) or FDG-PET-guided adaptive treatment, stratified by substage, primary tumor size, and histology. All patients had midtreatment FDG-PET/CT; adaptive arm patients had an individualized, intensified boost RT dose to residual metabolically active areas. The primary therapeutic end point was 2-year centrally reviewed freedom from local-regional progression (FFLP), defined as no progression in or near the planning target volume and/or regional nodes. FFLP was analyzed on a modified intent-to-treat population at a one-sided Z-test significance level of 0.15. The primary imaging end point was centrally reviewed change in SUVpeak from baseline to midtreatment; its association with FFLP was assessed using the two-sided Wald test on the basis of Cox regression. Of 138 patients enrolled, 127 were eligible. Adaptive-arm patients received a mean 71 Gy in 30 fractions, with mean lung dose 17.9 Gy. There was no significant difference in centrally reviewed 2-year FFLP (59.5% and 54.6% in standard and adaptive arms; P = .66). There were no significant differences in protocol-specified grade 3 toxicities, survival, or progression-free survival (P > .4). Median SUVpeak and metabolic tumor volume (MTV) in the adaptive arm decreased 49% and 54%, from pre-RT to mid-RT PET. However, ΔSUVpeak and ΔMTV were not associated with FFLP (hazard ratios, 0.997; P = .395 and .461). Midtreatment PET-adapted RT dose escalation as given in this study was safe and feasible but did not improve efficacy outcomes.

Research on Hybrid Approach for Maximum Power Point Tracking of Photovoltaic Systems under Various Operating Conditions

Based on the characteristics of the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) and perturbation observation (P&O) method, this paper proposes a novel hybrid approach called the improved chaotic whale optimization combined with perturb and observe (ICWOA-P&O) method for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control to solve the challenge of low efficiency in photovoltaic (PV) power generation under local shadows. First, the ICWOA is used for a global search to quickly locate the position of the maximum power point (MPP). Then, the P&O method is used for a fine-grained local search to quickly track the position of the global maximum power point (GMPP) with low oscillation. To ensure accuracy, the tracking performance of the ICWOA-P&O method is comprehensively compared with the WOA-P&O, WOA, and PSO models under four conditions: uniform irradiance, static local shading, dynamic shading, and sudden changes in irradiance and temperature. The simulation results verify that under the above four conditions, the ICWOA-P&O method can track the MPP continuously and stably and greatly improves the convergence time and accuracy. Compared with the other three methods, the ICWOA-P&O method can effectively obtain the fastest tracking speed (less than 0.1 s), the highest tracking accuracy (more than 99.97%), the smallest relative error (less than 0.03%), and the smallest oscillation fluctuation. Finally, this study integrated the ICWOA-P&O algorithm into the designed MPPT controller hardware and established a practical PV experimental platform based on the ICWOA-P&O control algorithm for practical tests.

Incidence Angle Effect: Validation of New Measurement Methods for IEC 61853‐2

ABSTRACTThe incidence angle effect causes a decrease in the photogenerated current of PV modules when they are subject to incident irradiance at wide angles: Its relevance should be quantified for accurate energy yield purposes and has recently gained significance due to the rising interest in novel integrated PV applications, where vertical or nonoptimal tilt are favored (e.g., in urban structures, in agrivoltaics, and vehicles). The international standard IEC 61853‐2 presents both outdoor and indoor measurement methods: However, the indoor measurement method for commercial‐size modules is often impractical due to irradiance uniformity limitations on the volume spanned by the tested module upon rotation in most of the solar simulators available on the market. In recent years, new solutions have been proposed to overcome these limitations and allow wider adoption of this standard: However, method validations and interlaboratory comparisons have been conducted so far only on small‐area samples, and a real validation on commercial‐size modules is still missing. In this work, we aim at filling this gap, reporting the results of an interlaboratory comparison conducted within the international project team that is currently working at the new edition of IEC 61853‐2. The results show a remarkable agreement between different measurement methods, thus validating more options for the evaluation of this important effect.

