Addition Of Iron Powder Research Articles

Analisis Pengaruh Serbuk Besi Sebagai Substitusi Agregat Halus pada Lataston Lapis Aus (HRS-WC) Terhadap Kinerja Jalan Beraspal

Damage to flexible pavements is still commonly found in Indonesia. As technology develops, there is some research regarding using iron powder as an alternative replacement material for asphalt mixtures. This research used iron powder waste as a substitute for fine aggregate in Hot Rolled Sheet–Wearing Course with levels of 0%,15%,30%, and 45%. The purpose of this research to determine the Optimum Asphalt Content (OAC) and optimum percentage of iron powder waste addition as a substitute for fine aggregate to the indicator of Marshall test based on The General Specification of Bina Marga 2018 (Revision 2). Based on Marshall testing that has been carried out, the OAC values are 7,5% with an average of stability 2040,46 kg, flow 3,40 mm, MQ 600,24 kg/mm, voids in mix 4,69%, voids in mineral aggregate 18,30%, and voids filled with asphalt 74,39%. While the optimum percentage of iron powder value is 13% with an average of stability 2091,90 kg, flow 3,17 mm, MQ 662,79 kg/mm, voids in mix 3,92%, voids in mineral aggregate 17,59%, and voids filled with asphalt 77,72%. The result met the General Specification of Bina Marga 2018 (Revision 2). The addition of iron powder as a substitute for fine aggregate in HRS-WC is can increase stability but reduce air voids in the asphalt mixture. This result makes the asphalt mixture more impermeable and plastic.

Iron powder in-situ catalytic pyrolysis on coated wooden board: Kinetic, products, and recovery

Catalytic pyrolysis is a promising method for the resource utilization of wooden waste, and in-situ catalysis enhances the process and reduces treatment costs. The selection of catalysts is crucial, as their catalytic effect and service life directly impact treatment effectiveness and economic benefits. In this study, iron powder was utilized to examine its potential in in-situ catalytic pyrolysis of coated wooden boards. The results showed that some of the iron powder could compete for oxygen from lignin/ hemicellulose during the early pyrolysis stage, resulting in the formation of FeO and a decrease in CO2. The formed FeO then promoted cellulose decomposition, reducing the pyrolysis activation energy by 26% ∼ 48%. Despite the addition of iron powder, no obvious impact was observed on the distribution of product yields. However, there are differences in the specific composition: the gas products showed a decrease of CO2 by 26% and CH4 by 13%, while the bio-oil showed an increase of phenol by 8%. This revealed that the iron powder primarily changed the energy barrier of the pyrolysis reaction. There was magnetic separation followed by particle size screening for the recovery of solid products. After separation, the recovery rate of iron powder was determined to be only 65.39%. Two kinds of char particles appeared in the separated products: magnetic (M3) and non-magnetic (NM). Approximately 44.45% of total Fe (from Fe powder and coating materials) contents and 73.62% of total Ti (main metal in the primary coating) were found in M3, while only 1.32% and 10.90% in NM, respectively. Interestingly, the distribution of elements Zn, Ba, and Mg was found to be opposite to that of Fe, which mainly distributed in NM and M2. It might be attributed to the primary coating on the M3 surface, which likely to help facilitated the adsorption of iron particles according to the combination of SEM/EDS and ICP-MS results. The adsorption competition effect of Fe and other metals resulted in significant differences in the distribution of metals on several char particles.

