Iron Injection Research Articles

Simultaneous Use of Iron/Anticoccidial Treatment and Vaccination against Oedema Disease: Impact on the Development of Serum-Neutralising Antibodies, Hematinic and Anticoccidial Activities in Piglets.

Oedema disease (OD) in weaned piglets is caused by shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC), which produces the Stx2e toxin. The disease is controlled by early vaccination (for example, with Ecoporc Shiga®). Iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA) and cystoisosporosis are the most common clinical conditions in piglets. These conditions are managed mainly by the intramuscular injection of iron and application of toltrazuril (for example, Forceris®). In the present study, we sought to evaluate any effect on the efficacy of OD vaccination and iron/anticoccidial treatment resulting from a simultaneous application. An evaluation was carried out by measuring the development of neutralising antibodies against the Stx2e toxin, hematinic indices and oocysts shedding. Six litters from Stx2e-antibody-negative sows were included in the study, with 12 piglets in each litter. The piglets were randomly allocated into two groups on their second day of life (DOL): (T1) iron/anticoccidial treatment and vaccine were administered on different days, and (T2) products were administered simultaneously. Blood samples were collected to determine the levels of serum-neutralising antibodies, haemoglobin and haematocrit. Faecal matter was examined for the presence of oocysts of Cystoisospora suis. No differences were found between the two groups in terms of the development of neutralising antibodies. The levels of haemoglobin and haematocrit were lower (p < 0.05 and p = 0.08, respectively) when iron/anticoccidial treatment and vaccine were applied simultaneously but within the optimal range, based on current interpretive criteria for IDA. Oocysts were not detected in the faecal samples from the animals in either group. In conclusion, we found that, under the conditions of our study, the efficacy of OD vaccination and iron/anticoccidial treatment was not affected by the simultaneous use.

Combined Injection for Control of Iron-Deficiency Anemia and Coccidiosis in Piglets Decreases Stress at Management Time.

The aim of the present study was to assess the short-term behavioral and physiological responses of piglets to different treatment protocols for the control of iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) and cystoisosporosis. Piglets were treated with either (1) an injection of iron combined with an oral application of toltrazuril (TLZ) by drenching or (2) a combination injection of TZL + gleptoferron; the behavior of the piglets was then evaluated. For this study, 288 piglets were divided into three experimental groups: 96 piglets were kept untreated (control group); 96 piglets received an oral administration of a generic TZL-based anticoccidial agent (20 mg/kg BW) along with intramuscular administration of iron dextran (200 mg/mL; 1 mL/piglet) at the same handling (oral + parenteral group, O + P); and 96 piglets received an intramuscular application of the combination product (parenteral group, P). For each treated piglet, the total handling time, flight reaction, and the intensity and frequency of vocalizations were determined using the methodology described by Scollo et al. (2020). Piglets in the O + P group were found to emit more screams during treatment administration than animals in the P group (21.05% vs. 8.42% of animals; p < 0.05). Piglets in the O + P group reacted worse to manipulation and oral administration because a higher percentage of animals continued to fidget even after handling (32.63% vs. 12.63%; p < 0.05). Differences in growth performance between the groups were not observed in our study (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the administration of a combination product reduced stress during administration, as indicated by reduced vocalizations and reactions to manipulation.

IRIDA- An Indian perspective

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common type of anemia globally (IDA), the treatment being iron supplementation. However, in a few individuals, there is absent to suboptimal response to iron supplementation due to iron not being taken up by the body of the individual. This condition is known as iron-refractory IDA (IRIDA). Iron refractory iron deficiency anemia is a rare genetic condition that follows an autosomal recessive inheritance due to a defect in the TMPRSS6 gene encoding Matriptase-2. This protein is a transmembrane serine protease that plays an essential role in down-regulating hepcidin, the key regulator of iron homeostasis. Hallmarks of this disease are microcytic hypochromic anemia, low transferrin saturation, and normal/high serum hepcidin values. The anemia appears in the post-natal period, although in some cases it is only diagnosed in adulthood. The disease is refractory to oral iron treatment but shows a slow response to intravenous iron injections and partial correction of the anemia. This condition is likely being missed or under-diagnosed in our iron deficient endemic setting due to a lack of general awareness amongst physicians in establishing the diagnosis or due to the lack of availability of proper genetic testing.