Effects of Biophysical Factors on Light Use Efficiency at Multiple Time Scales in a Chinese Cork Oak Plantation Ecosystem

Light use efficiency (LUE) characterizes the efficiency of vegetation in converting photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) into biomass energy through photosynthesis and is a critical parameter for gross primary productivity (GPP) in terrestrial ecosystems. Based on the eddy covariance measurements of a Chinese cork oak plantation ecosystem in northern China, the temporal variations in LUE were investigated, and biophysical factors were examined at time scales ranging from hours to years. Our results show that diurnal LUE first increased sharply before 8:30 and then decreased gradually until 12:00, thereafter increasing gradually and reaching the maximum value at sunset during the growing season. The daily and monthly LUE first increased and then decreased within a year and showed a substantial drop around June. The annual LUE ranged from 0.09 to 0.17 g C mol photon−1, and the multiyear mean maximal LUE was 0.30 g C mol photon−1 during 2006–2019. Only GPP (positive) and clearness index (CI) (negative) had consistent effects on LUE at different time scales, and the effects of the remaining biophysical factors on LUE were different as the time scale changed. The effects of air temperature, vapor pressure deficit, precipitation, evaporative fraction, and normalized difference vegetation index on LUE were mainly indirect (via PAR and/or GPP). When CI decreased, an increased ratio of diffuse PAR to PAR produced a more uniform irradiance in the canopy, which ultimately resulted in a higher LUE. Due to climate change in our study area, the annual LUE may decrease in the future but improving management practices may slow or even reverse this trend in the annual LUE in the studied Chinese cork oak plantation.

Design and implementation of Type-3 intuitionistic fuzzy logic MPPT controller for PV solar system: Comparative study

The performance of a photovoltaic (PV) solar system is affected by partial shading conditions (PSC) and environmental conditions, such as solar irradiance and ambient temperature, which vary throughout the day. This results in variations in the maximum power point (MPP) on the solar PV output characteristic curve. Therefore, various classical MPP tracking (MPPT) techniques have been used to track the MPP and extract maximum power from PV systems. However, these techniques have drawbacks such as lower stability, increased oscillation around the steady state, and slower convergence to the MPP. To overcome this problem, the newly proposed interval Type-3 intuitionistic fuzzy logic (T3IFL) controller has been proposed. The T3IFL MPPT controller combines the uncertainty of Type-3 fuzzy logic (T3FL) controller with intuitionistic concepts. The T3IFL controller is more accurate and offers faster convergence to the MPP under changing climatic and steady-state conditions than classical techniques and T3FL controller. The T3IFL algorithm provides better performance with excellent MPP tracking by controlling the duty cycle of the DC-DC buck converter. Four cases studied were investigated: uniform radiation conditions, a step change in solar radiation with constant temperature, replacing the battery load with the ohmic load with constant radiation and temperature, and partial shading conditions. Experimental validation of the T3IFL was performed on a DC-DC buck converter using real-time hardware-in-the-loop (HIL). Finally, the simulation and experimental results with comparative studies verified the accuracy of the proposed method in tracking the desired value and disturbance/uncertainty attenuation with better response.

Sand cat swarm optimization based maximum power point tracking technique for photovoltaic system under partial shading conditions

Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) plays a crucial role in photovoltaic systems (PVS). In partial shading conditions (PSCs), the P-V characteristic curves of PVS exhibit multiple peaks. Traditional MPPT algorithms, like perturbation and observation (P&O), may fall into local maximum power points (LMPP) and fail to identify the global maximum power point (GMPP). To address the drawbacks of conventional optimal search algorithms, this paper introduces a bio-inspired approach named Sand Cat Swarm Optimization (SCSO) for maximizing the power output of individual PVS. The SCSO can mitigate the adverse effects of partial shadows on PVS performance by precisely identifying the GMPP. In comparison to other bio-inspired algorithms, SCSO exhibits lower complexity and higher efficiency by utilizing only one optimization parameter. SCSO’s performance is evaluated in four scenarios: uniform irradiance, complex partial shading conditions, step-varying stochastic irradiance, and gradual irradiance. A comparative analysis is conducted with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA), Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO), Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), Moth-Flame Optimization (MFO), Crow Search Algorithm (CSA), Slap-Swarm Optimization (SSA) and P&O, focusing on factors such as high efficiency, accuracy, convergence time, and implementation simplicity. Simulation results demonstrate that, on average, the tracking time improves by 19.91%, achieving an efficiency of over 98% while maximizing energy yield. Simultaneously, experimental results indicate that the SCSO is capable of tracking to a larger power output in a shorter time, with an average tracking efficiency improvement of 3.16%.