Investigation of ICRFB hybrid rebalancing systems

Due to their intermittent nature, the increased use of renewable energy sources requires further development in energy storage systems. Redox flow batteries (RFBs) have emerged as a promising solution, where the iron-chromium RFB (ICRFB), due to its lower electrolyte costs, offers a cheaper alternative to the established all-vanadium RFB (VRFB). However, the ICRFB system requires a rebalance system to mitigate its capacity decay. This study aimed to assess the operational suitability of rebalancing with either iron or vanadium as proposed in a patent by Wei and Li. The iron-based rebalancing successfully restored lost capacity of an imbalanced electrolyte but faced challenges in recovering the spent electrolyte due to the required addition of iron powder, which led to an increased iron concentration requiring correction with chromium chloride in HCl, effectively making new electrolyte. While the vanadium rebalancing method was suitable, it resulted in vanadium crossover into the RFB when using cation exchange membranes (Nafion 212, 115 or 117) in the rebalance cell. Long-term operation (200 cycles), using an anion exchange membrane (FAP450), showed reduced crossover but presented challenges such as active species loss, HCl loss, and membrane fouling.

Exploration of the sulfur removal mechanism of diphenyl sulfone loaded on activated carbon during Fe-assisted pyrolysis

ABSTRACT Iron-assisted pyrolysis (Fe-assisted pyrolysis) is a high-efficiency technique to remove sulfur from low-rank coal. However, the sulfur removal mechanism of Fe-assisted pyrolysis did not compressively address. For filling this gap, this study explored the sulfur removal mechanism of diphenyl sulfone during Fe-assisted pyrolysis based on the factor optimization of desulfurization performance. The iron powder under the optimal conditions of Fe-assisted pyrolysis was characterized with X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), showing that FeS and some FeS2 were formed on the surface of post-pyrolysis iron powder. Gas chromatography (GC) analysis manifested that the addition of iron powder in the pyrolysis process could considerably reduce the SO2 emission. GC and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) analyses demonstrated that there was C–S bond broken in the diphenyl sulfone structure during Fe-assisted pyrolysis. From the results of thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry (TG-MS), the addition of iron powder in the pyrolysis process could enhance the reaction rate and reduce the temperature required for the reaction. We believe that the results of the present study provided a theoretical basis for a profound understanding of the desulfurization mechanism of Fe-assisted pyrolysis.

Dealing with Dust Entrained in the Nitrogen Plume Demonstration.

Water condensation plumes produced by the addition of iron powder to liquid nitrogen can be contaminated with small quantities of particulate matter. Variations on the plume demonstration, including those using noisemakers, are described to help minimize the release of particulates into the air.

Effects of Iron, Lime, and Porous Ceramic Powder Additives on Methane Production from Brewer's Spent Grain in the Anaerobic Digestion Process.

The process of anaerobic digestion used for methane production can be enhanced by dosing various additive materials. The effects of these materials are dependent on various factors, including the processed substrate, process conditions, and the type and amount of the additive material. As part of the study, three different materials-iron powder, lime, and milled porous ceramic-were added to the 30-day anaerobic digestion of the brewer's spent grain to improve its performance. Different doses ranging from 0.2 to 2.3 gTS × L-1 were tested, and methane production kinetics were determined using the first-order model. The results showed that the methane yield ranged from 281.4 ± 8.0 to 326.1 ± 9.3 mL × gVS-1, while substrate biodegradation ranged from 56.0 ± 1.6 to 68.1 ± 0.7%. The addition of lime reduced the methane yield at almost all doses by -6.7% to -3.3%, while the addition of iron powder increased the methane yield from 0.8% to 9.8%. The addition of ceramic powder resulted in a methane yield change ranging from -2.6% to 4.6%. These findings suggest that the use of additive materials should be approached with caution, as even slight changes in the amount used can impact methane production.