Inflammation subsequent to mild iron excess differentially alters regional brain iron metabolism, oxidation and neuroinflammation status in mice.

Iron dyshomeostasis and neuroinflammation, characteristic features of the aged brain, and exacerbated in neurodegenerative disease, may induce oxidative stress-mediated neurodegeneration. In this study, the effects of potential priming with mild systemic iron injections on subsequent lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in adult C57Bl/6J mice were examined. After cognitive testing, regional brain tissues were dissected for iron (metal) measurements by total reflection X-ray fluorescence and synchrotron radiation X-Ray fluorescence-based elemental mapping; and iron regulatory, ferroptosis-related, and glia-specific protein analysis, and lipid peroxidation by western blotting. Microglial morphology and astrogliosis were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Iron only treatment enhanced cognitive performance on the novel object location task compared with iron priming and subsequent LPS-induced inflammation. LPS-induced inflammation, with or without iron treatment, attenuated hippocampal heme oxygenase-1 and augmented 4-hydroxynonenal levels. Conversely, in the cortex, elevated ferritin light chain and xCT (light chain of System Xc-) were observed in response to LPS-induced inflammation, without and with iron-priming. Increased microglial branch/process lengths and astrocyte immunoreactivity were also increased by combined iron and LPS in both the hippocampus and cortex. Here, we demonstrate iron priming and subsequent LPS-induced inflammation led to iron dyshomeostasis, compromised antioxidant function, increased lipid peroxidation and altered neuroinflammatory state in a brain region-dependent manner.

PSII-16 Effect of iron injection levels and second iron injection on preweaning growth performance and hematological variables

Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of intramuscular iron-dextran injection to suckling pigs at either a high level or with two doses on preweaning growth performance and hematological variables. At d 1 of age, a total of 36 pigs (body weight = 1.56 ± 0.13 kg) from 6 sow litters with litter size greater than 10 pigs were selected, and six piglets per litter were assigned to 3 treatments based on body weight and sex. Treatments were: 1) NC: 200 mg intramuscular iron injection at d 1 of age, 2) PC: 400 mg intramuscular iron injection at d 1 of age, 3) NC+IRON: 200 mg intramuscular iron injection at d 1 of age and 200 mg iron injection at d 7 of age. The body weight, hemoglobin, and hematocrit concentrations were measured at d 1 (before initial iron injection for all treatments), 3, 7 (second dose for the NC+IRON treatment), 9, 12, and 19 (weaning) of age. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze body weight, hemoglobin, and hematocrit results. There were no significant differences in body weight, hemoglobin, and hematocrit concentrations among iron injection treatments (P &amp;gt; 0.89) and no interactions between iron injection treatment and day of age (P &amp;gt; 0.64) from d 1 to 19 of age, although hemoglobin and hematocrit concentrations were numerically greater in the PC and NC+IRON treatments at d 19 of age (129.2, 133.4, and 133.82 g/dL hemoglobin for the NC, PC, and NC+IRON treatments, respectively). Hemoglobin and hematocrit concentrations declined (P &amp;lt; 0.01) from d 1 to 3 of age regardless of iron injection and then increased until weaning (d 19 of age; 86.9, 78.1, 87.6, 94.0, 105.7, and 132.1 g/dL hemoglobin for d 1, 3, 7, 9, 12, and 19 of age, respectively), where the hemoglobin concentrations were similar between d 1 and 7 of age (P &amp;gt; 0.76) whereas the hematocrit concentrations were greater at d 7 of age compared with d 1 of age (P &amp;lt; 0.05; 31.8% vs. 29.1%). Hemoglobin concentrations were significantly correlated with hematocrit concentrations (P &amp;lt; 0.01), and the correlation coefficients were greatest at d 1 and 3 of age and weaning (d 19 of age; r &amp;gt; 0.92). In conclusion, increased hemoglobin and hematocrit concentrations were observed in all treatments, resulting in no significant difference in the preweaning growth performance of piglets. Although the iron injection was performed at d 1 of age, hemoglobin and hematocrit concentrations decreased in the first few days of life and then increased. Hemoglobin and hematocrit values are positively correlated from birth to weaning.