Open-slit circular tube piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer with longitudinal bending mode conversion

Abstract A new type of longitudinal bending mode conversion ultrasonic transducer is designed by compounding a sandwich type piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer, amplitude transformer and Open-slit circular tube radiator. The radiator is made of a circular tube cut into a number of curved plates along the axis, and the two ends are thin disc end caps. The electromechanical equivalent circuit model of the transducer is established and its frequency equation is derived. The vibration performance of the transducer is studied by using the equivalent circuit method and the finite element method. The results show that: the new structure design and the longitudinal vibration sandwich piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer can effectively stimulate the two ends of the slit circular tube radiator to produce first-order bending vibration, and the curved plate to produce high-order bending vibration, so as to achieve high efficiency, uniform and all-round ultrasonic radiation. The research results are expected to be applied in ultrasonic treatment of large volume liquid such as ultrasonic wastewater treatment, ultrasonic algae removal and ultrasonic chemical reaction.

Optical characterization and thermal performance of a novel solar dryer with dynamic control of solar radiation

In this study, a novel adaptive solar dryer with a coating of polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (PDLC) was designed, built, and characterized to evaluate its optical properties and thermal performance by modulating the transmission of solar radiation toward the drying chamber. PDLC films can electrically switch between opaque and transparent states, making them ideal for controlling solar radiation. Unlike conventional direct dryers, the proposed solar drying system takes advantage of direct solar radiation, known for its rapid drying process, while minimizing the impact on product properties. The results show that the PDLC coating exhibited a significant difference in transmittance between the “on” and “off” states under ambient conditions. At 400 nm, the transmittance varied by 20 %, increasing to 30 % at 450 nm. The solar dryer with dynamic control of solar irradiance constantly maintained a temperature range of 52.19 °C–57 °C. Lower relative humidity values were achieved compared to the uncontrolled solar dryer, resulting in a uniform irradiance distribution within the drying cabinet. The solar dryer with dynamic control of solar irradiance (acrylic and PDLC film) presents a total thermal resistance (0.02817 mK/W) exhibiting better heat permanence inside the drying cabinet compared to polycarbonate (one of the materials most used for drying systems). The system's thermal efficiency ensures reliable operation regardless of weather conditions, efficiently capturing and converting solar energy into heat.

A comprehensive comparison of advanced metaheuristic photovoltaic maximum power tracking algorithms during dynamic and static environmental conditions

This study introduces a novel technique for achieving the global peak (GP) in solar photovoltaic (PV) systems under partial shadowing conditions (PSC) using the Dandelion Optimizer Algorithm (DOA), inspired by the dispersal of dandelion seeds in the wind. The proposed approach aims to enhance the power generation efficiency of PV systems across various scenarios, including dynamic uniform, dynamic PSCs, static uniform irradiances, and static PSCs. The proposed approach improves tracking efficiency, provides non-oscillatory steady-state responses, and reduces transients as well as enhancing the dynamic performance of the whole system. Simulation and hardware-in-loop (HIL) experiments demonstrate that the DOA outperforms several state-of-the-art techniques, such as hybrid grey wolf optimizer since-cosine algorithm (HGWOSCA), grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA), dragonfly optimizer (DFO), particle swarm optimizer with gravitational search (PSOGS), PSO, cuckoo search algorithm (CSA), perturb &observe (P&O), and incremental conductance (INC), achieving average efficiencies of 99.93 %, 88.84 %, 94.48 %, 87.12 %, 88.05 %, 94.79 %, 93.82 %, 85.25 %, and 77.93 %, respectively. These results underscore the DOA's effectiveness in improving maximum power point tracking (MPPT) performance in solar arrays, particularly under challenging dynamic PSC conditions.