A Simple Process for the Recovery of Rare Earth Elements and Iron from Sulfuric Acid Leaching Solution of NdFeB Magnets by Double Salt Precipitation

ABSTRACT Recovery of rare earth elements (REEs) from spent NdFeB magnets is important to meet the increasing demand for magnets and high-tech applications. In general, pretreatments of spent NdFeB magnets are necessary to recover REEs such as Nd, Pr, and Ce from the magnets. In this work, a simple process was proposed to recover REEs without any pretreatment of NdFeB magnets by using precipitation of REE(III) double salt. The correlations among several variables on the precipitation of REE(III) double salt were investigated by using synthetic solutions such as the molar ratio of Na(I) and sulfuric acid to Nd(III), the concentration of Nd(III) and Fe(III). The REES and iron present in NdFeB magnets were completely dissolved in 2 M H2SO4 solution at room temperature. The dissolved REE(III) ions were then directly separated by precipitation of double salt when Na2SO4 was added at 80°C. After REEs precipitation, the addition of iron powder to the filtrate at room temperature reduced Fe(III) to Fe(II) and removed a small amount of Cu(II) and Co(II) by cementation. Then Fe(II) and Na2SO4 were separated by precipitation of Fe(OH)2 when solution pH was adjusted to 8. The conditions for the precipitation of Nd(III) double salt were thermodynamically verified. Mass balance of continuous experiments indicated that it was possible to recover REEs and iron with high purity by the proposed process in this work.

Assessing the Efficiency of Ion Exchange Resins for the Recovery of Scandium from Sulfuric Acid Leaching Solutions

Scandium, a valuable element with restricted production sources mainly situated in China and Russia, is typically obtained as a by-product during the production of various materials. As the demand for scandium grows in the expanding aluminum and fuel cell industries, and with significant investments in rare earth mining in the USA and Australia, there is a need to explore alternative recovery sources. This research investigates the recovery of scandium from an acid pregnant leaching solution using ion exchange resins. The pregnant leaching solution was obtained after the leaching of bauxite residue with sulfuric acid. Commercial resins with different functional groups were tested for their performance in scandium extraction. In addition, the co-adsorption of impurities, such as iron and titanium, was studied. The feed solution consisted of 12.7 mg/L Sc and main impurities of 272 mg/L Fe and 33.6 mg/L Ti and was pretreated before the ion exchange process by acidification with sulfuric acid and iron powder addition to suppress silica gel formation and minimize the Fe(III) content in the solution accordingly. Among the tested resins, a D2EHPA-impregnated resin had high selectivity for Sc towards Ti, while a monophosphonic resin was also a promising option since it had a higher capacity for Sc but co-extracted Ti. These findings offer promising opportunities for the recovery of scandium from acid leaching solutions and could contribute to addressing the growing demand for this valuable element.

Inhibition of Fe4Ge3O12 formation in the leaching process of zinc oxide dust containing germanium by ultrasonic and iron powder

Low leaching efficiency of germanium has always been a difficult point hindering the efficient utilization of zinc oxide dust containing germanium. Based on the previous research results that the formation of insoluble Fe4Ge3O12 leads to germanium loss in the leaching process, a new process of reduction leaching of zinc oxide dust containing germanium enhanced by ultrasonic and iron powder is proposed. Under optimized conditions, the germanium leaching efficiency can be increased by 9.17%, reaching 93.43%. When leaching, the addition of iron powder can reduce the Fe3+ formed in the leaching process and hinder the formation of insoluble Fe4Ge3O12, which can increase the leaching efficiency of germanium by 5.30%. At the same time, strong mechanical action of ultrasonic can fully disperse the iron powder in the leaching system, avoiding the phenomenon of insufficient local reduction. More importantly, the addition of ultrasonic can reduce the dissolved oxygen in the solution system and produce strong reducing hydrogen free radicals (H), strengthening the reduction leaching effect, thus the germanium leaching efficiency is further increased by 3.87%. The research results provide a new method and theoretical guidance for the efficient utilization of zinc oxide dust containing germanium, which is of great significance.