Effect of high-dose intravenous iron injection on hepatic function in a rat model of cirrhosis.

To investigate the hepatic effects of high-dose intravenous (IV) iron, including those on liver function and the degree of fibrosis, in a rat model of cirrhosis. We evenly allocated 25 Sprague-Dawley rats into five groups: normal rats (control group), cirrhotic rats receiving IV normal saline (liver cirrhosis [LC] group), and cirrhotic rats receiving 20, 40, or 80 mg/kg IV ferric carboxymaltose (LC-iron20, LC-iron40, and LC-iron80 group, respectively). Biochemical parameters were compared at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The degrees of hepatic fibrosis and iron deposition were evaluated. Inflammatory and oxidative stress markers were also compared. There were no significant differences in the 28-day serum alanine aminotransferase levels among the LC-iron20, LC-iron40, and LC-iron80 groups (69 ± 7, 1003 ± 127, 1064 ± 309, 919 ± 346, and 820 ± 195 IU/L in the control, LC, LC-iron20, LC-iron40, and LC-iron80 groups, respectively). Hepatic iron accumulation increased in a dose-dependent manner, but the degree of hepatic fibrosis was comparable among the groups. The inflammatory and oxidative stress marker levels did not differ significantly according to the IV iron dose. Administration of IV iron at various high doses appears safe in our rat model of cirrhosis.

Efficacy of ferric carboxymaltose on haemoglobin response among older patients with gastrointestinal bleeding: a randomised clinical trial.

Acute gastrointestinal bleeding (AGIB) is common in older patients but the use of iron in this context remains understudied. This study aimed to evaluate prospectively the efficacy of ferric carboxymaltose to treat anaemia in older patients after AGIB. This randomised double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted in 10 French centres. Eligible patients were 65years or more, had controlled upper or lower gastrointestinal bleeding and a haemoglobin level of 9-11g/dl. Patients were randomly assigned, in a 1:1 ratio, to receive either one intravenous iron injection of ferric carboxymaltose or one injection of saline solution. The primary endpoint was the difference in haemoglobin level between day 0 and day 42. Secondary endpoints were treatment-emergent adverse events, serious adverse events, rehospitalisation and improvement of quality of life (QOL) at day 180. From January 2013 to January 2017, 59 patients were included. The median age of patients was 81.9 [75.8, 87.3] years. At day 42, a significant difference in haemoglobin level increase was observed (2.49g/dl in the ferric carboxymaltose group vs. 1.56g/dl in the placebo group, P = 0.02). At day 180, QOL, measured on European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 30, improved by 10.5 points in the ferric carboxymaltose group and by 8.2 points in the placebo group (P = 0.56). Rates of adverse events and rehospitalisation were similar in the two groups. Intravenous iron seems safe and effective to treat anaemia in older patients after AGIB and should be considered as a standard-of-care treatment. ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01690585).

Effect of Maternal Flavour Conditioning Combined with Organic and Inorganic Iron-Supplemented Creep Feed on Piglet Performance and Haemoglobin Status.