Зависимость величины сигнала от смещения функции рассеяния точки, вписанной в четыре пиксела матрицы

An algorithm has been developed for calculating changes in the signal level of a matrix pixel when the point scattering function is shifted at an angle of 45º relative to the joining point of 4 matrix pixels. In the initial state of the point spread function, the point is inscribed in four pixels. The spectral sensitivity of a pixel is constant within the pixel area. The distribution of pixel irradiance in the point spread function in the form of uniform irradiance is considered. Method. The calculation is based on the method of dividing the point spread function on each pixel of the matrix into separate areas for which the signal is calculated. The displacement of the point scattering function by Δx along the X axis and by Δy along the Y axis is taken in a form normalized to the radius of the spot. To create a two-dimensional graph of the dependence of the pixel signal on the displacement of the point scattering function along the X, Y axes, we introduce the relative displacement of the point scattering function η. Main results. An algorithm has been developed for calculating changes in the signal level of a matrix pixel when the point scattering function is shifted relative to the matrix pixels for the case of pixel irradiation in the lens scattering circle in the form of uniform irradiance. The dependence of the normalized matrix pixel signal on the relative displacement of the point scattering function η at an angle of 45º has been plotted for the above case of irradiation. Practical significance. Matrix photodetectors are widely used in guidance and tracking systems for space objects and astronomical sensors. For a defocused optical system, uniform distribution is used. When the point scattering function shifts relative to the joining point of the four pixels of the matrix, the matrix signal drops, which, with a low signal-to-noise ratio, can lead to a breakdown in tracking or an increase in the error in measuring the angular coordinates of a space object. The results of these studies can be used to model a target guidance system and determine target coordinates.

Practical guidance on the assessment of radiation risks for diagnostic radiological examinations.

Patient doses cannot be limited; instead, radiological examinations should be justified and optimized to ensure the necessary diagnostic or therapeutic effect with the lowest patient dose achievable. Assessment of the radiation risks from patient exposure is important part of the justification process. Hence, medical staff within the framework of their professional activities should possess necessary information on the data on radiation risk from different types of radiological procedures. An approach has been developed that allows considering age and gender dependences of the risk coefficients of radiogenic cancer and the age and gender distribution of patients for various radiological examinations to assess the individual radiation risk for patient and collective risk for population from medical exposure. The approach is based on a new expanded use of the effective dose concept proposed in ICRP Publication 147 and demonstrated using the medical exposure in the Russian Federation as the example. For 30 radiological examinations that compose about 80% of the collective dose from medical exposure of the public in the Russian Federation radiation risk was assessed based on calculated age and gender specific risk coefficients per unit effective dose. For the rest of the examinations a simplified approach was used to assess the risk, which was based on using an age and gender specific risk coefficient determined for one of 4 anatomical regions (head, neck, chest and abdomen) or for uniform irradiation of the whole body. The proposed approach allows significantly improving the assessment of the radiation risk while continuing to use the effective dose as a dosimetric quantity within the framework of the state program in the Russian Federation. As a result the collective risk from medical examinations in the Russian Federation in 2022 was lower by the factor of 3 compared to the previous assessment based on the effective dose with the nominal risk coefficient.