The effect of adding tiny granules on the adsorption characteristics of granulated coal

ABSTRACT Water-based fracturing fluid is a key component in coal bed methane (CBM) extraction, which is a promising way forward for the green extraction of methane. The adsorption by coal is highly affected by tiny particles in the fracturing fluid. Aiming at exploring the effect of mixing non-adsorbent particles into coal on the adsorption, an atmospheric pressure granulated coal adsorption system with a flow meter was designed to perform tests. During the experiments, the effect of coal particle size, coal mass, and addition of tiny granules on adsorption was analyzed. The obtained results show that the addition of iron powder reduces the adsorption capacity and average adsorption rate of granular coal, and makes the adsorption speed peak earlier. It is found that the change in the adsorption amount has a weak positive correlation with the coal particle size, and the change of the average adsorption rate has a weak positive correlation with the size. However, in the absence of iron powder, the average adsorption rate is negatively correlated with the coal size, and the effect of the coal mass on the average adsorption rate and adsorption capacity is very weak. In large granular coal, the adsorption capacity is independent of size. Under the experimental conditions, strong adsorption occurred between 500 and 1750 s, and the adsorption kinetic process showed a slow-fast-slow “S”- curved distribution.

Effect of Sintering Temperature and Iron Addition on Properties and Microstructure of High Speed Steel Based Materials Produced by Spark Plasma Sintering Method

Attempts were made to describe the effect of the sintering temperature and pure iron powder addition on the properties of HSS-based materials produced by the spark plasma sintering method (SPS). After sintering, their density, hardness, flexural strength, and tribological properties were determined. The sintered materials were also subjected to microstructural analysis to determine the phenomena occurring at the particle contact boundaries during sintering. On the basis of analysis of the obtained results, it was found that the mechanical properties and microstructure were mainly influenced by the sintering temperature, which was selected in relation to the previously tested steel M3/2, adjusted upwards due to its chemical composition. The use of the temperature of 1050 °C allows materials to be obtained with a density close to the theoretical density (97%), characterized by a high hardness of about 360 HB. The addition of iron slightly reduces the hardness and also increases the flexural strength to 577 MPa. There was no diffusion of the alloying elements from the steel to the iron due to the short time of exposure to the sintering temperature.

Термическое разложение дистиллята каменноугольной смолы в присутствии нанопорошка железа

Impact of the nanosized iron powder on the process of thermal degradation of coal tar distillate was determined by the thermogravimetric analysis. Coal tar distillate was obtained by simple distillation up to 350°C of primary coal tar from the Shubarkol deposit. Iron powder was obtained by electrochemical reduction of iron from sulfate electrolytes at simultaneous impact of high-voltage electric discharge on cathodic zone. Scanning electron microscopy showed that iron powder consists of nanosized particles (30-124 nm) forming aggregates. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the presence of α-Fe and FeO(OH) phases. The average crystallite size determination was made using Scherrer equation and amounted to 31.7 nm. Obtained iron powder was added to the coal tar distillate in amount of 1% of distillate weight and this mixture was subjected to thermal degradation at heating rate 5°C/min in an inert atmosphere. Processing of the data obtained was carried out using the model-fitting Coats-Redfern method. The values of activation energy were calculated from the linear approximation constructed as a result of processing thermoanalytical data. It was found that the addition of iron powder in amount of 1% to the coal tar distillate reduces the activation energy from 153.98 kJ/mol to 84.48 kJ/mol.

Electromagnetic (EM) wave absorption properties of cementitious building composites containing MnZn ferrite: Preferable effective bandwidth and thickness via iron and graphite addition

Long-term EM radiation seriously affects human physical and mental health. MnZn ferrite can improve the microwave absorbing property of cementitious composites, while obvious shortcomings are narrow effective bandwidth and large thickness. In this work, the intensified effects of metallic iron and graphite powders addition on the magnetic properties, impedance matching, EM wave attenuation, and reflection loss (RL) of cementitious composites containing MnZn ferrite were investigated by VSM and VNA. The phase composition, microstructure, and hydration of the composites were analysed by XRD, XPS, SEM–EDS, and FTIR analyses to explore the relationship between the physicochemical properties and EM properties. The favorable EM wave absorption of composites lies in the magnetic loss and dielectric loss with the addition of iron and graphite powder. MnZn ferrite and iron powder addition can effectively improve the dissipation of electric energy and magnetic energy, and reduce the “superior” thickness range (STR) of the composites. 3% iron powder addition can decrease the STR from over 17.3 mm to 9.4–16.3 mm. Taking the thickness of 11.5 mm as an example, the minimum RL and the mean RL of the composite were reduced by 101.3% and 13.2%, respectively, while the effective bandwidth (RL < − 10 dB) was increased from 1.78 GHz to 2.61 GHz. 3% graphite addition decreased the minimum RL of the composite containing both MnZn ferrite and iron powder from −35.3 dB to −43.9 dB at a thickness of 11.5 mm. Meanwhile, the mechanical strength of cementitious composites is sufficient to satisfy the requirements in most building applications.