Iron injections are vital but imperfect against iron deficiency anaemia (IDA). This experiment explored the effects on piglets of maternal flavour conditioning and the voluntary intake of anise flavoured, iron-supplemented creep feed compared with iron injections. The experiment was a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: ±maternal exposure to dietary anise flavour and ±intramuscular injections of piglets. Twenty-three sows and their litters (242 piglets) were randomly allocated to one of four treatments (n = 5 or 6 per treatment): no flavour plus no injection (NF + NI); no flavour plus iron injection (NF + I); flavour plus no injection (F + NI); and flavour plus iron injection (F + I). All piglets could access anise flavoured, iron-supplemented creep feed (organic and inorganic forms) from D2 of birth. Sow feed intake and milk anethole concentration, piglet body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG), creep feed disappearance, piglet behavioural time budgets, and piglet blood glucose and haemoglobin concentrations were determined. Over the four-week study, the only significant differences found were that iron-injected piglets had reduced blood glucose (p = 0.036) on D14 and that maternal flavour provision increased the frequency of piglet creep feed interaction (p = 0.023) and decreased the frequency of suckling events (p = 0.009). In summary, maternal flavour conditioning reduced piglet creep feed neophobia without influencing consumption. The supplementation of creep feed with iron and anise flavour to piglets under the conditions of this trial was effective in preventing IDA, regardless of exposure to maternal flavouring conditioning.

Choroid plexus immune cell response in murine hydrocephalus induced by intraventricular hemorrhage

BackgroundIntraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and associated hydrocephalus are significant complications of intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Despite proximity to IVH, the immune cell response at the choroid plexus (ChP) has been relatively understudied. This study employs CX3CR-1GFP mice, which marks multiple immune cell populations, and immunohistochemistry to outline that response.MethodsThis study had four parts all examining male adult CX3CR-1GFP mice. Part 1 examined naïve mice. In part 2, mice received an injection 30 µl of autologous blood into right ventricle and were euthanized at 24 h. In part 3, mice underwent intraventricular injection of saline, iron or peroxiredoxin 2 (Prx-2) and were euthanized at 24 h. In part 4, mice received intraventricular iron injection and were treated with either control or clodronate liposomes and were euthanized at 24 h. All mice underwent magnetic resonance imaging to quantify ventricular volume. The ChP immune cell response was examined by combining analysis of GFP(+) immune cells and immunofluorescence staining.ResultsIVH and intraventricular iron or Prx-2 injection in CX3CR-1GFP mice all induced ventriculomegaly and activation of ChP immune cells. There were very marked increases in the numbers of ChP epiplexus macrophages, T lymphocytes and neutrophils. Co-injection of clodronate liposomes with iron reduced the ventriculomegaly which was associated with fewer epiplexus and stromal macrophages but not reduced T lymphocytes and neutrophils.ConclusionThere is a marked immune cell response at the ChP in IVH involving epiplexus cells, T lymphocytes and neutrophils. The blood components iron and Prx-2 may play a role in eliciting that response. Reduction of ChP macrophages with clodronate liposomes reduced iron-induced ventriculomegaly suggesting that ChP macrophages may be a promising therapeutic target for managing IVH-induced hydrocephalus.

A cooperative study assessing the effects of a second iron injection administered before weaning on growth performance, hematological status, and tissue mineral concentrations of nursery pigs*

A cooperative study assessing the effects of a second iron injection administered before weaning on growth performance, hematological status, and tissue mineral concentrations of nursery pigs*

Effect of injection with microelements, jasmonic and citric acid on some date palm c.v Khastawi yield traits