Experimental study on a solar thermoelectric power generation system under non-uniform irradiation

Non-uniform irradiation caused by high light concentration significantly affects the performance of the solar thermoelectric power generation system, but the research remains at the theoretical stage. This paper establishes an experimental setup for the solar thermoelectric system and conducts a comprehensive experimental study of the system operating under non-uniform irradiation. The temperature, power and efficiency of the systems are tested for different input powers, cooling methods and structures, and irradiation uniformity. The results indicate that the output power of the solar thermoelectric system slightly increases and then decreases as the irradiation uniformity increases. The system’s output power is minimized when the irradiation uniformity approaches 100%. The optimum irradiation uniformity of the solar thermoelectric system is 47.4% and the maximum efficiency is 1.495%, which is an improvement of 7.6% compared to the efficiency of 98.4% irradiation uniformity. The performance of the solar thermoelectric system can be further improved by using a double-layer TE structure. At a concentration ratio of only 12.4, the double-layer system connected in series achieved a maximum efficiency of 2.06%, which is 0.55% higher than the single-layer system. The importance of optimizing irradiation uniformity to improve system performance is experimentally revealed. These results are important for clarifying the operating principle of the solar thermoelectric system under non-uniform irradiation and can guide the subsequent design of high-efficiency solar thermoelectric systems.

Photovoltaic energy harvesting booster under partially shaded conditions using MPPT based sand cat swarm optimizer

Photovoltaic (PV) systems perform a vital role in addressing the worldwide energy crisis and fulfilling the escalating energy demand. The variability in irradiance, temperature, and unpredictable weather conditions possess a direct impact on the productivity of PV systems. Furthermore, the existence of partially shaded conditions intensifies the complexity of PV systems, resulting in significant power degradation. These conditions present significant challenges for PV systems to achieve maximum power output and produce optimal energy. To address the prevailing challenges, this study introduces a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control methodology utilizing a sand cat swarm optimizer (SCSO). This ingenious strategy adapts the sand cat hunting style. The investigation centers on optimizing energy harvesting in PV systems, with a specific emphasis on enhancing precision, rapid convergence, and minimizing oscillations. The suggested SCSO performance is evaluated under a variety of weather situations, including both instances of partially shaded and uniform irradiance. The SCSO results are juxtaposed with other existing bio-inspired algorithms, such as grey wolf optimization (GWO), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and tunicate swarm algorithm (TSA). The proposed SCSO technique achieves 99.94 % tracking accuracy on average and shows superior performance, with faster tracking response and less power oscillation. Moreover, the proposed SCSO generates significantly more energy than the rest compared algorithms. The performance of the suggested method is further validated through a hardware-based experimental assessment, demonstrating an optimal level of tracking performance.

An innovative design and metrological testing to evaluate the performance of UV phototherapy devices

Narrowband UVB is the main type of light used to treat various dermatological conditions by administering appropriate doses. In this study, a new design was developed for an open-plan phototherapy device and assessed whether this could improve uniformity and deliver a higher dose, thus reducing treatment times. On the other hand, the uniformity and irradiation dose of a current model of (UV) phototherapy device were investigated. A simulation software was used to present the comparison of the simulated irradiation measurements and uniformity estimation for both the present device and the proposed device. In comparison to a present model of UV therapy device measurements, the results showed that the suggested (UV) phototherapy design device increased the irradiation dose value by 10%, improved the uniformity by 9.3%, and consequently reducing the exposure time by 13%. On the other hand, for both the current (UV) phototherapy equipment and the suggested design device, the irradiation loss value resulting from any UV lamp inefficiency was also calculated. The current model device’s loss value percentage was 15%, however, the loss value of the suggested design for the UV phototherapy device was between 3 and 4%. Based on the results discussed throughout the paper, the findings indicate that the suggested design is promising for UV phototherapy applications.

Influence of Absorbing Layers on the Average Dose and Dose Uniformity during Irradiation with 1–3 MeV Electrons

Electron beams with energies up to 3 MeV, widely used in technological and research practice, have a relatively low penetration depth into matter, and the inhomogeneity of energy absorption can reach 30% per 1 mm of path. High heterogeneity, as well as the high cost of radiation, requires the researcher to have skills in optimizing the uniformity of irradiation and reducing energy losses. This work presents the dependences of the average absorbed dose and dose heterogeneity for irradiation of liquid with a horizontal beam in test tubes or tubes with different glass wall thicknesses (0.2–2 mm Pyrex). The dependences are applicable to refining, predicting, and analyzing the distribution of absorbed dose in materials.