Irradiation Of Grains Research Articles

Selecting the source of the UV irradiation of grain in the belt-type plant

Selecting the source of the UV irradiation of grain in the belt-type plant

Ultraviolet-C irradiation of wheat grains induces seedling resistance to leaf rust and powdery mildew disease

Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiation of grains activated the antioxidant system and wheat seedlings’ resistance to leaf rust and powdery mildew disease under greenhouse conditions. Two wheat cultivars (Gemmeiza-12 and Sids-1) with dry and germinated grains were treated with UV-C at three exposure times (5, 10, and 15 minutes). The results indicated that the percentages of disease severity and infection type for leaf rust and powdery mildew on wheat seedlings were significantly reduced when exposed to UVC at all exposure times compared to the untreated control. The most effective treatments for both cultivars were obtained in seedlings grown from germinated grains treated with UV-C for 10 minutes. Furthermore, UV-C irradiation treatments improved plant resistance to infection by activating certain defense genes, thereby increasing the production of resistance compounds that support defense mechanisms against pathogens. Our results demonstrated that UV-C for 10 minutes can induce resistance in wheat seedlings while also increasing total chlorophyll, total phenolic compounds, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and peroxidase activity. In addition, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase mRNA expression levels were significantly increased in seedlings growing from germinated grains treated with UV-C for 10 minutes, as compared to both infected and uninfected controls. These findings demonstrate the potential for additional UV-C radiation treatments to enhance disease resistance.

In Situ Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry of Ionic Fragments Induced by Focused Electron Beam Irradiation: Investigation of Electron Driven Surface Chemistry inside an SEM under High Vacuum.

Recent developments in nanoprinting using focused electron beams have created a need to develop analysis methods for the products of electron-induced fragmentation of different metalorganic compounds. The original approach used here is termed focused-electron-beam-induced mass spectrometry (FEBiMS). FEBiMS enables the investigation of the fragmentation of electron-sensitive materials during irradiation within the typical primary electron beam energy range of a scanning electron microscope (0.5 to 30 keV) and high vacuum range. The method combines a typical scanning electron microscope with an ion-extractor-coupled mass spectrometer setup collecting the charged fragments generated by the focused electron beam when impinging on the substrate material. The FEBiMS of fragments obtained during 10 keV electron irradiation of grains of silver and copper carboxylates and shows that the carboxylate ligand dissociates into many smaller volatile fragments. Furthermore, in situ FEBiMS was performed on carbonyls of ruthenium (solid) and during electron-beam-induced deposition, using tungsten carbonyl (inserted via a gas injection system). Loss of carbonyl ligands was identified as the main channel of dissociation for electron irradiation of these carbonyl compounds. The presented results clearly indicate that FEBiMS analysis can be expanded to organic, inorganic, and metal organic materials used in resist lithography, ice (cryo-)lithography, and focused-electron-beam-induced deposition and becomes, thus, a valuable versatile analysis tool to study both fundamental and process parameters in these nanotechnology fields.

Technologies of obtaining concentrated molasses from cereal grain raw material

Results of the studies of processes involved in obtaining concentrated molasses from the grain raw material (wheat) are reported. One of the methods to enhance grain concentration for obtaining molasses is the introduction of the stage of additional treatment of grains. Grain irradiation by the infrared light was used as the preliminary treatment. It is established that IR irradiation of grains causes a decrease in strength-related characteristics, violation of the integrity of grain hulls, as well as partial destruction of starch granules in grains. These transformations simplify subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of cereal starch, which makes it possible to increase the concentration of grain raw material during production of molasses. Concentrated molasses have a higher carbohydrate content, which enables to decrease the amount of molasses per animal for feeding, and reduce the feed expenditures. Concentrated molasses can be stored for a long time. All these measures enhance the profitability of molasses production from grains. Enzymatic conversion of grains was carried out in a mechanoenzymatic reactor of original design. A conclusion is made that it is reasonable to apply the results obtained in the development of the improved technology of manufacturing concentrated molasses from different kinds of cereal grain raw material subjected to preliminarily IR treatment.