The study was conducted at the Ishaqi palm plant affiliated with the Department of Horticulture/Ministry of Agriculture during the growing season of 2021 on date palm trees of the Khastawi variety to study the response of the yield traits of the Khastawi date palm trees to the injection of microelements, jasmonic and citric acid. The study included three factors: The first factor is the injection of microelements with three treatments: injection with water only, symbolized by D0, iron injection at a concentration of 300 mg, and iron sulfate. Palm1 , symbolized by D1, and boron injection through boric acid at a concentration of 40 mg Palm-1 , symbolized by D2. The second factor is the treatment of injections with the Jasmonic growth regulator, which was injected three days after the injection with the microelements and with the same number of additions (0, 50, 100) micrograms. L-1 is symbolized by G0, G1, and G2 sequentially. The trees were injected with the microelements and the Jasmonic growth regulator before Immunization, after vaccination in 20 days, and after 40 days. The third factor was injection with citric acid and included three levels (0, 500, 1000) mg l-1 symbolized by S0, S1, and S2 sequentially. The results showed that the D2 treatment was significantly superior in the average diameter, length, size and weight of the fruit and the total yield, as it reached 24.86 mm, 3.46 cm, 11.10 cm, 10.07 g, 36.00 kg.palm-1 sequentially, while the comparison treatment gave the lowest average for the traits. As for the effect of jasmonic acid, the injection treatment was superior to (100 µg L-1 ). (G2) gave the highest average for the diameter, length, size, weight of the fruit, and the total yield, which reached 25.90 mm, 3.63 cm, 12.09 cm, 10.93 g, and 35.96 kg. Palm-1, respectively, while the comparison treatment gave the lowest average for the traits above as for the effect of citric acid. The treatment exceeded 1000 mg.L-1 (S2) gave the highest rate in the diameter, length, size, and weight of the fruit, and the total yield, reaching 24.84 mm, 3.49 cm, 11.13 cm, 9.04 g, and 36.30 kg. Palm-1, respectively, while the comparison treatment gave the lowest average for the traits above, as the two- and three-interactions showed. The research factors have significant differences for all the studied traits. Keywords: Trace elements, jasmonic acid, citric acid, Khastawi variety.

Effect of injection with microelements, jasmonic and citric acid on some date palm c.v Khastawi yield traits

The study was conducted at the Ishaqi palm plant affiliated with the Department of Horticulture/Ministry of Agriculture during the growing season of 2021 on date palm trees of the Khastawi variety to study the response of the yield traits of the Khastawi date palm trees to the injection of microelements, jasmonic and citric acid. The study included three factors: The first factor is the injection of microelements with three treatments: injection with water only, symbolized by D0, iron injection at a concentration of 300 mg, and iron sulfate. Palm1 , symbolized by D1, and boron injection through boric acid at a concentration of 40 mg Palm-1 , symbolized by D2. The second factor is the treatment of injections with the Jasmonic growth regulator, which was injected three days after the injection with the microelements and with the same number of additions (0, 50, 100) micrograms. L-1 is symbolized by G0, G1, and G2 sequentially. The trees were injected with the microelements and the Jasmonic growth regulator before Immunization, after vaccination in 20 days, and after 40 days. The third factor was injection with citric acid and included three levels (0, 500, 1000) mg l-1 symbolized by S0, S1, and S2 sequentially. The results showed that the D2 treatment was significantly superior in the average diameter, length, size and weight of the fruit and the total yield, as it reached 24.86 mm, 3.46 cm, 11.10 cm, 10.07 g, 36.00 kg.palm-1 sequentially, while the comparison treatment gave the lowest average for the traits. As for the effect of jasmonic acid, the injection treatment was superior to (100 µg L-1 ). (G2) gave the highest average for the diameter, length, size, weight of the fruit, and the total yield, which reached 25.90 mm, 3.63 cm, 12.09 cm, 10.93 g, and 35.96 kg. Palm-1, respectively, while the comparison treatment gave the lowest average for the traits above as for the effect of citric acid. The treatment exceeded 1000 mg.L-1 (S2) gave the highest rate in the diameter, length, size, and weight of the fruit, and the total yield, reaching 24.84 mm, 3.49 cm, 11.13 cm, 9.04 g, and 36.30 kg. Palm-1, respectively, while the comparison treatment gave the lowest average for the traits above, as the two- and three-interactions showed. The research factors have significant differences for all the studied traits. Keywords: Trace elements, jasmonic acid, citric acid, Khastawi variety.

Effects of a second iron-dextran injection administered to piglets during lactation on differential gene expression in liver and duodenum at weaning.