Effects of Iron Powder Addition and Thermal Hydrolysis on Methane Production and the Archaeal Community during the Anaerobic Digestion of Sludge.

The conventional anaerobic digestion of sludge has the disadvantages of long digestion time and low methane production. Pretreatment is often used to mitigate these problems. In this study, three pretreatment methods, namely, the addition of iron powder, high-temperature thermal hydrolysis, and a combination of these methods, were compared for application with conventional continuous anaerobic digestion reactors. The results showed that pretreatment improved methane yield by 18.2–22.9%, compared to the control reactor (conventional anaerobic digestion). Moreover, it was recognized that the archaeal community in the sludge underwent significant changes after pretreatment. Specifically, the addition of iron powder reduced the diversity in the archaeal community, but increased the abundance of hydrogenotrophic methanogens without changing the community composition. Thermal hydrolysis at high temperatures had the reverse effect, as it increased the diversity of the archaeal community but inhibited the growth of acetoclastic methanogens. In the case of the combined pretreatment, the thermal hydrolysis had a dominant influence on the archaeal community. By comparing the changes in functional gene content, it was found that the functional abundance of the archaeal community in the transport and metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids was higher after pretreatment than in the control group.

Processing and Generalization of Experimental Data on Thermal Diffusivity and Thermal Conductivity of Magnetic Fluids Depending on the Impact of the Magnetic Field

The paper presents the results of experimental studies of the thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity of magnetic fluids based on transformer oil, depending on the effect of a magnetic field in the range of B = 1.59...3.866 mT, and the addition of iron powder 0.1...0.3 g with an interval of 0.05 g. Equations were obtained for calculation with a certain fraction of error in thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity of unexplored magnetic fluids.

Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polylactide (PLA) Composites Modified with Mg, Fe, and Polyethylene (PE) Additives.

In this article, polylactic acid-based composites reinforced with 5% of polyethylene, iron, and magnesium powders were prepared by extrusion and compressed under the pressure of about 10 MPa and characterized. These composites were mechanically, thermally, and morphologically evaluated. It was found, compared to the pure polylactic acid (PLA), an improvement in tensile strength (both σ and YS0.2) was obtained for the composite with the iron powder addition, while the magnesium powder slightly improved the ductility of the composite material (from 2.0 to 2.5%). Degradation studies of these composites in the 0.9% saline solution over a period of 180 days revealed changes in the pH of the solution from acidic to alkaline, in all samples. The most varied mass loss was observed in the case of the PLA-5%Mg sample, where initially the sample mass increased (first 30 days) then decreased, and after 120 days, the mass increased again. In the context of degradation phenomenon of the tested materials, it turns out that the most stable is the PLA composite with the Fe addition (PLA-5%Fe), with highest tensile strength and hardness.

High Speed Steel with Iron Addition Materials Sintered by Spark Plasma Sintering

Attempts were made to describe the effect of the sintering temperature and pure iron powder addition on the properties of high speed steel based materials produced by the spark plasma sintering technique. After sintering, their density, hardness, flexural strength, and tribological properties were determined. The sintered materials were also subjected to microstructural analysis in order to determine the phenomena occurring at the particle contact boundaries during sintering. Based on the analysis of the obtained results, it was found that the mechanical properties and microstructure were mainly influenced by the sintering temperature. Using the temperature of 1000 °C allowed materials with a density close to the theoretical density to be obtained, characterized by a high hardness of about 360 HB and a low wear rate of about 1E-07 g/s.