Effect of electromagnetic irradiation of emmer wheat grain on the yield of flattened wholegrain cereal

The effect of water-heat treatment and time of electromagnetic irradiation on the yield and quality of flattened wholegrain cereal from emmer wheat is investigated. A comparative analysis of cereal yield and cooking time at different moisture contents and time of electromagnetic irradiation of grain before flattening is carried out. The degree of influence of the investigated factors on the total yield of flattened wholegrain cereal and high-grade flattened cereal is determined.The effect of electromagnetic irradiation on the yield of high-grade flattened cereal is significant. Moistening does not affect the overall cereal yield. The highest total yield of cereal was obtained after grain irradiation for 20–80 s, and the lowest – after 180 s. The highest yield of high-grade flattened cereal was obtained with an irradiation time of 80–100 s, while the lowest – 20 s.Moistening of emmer wheat grain by 1.0 % allows increasing the yield of high-grade flattened cereal from 89.6 to 92.3 %. In this case, the optimal irradiation time is reduced from 100 to 80 s.It is found that emmer wheat grain cereal is of high culinary quality. The cooking time of high-grade cereal is reduced as a result of moistening and electromagnetic irradiation of grain. With short-term electromagnetic irradiation of grain (20 s), the cooking time of high-grade cereal is 19.1 minutes, and after long-term (180 s) it decreased to 15.9 minutes.The use of optimal processing parameters (moistening by 1.0 %, irradiation for 80–100 s) provides the 91.7–92.3 % yield of high-grade wholegrain flattened cereal with a culinary score of 7.3 points. The cereal quality meets the requirements of DSTU 76992015. The difference from the classical method is the use of unhulled emmer wheat grain. The developed recommendations can be used by enterprises to intensify production

Використання індукованого мутагенезу для створення пшениці м’якої ярої з крохмалем типу ваксі

The purpose. To establish efficient doses of -irradiation of grain of wheat for formation of its amylose-free genotypes, and to create on this basis a line for the further selection of grades of wheat with starch of waxy type. Methods. Biophysical, biochemical, computing-analytical, morphometric. As mutagen factor they used g-irradiation of 60Co in different doses (100; 150 and 200 Gr (Gray)). Lines of wheat irradiated with the purpose of improvement of their adaptive potential to natural settings of Ukraine. Well adapted grade of wheat Kharkivska 30 was irradiated with the purpose of induction of waxy mutation. Results. Effective doses of -irradiation for creation of amylose-free lines of soft spring wheat were established. They selected specific primers to waxy genes in all three genomes of hexaploid wheat. For each pair of primers the comfort temperature of amplification was specified. By means of molecular markers mutant genotypes of wheat with amylose-free type of starch were selected. On the basis of mutant genotypes and local grades they created and transmitted in laboratory of selection of spring wheat 2 lines with waxy starch. Conclusions. The carried out researches have confirmed efficiency of use of the induced mutagenesis for creation of genotypes of soft spring wheat with amylose-free type of starch. On the basis of mutant samples with the changed distillation characteristic of starch new lines of soft spring wheat with a complex of valuable economic attributes — Liutescens 12/16 and Liutescens 30/16 are created. The first line is characterized by early growth, duration of vegetative period — 90–93 days, durability to lodging, average productivity — 2,2–3 t/hectare, protein content — 13,1–14,2%, amylopectin in starch — 99,8–99,9%. At the second line vegetative period — 89–91 days, resistant to lodging, height of plants — 50–52 cm, average productivity — 2,3–3,1 t/hectare, protein content — 13,3–14,4%, amylopectin in starch — 99,8–99,9%.

Spawn By Irradiation of Grains and Mushroom Production

Sterilization of grains for spawn preparation is a means of contamination control in and around the media. To avoid the tedious procedure of steam sterilization, 60 Co ɣ- irradiation was used to sterilize the mature and uniform quality wheat grains var. sharbati. The irradiation dose was standardized in order to destroy all the spores inside the grains and any glassware or polypacks contaminants. The effects of irradiation on the spawn shelf life and the yield of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) were studied. Total food reserves to sustain the mycelium for longer periods were also compared. Standard spawn as per Stoller-1962 was used as control. Samples were prepared in half-liter glass jars and 1-litre polypacks and were incubated for 14 and 21 days, respectively. An irradiation dose of 3.8 mega rads was found to be most effective for best quality (shelf life), maximum food reserves of spawn and yield of button mushroom. Constraints of steam sterilization like overcooking, shaking of autoclaved bottles, altitude of spawn laboratory, wetting of cotton plugs, and loss of food reserves were also checked.