Six female littermate piglets were used in an experiment to evaluate the mRNA expression in tissues from piglets given one or two 1mL injections of iron dextran (200mg Fe/mL). All piglets in the litter were administered the first 1mL injection < 24h after birth. On day 7, piglets were paired by weight (mean body weight = 1.72 ± 0.13kg) and one piglet from each pair was randomly selected as control (CON) and the other received a second injection (+Fe). At weaning on day 22, each piglet was anesthetized, and samples of liver and duodenum were taken from the anesthetized piglets and preserved until mRNA extraction. differential gene expression data were analyzed with a fold change cutoff (FC) of |1.2| P < 0.05. Pathway analysis was conducted with Z-score cutoff of P < 0.05. In the duodenum 435 genes were significantly changed with a FC ≥ |1.2| P < 0.05. In the duodenum, Claudin 1 and Claudin 2 were inversely affected by + Fe. Claudin 1 (CLDN1) plays a key role in cell-to-cell adhesion in the epithelial cell sheets and was upregulated (FC = 4.48, P = 0.0423). Claudin 2 (CLDN2) is expressed in cation leaky epithelia, especially during disease or inflammation and was downregulated (FC = -1.41, P = 0.0097). In the liver, 362 genes were expressed with a FC ≥ |1.2| P < 0.05. The gene most affected by a second dose of 200mg Fe was hepcidin antimicrobial peptide (HAMP) with a FC of 40.8. HAMP is a liver-produced hormone that is the main circulating regulator of Fe absorption and distribution across tissues. It also controls the major flows of Fe into plasma by promoting endocytosis and degradation of ferroportin (SLC4A1). This leads to the retention of Fe in Fe-exporting cells and decreased flow of Fe into plasma. Gene expression related to metabolic pathway changes in the duodenum and liver provides evidence for the improved feed conversion and growth rates in piglets given two iron injections preweaning with contemporary pigs in a companion study. In the duodenum, there is a downregulation of gene clusters associated with gluconeogenesis (P < 0.05). Concurrently, there was a decrease in the mRNA expression of genes for enzymes required for urea production in the liver (P < 0.05). These observations suggest that there may be less need for gluconeogenesis, and possibly less urea production from deaminated amino acids. The genomic and pathway analyses provided empirical evidence linking gene expression with phenotypic observations of piglet health and growth improvements.

Effect of iron injection strategies for suckling piglets on pre- and post-weaning growth performance and hematocrit levels

Background: A single, 200-mg iron injection for newborn pigs is a common practice in swine production. It is required to provide sufficient iron for newborn pigs while avoiding the potential risk of excessive amount of iron causing oxidative stress. Objective: To evaluate the quantity and timing of a single or second iron injection into suckling piglets on growth performance and hematocrit levels. Methods: A total of 24 piglets from 4 litters were used in each experiment (3). Treatments were: Experiment 1- 1) Control: 150 mg iron injection at d 1-3 of age, 2) Iron14: additional 100 mg iron injection at 14 d before weaning, and 3) Iron7: additional 100 mg iron injection at 7 d before weaning; Experiment 2- 1) Control: 100 mg iron injection at d 1-3 of age, 2) Iron100/100: 100 mg iron at d 1-3 of age and 9 d after the first injection, and 3) Iron200: 200 mg iron injection at d 1-3 of age; and Experiment 3 (at d 3-4 of age)- 1) Fe100: 100 mg iron injection, 2) Fe200: 200 mg iron injection, and 3) BW200: 125 mg iron injection/kg body weight. Pigs were weaned at d 25-28 of age. Growth performance and hematocrit levels were measured until d 13-14 postweaning. Results: In Experiment 1, the Iron14 treatment had a greater final body weight than the control treatment (p=0.07). Hematocrit levels were greater in the Iron14 (p=0.10) and Iron7 (p&lt;0.05) treatments than in the control treatment at d 14 postweaning. In Experiment 2, average daily gain in the postweaning period was greater in the Iron100/100 treatment than in the control (p&lt;0.05) and Iron200 (p=0.08) treatments. Hematocrit levels in the Iron200 treatment were greater than those in the control treatment (p&lt;0.05) at d 13 postweaning. In Experiment 3, there was no difference in growth performance, but the BW200 treatment increased hematocrit levels to a greater degree than the Fe200 treatment (p&lt;0.10). Conclusion: An additional iron injection earlier and a split iron injection to newborn pigs could benefit postweaning growth, but not by body weight-based iron injection. Hematocrit levels increase with a greater dose of iron injected although the magnitude varies depending on injection strategies.