Separation of copper and indium from zinc hydrometallurgy solution

Abstract The separation and recovery of copper and indium from a solution arising from the reductive leaching of a zinc leaching residue was studied. Copper was enriched into a copper precipitate produced by iron powder precipitation; indium was hydrolyzed and enriched into a gypsum indium precipitate produced by limestone adjustment of pH. Separation and recovery of both copper and indium were achieved. The results showed that precipitation of copper(II) and arsenic(III) as Cu2O and Cu3As is thermodynamically feasible by adding iron powder to the reductive leach of a zinc leaching residue. Increasing the iron powder addition and reaction temperature promoted the formation of Cu2O and Cu3As. In the process of neutralizing and precipitating indium by adjusting the pH using limestone, indium was mainly concentrated in the precipitate by hydrolytic precipitation. The pH of the neutralization endpoint plays a decisive role in this hydrolytic enrichment. The extent of indium precipitation exceeded 98%, and the indium content of the precipitate reached 3.6 kg/t. Addition of limestone balances the acid across the entire production process. The main phase in the gypsum indium precipitate was CaSO4·2H2O, the stable properties of which create favorable conditions for the recovery of indium in subsequent steps.

The effect of iron powder as oxygen absorber active packaging on fish oil total oxidation value

The high content of unsaturated fatty acids causes fish oil can be easily damaged by oxidation. Direct oxygen contact with food is the initial stage of food damage by oxygen. The use of active packaging aims to extend the shelf life, maintain the sensory and quality of the packaged material. Oxygen absorber commonly used in the market is iron powder. This study aims to determine the potential use of iron powder as an active oxygen absorbent material in the packaging in reducing the total value of oxidation of fish oil during the storage period. This study used a completely randomized design with 6 treatments. Fish oil stored in a Polyethylene Terephthalate packaging bottle and placed in a refrigerator at 23°C for 21 days. The addition of iron powder on fish oil packs is 2.7 grams, 5.4 grams, 8.1 grams, and 10.7 grams with negative controls in the form of pure fish oil and positive control in the form of packaged fish oil. The results showed that the addition of 10.7 grams of iron powder as an oxygen absorber to the active packaging of fish oil had a greater ability to reduce the total value of fish oil oxidation during storage (P <0.05).

Graphite degeneration in the superficial layer of high Si-ductile iron casting as influence of inoculation and protective coating against sulphur diffusion into the iron melt

The objective of the present paper is to evaluate the occurrence of degenerate graphite in a surface layer on high Si ductile iron (0.032%Mgres, 3.37%C, 3.44%Si, 0.44%Mn, 4.43%CE), solidified in standard thermal analysis ceramic cup. S-bearing coating is applied on the inner surface of ceramic cup, with and without iron powder protective coating against S diffusion into the iron melt. Based carbonic material coating is also used as reference. Eutectic undercooling is normally 23% decreased by inoculation, but also depending on the nature of the applied coatings: less effect of S-bearing coating, while carbon and especially iron powder-bearing coatings reduced the beneficial effect of inoculation (higher addition, higher undercooling). Measured surface layer thickness in only Mg treated iron casting is higher by matrix evaluation (912μm) compared to 716μm obtained by graphite evaluation. Inoculation applied after Mg-treatment leads to decreased surface layer thickness to 195μm and 108μm, respectively. S-bearing coating increases the skin size of inoculated iron casting to 253μm (matrix evaluation) and 176μm (graphite evaluation). A layer iron powder addition on the S-bearing coating reduces the skin size to 132μm and 66μm, respectively, while supplementary iron powder addition avoids the surface layer formation, similarly to based carbonic material coating application.