CONTAMINATION OF GRAINS BY MYCOTOXIN‐PRODUCING MOLDS AND MYCOTOXINS AND CONTROL BY GAMMA IRRADIATION

ABSTRACT Ninety random grain samples were collected and analyzed for mycotoxins, and the effect of gamma irradiation on the production of mycotoxins in grains was studied. Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, Rhizopus, Fusarium, Alternaria, Scopulariopsis and Cladosporium were the most common fungal genera isolated from grains. Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus candidus, Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium expansum, Penicillium citreonigrum, Penicillium purpurogenum, Penicillium griseofulvum and Penicillium verrucosumwere the most common Aspergillus and Penicillium species in grains. Out of 120 Aspergillus and Penicillium isolates, 80 were mycotoxin producers. Analysis of grains revealed the occurrence of aflatoxin B1 ochratoxin A, cycolopiazonic acid and citrinin. Of the 90 samples, 67 were positive for one or more mycotoxin. Irradiation of grains at dose of 2.0 and 4.0 kGy decreased significantly the total fungal counts compared with unirradiated controls. After 100 days of storage at room temperature, the unirradiated grains were contaminated with high concentrations of mycotoxins as compared with irradiated 4.0‐kGy samples. Mycotoxin production in grains decreased with increasing irradiation doses and was not detected at 6.0 kGy over 100 days of storage.

Complex High-Frequency Technology Protection of Grain Against Pests

The results of experimental investigation of physical methods are presented for suppressing of biological activity of grain and grain product pests: harmful insects at each developmental stage except eggs (Insecta), mites (Arachnida, Acanformes) and microscopic fungi and bacteria. The technologies under development for disinfestation and disinfection of grain are based on irradiation of grain by modulated pulses of high-frequency (HF) electromagnetic fields and on simultaneous action of a complex offactors: vacuum and HF-field induced plasma. The threshold value of the electric field intensity for total insect mortality was found to be Ē = 4.0 — 5.0 kV/cm in the pulse mode at the base frequency of 47.5 MHz. When the combined technology is used, conditions are created in the irradiation chamberfor HF-discharge and plasmafonnation, which are very strong factors influencing the biological organisms. These raise the energy (and cost) efficiency (approximately $2 — 3 per tonne of grain) of the combined technology for destruction of grain pests with complete environmental safety.

Gas-rich meteorites: Probes for particle environment and dynamical processes in the inner solar system

The discovery in the early sixties of precompaction solar wind irradiation records in the gas-rich meteorites opened up the possibility of studying the solar activity at different epochs in the distant past. Subsequent studies in several meteorites have led to the discovery of the precompaction records of irradiation of constituent grains by solar wind, solar flare and galactic cosmic ray particles. There are also microcraters resulting from their collisions with interplanetary dust grains. Analyses of these records and their observed similarity with those found in the lunar samples led to the hypothesis that the precompaction records in individual components of these meteorites were imprinted while they were residing in the near surface region of their parent bodies, most probably the asteroids. Although the asteroids are the most plausible candidates for the parent bodies of gas-rich meteorites, there exist certain dynamical arguments which tend to favor a cometary origin in certain cases. Also, recent studies indicate that in the case of gas-rich carbonaceous chondrites solar flare irradiation of grains may have occurred prior to formation of the parent bodies.

Organic chemistry by irradiation in space

The irradiation of grains and/or ices by particles from solar or stellar winds, as well as cosmic rays, induces the synthesis of molecular species. We have shown by in-situ infrared spectroscopy of irradiated samples that this chemistry may be responsible for the presence of organic compounds in a large variety of astrophysical sites such as: lunar and asteroidal regoliths, cometary nucleus, rings and satellites of outer planets, circumstellar shells, interstellar clouds. We present our experimental results concerning the nature and efficiency of C and N irradiation chemistries, and give plausible astrophysical implications.

Dose rate effects on survival of two insect species which commonly infest stored corn

A study of the dose rate effects on survival of two species of insects which commonly infest commercial maize in Mexico ( Tribolium castaneum and Prostephanus truncatus ) was under taken using 60Co gamma radiation and 1.0 MeV electrons, to determine whether an optimum dose rate exists for the irradiation of grain infested with these insects. Experiments have shown that the effectiveness of gamma and electron irradiation were not influenced by dose rates from 10 to 120 Gy/min for 60Co and 35 to 300 Gy/min for electrons when the insects were irradiated at 250 Gy. Survival curves for each species are presented for both types of radiation.

A quasicylindrical source

This source is better than one of squirrel-cage type as regards dose uniformity by a factor 2–4, which should result in much more accurate irradiation of grain, and also some saving in source costs. The performance of the source is better than that of existing sources by a substantial factor, because there is no self-absorption in point sources, and the accessory chambers provide additional working volume, while a proper disposition of the cassettes provides the necessary dose with the minimal possible radius. The quasicylindrical source is also more transportable than others, because of the lower shielding weight, which simplifies the design of gamma sources by reducing the weight and cost by factors of 2–3. The quasicylindrical source with 9 cassettes should be used in equipments for irradiating grain, while the source with 13 cassettes, which has elevated uniformity, should be used in determining optimal doses and in performing radiation chemistry and physical studies.