Distribution Analysis of Iron and Copper by STEM-EDX Spectroscopy of Hemosiderin Particles in the Liver of Rats Overloaded With Iron.

Our recent studies have indicated that trace copper co-existed with iron in hemosiderin particles of human genetic iron overload. To understand this phenomenon, we analyzed hemosiderin particles in iron-overloaded rat liver by using scanning transmission electron microscopy - energy-dispersive X-ray (STEM-EDX) spectroscopy. Samples for STEM-EDX spectroscopy were prepared from the liver of rats administered an intraperitoneal injection of dextran iron. The micro-domain analysis with STEM-EDX spectroscopy showed that dense bodies contained high levels of iron and trace copper. Quantitative analysis of copper levels in the liver specimen using atomic spectrophotometry showed that copper concentration in the liver was not increased by iron overload. These findings suggest that the overload of iron induced distribution of trace copper to hemosiderin particles without changing cellular copper levels. Co-existence of copper with iron was observed in hemosiderin particles of the liver of an experimental model of iron overload, suggesting that iron overload induced distribution of trace copper into hemosiderin particles.

Mathematical model of magnetic hyperthermia therapy for breast tumour via intratumoural injection of iron–platinum nanoparticles

The present study explores magnetic hyperthermia for a treatment of a breast tumour with a surrounding healthy breast gland region and overlying fat and skin regions. A mathematical model that utilizes the Brinkman–Forchheimer-extended Darcy equations and non-Newtonian (Carreau–Yasuda) constitutive equation is constructed for the intratumoural injection of an aqueous iron–platinum (FePt) nanoparticle suspension, blood perfusion through the tissue regions, and the temperature and nanoparticle distributions during the process of hyperthermia therapy. The equations governing nanofluid flow, heat transfer and the suspended and deposited nanoparticle volume fractions are solved numerically via the finite element technique, and numerical results are computed in the FreeFEM++ software. Using the obtained results, the impact of the Reynolds number, nanoparticle diameter and haematocrit on the efficacy of magnetic hyperthermia therapy is investigated. The results revealed that the tissue penetration of nanoparticles is more pronounced when the red blood cell concentration and nanoparticle diameter are lower. Furthermore, the required duration for effective magnetic hyperthermia and the healthy tissue damage decrease with increasing haematocrit and nanoparticle diameter.

PSVI-15 Effect of Split Iron Injection to Sucking Pigs on Growth Performance and Hematological Variables in Pre- and Post-Weaning Periods

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of split iron injection to suckling pigs on growth performance and hematological variables in pre- and postweaning periods. A total of 23 piglets (initial body weight: 2.19 ± 0.15 kg) were allotted into 3 treatments within litter based on body weight and sex. Treatments were: 1) Iron100: 100 mg iron at d 0 of experiment (d 3-4 of age) + no additional iron injection - control), 2) Iron100/100: 100 mg iron at d 0 of experiment + 100 mg iron injection at d 9 of experiment (d 14 before weaning), and 3) Iron200: 200 mg iron at d 0 of experiment + no additional iron injection. The pigs were housed by litter in the suckling and nursery periods with a common corn-soybean meal-based diet during the entire nursery period. Body weight, hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrit were measured at d 0 (initial), 9 (second dose for the Iron100/100 treatment), 16, 23 (weaning), and 36 of experiment. Body weight and average daily gain did not differ among treatments before weaning whereas the Iron100/100 treatment had greater body weight than the Iron100 treatment at d 36 of experiment (P &amp;lt; 0.05; 10.17, 12.55, and 11.45 kg for the Iron100, Iron100/100 and Iron200 treatments, respectively) and the Iron100/100 treatment had greater average daily gain in d 23-36 of experiment than the Iron100 (P&amp;lt; 0.05) and Iron200 (P = 0.08) treatments (0.112, 0.238, and 0.156 kg/d for Iron100, Iron100/100 and Iron200 treatments, respectively). At d 9 of experiment, the Iron200 treatment had greater hematocrit than the Iron100 and Iron100/100 treatments (P &amp;lt; 0.05; 30.35, 29.88, and 33.85% for Iron100, Iron100/100, and Iron200 treatments, respectively) and tended to have greater hemoglobin levels than the Iron100/100 treatment (P = 0.06). At d 16 and 23 (weaning) of experiment, hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrit were greater in the Iron100/100 and Iron200 treatments (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than the Iron100 treatment (9.39, 11.66, and 11.41 g/dL for Iron100, Iron100/100, and Iron200 treatments, respectively for hemoglobin concentrations at d 23 of experiment). At d 36 of experiment, hemoglobin concentrations tended to be greater in the Iron200 treatment than the Iron100 treatment (P = 0.09) and hematocrit were greater in the Iron100/100 (P = 0.10) and Iron200 (P &amp;lt; 0.05) treatments than the Iron100 treatment (29.73, 31.56, and 33.54% for the Iron100, Iron100/100, and Iron200 treatments, respectively) with greater values (P = 0.10) in the Iron200 treatment than the Iron100/100 treatment. In conclusion, the piglets that received low level of iron at birth had decreased growth rate and hematological variable values while split iron injection could increase growth rate after weaning even though it maintained postweaning hematocrit slightly less than high level of iron injection at birth.

199 Effects of an Additional Injection of Iron Administered to Piglets on Hemoglobin Concentration, Growth Performance, and Carcass Characteristics Through Market Weight

Abstract An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of an additional injection of iron dextran (Uniferon, Pharmacosmos Inc.) administered at d 6 to 8 of age. Crossbred pigs [n = 144; equal barrows and gilts; initial body weight (BW) = 2.86 ± 0.01 kg] from 21 litters were assigned to either the control (CON) or an added-injection treatment (+Fe). Pigs were paired by sex and BW within a litter and randomly assigned to the iron treatment within each pair. All pigs had received a 200 mg Fe intramuscular (IM) injection &amp;lt; 24 h after birth. All pigs were weaned at 22 to 24 days, housed 6 pigs/pen for a total of 12 pens/treatment, and received a common corn-soybean meal diet formulated to meet or exceed the NRC (2012) requirement estimates relative to BW until slaughter. Body weight and feed disappearance were recorded at least biweekly to determine average daily gain (ADG) and feed intake (ADFI). Hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations were measured at birth, initiation of experiment (d 6 to 8), weaning, and at the end of the nursery and finisher periods. At the time of slaughter, 1 pig/pen (n = 12 pigs/treatment) was selected and slaughtered for carcass characteristic measures. Data were subjected to ANOVA by the GLM procedure of SAS; the individual pig served as the experimental unit for BW, Hb, ADG, and carcass characteristics whereas pen served as the experimental unit for ADFI, and gain/feed ratio data. The statistical model included sex, treatment, sex × treatment, and allotment pair for Hb and ADG. There were expected sex effects for ADG but no sex × treatment interactions for any response measures. The +Fe pigs had a greater Hb at weaning (13.1 vs. 10.7 g/dL, P &amp;lt; 0.0001) and end of the nursery (12.1 vs. 11.7 g/dL, P = 0.01) compared with CON pigs (Table 1). During the finisher period, +Fe pigs had a greater ADG (P = 0.05) compared with CON pigs. Overall, pigs receiving the added iron injection had an ~ 4% increase in ADG (P = 0.04) from weaning to slaughter. The cumulative improvement in ADG from weaning to slaughter observed for +Fe group resulted in +Fe pigs having a heavier BW at the end of the experiment (115.77 vs. 112.79 kg; P = 0.04). Following slaughter, +Fe pigs had ~ 2.5% heavier cold carcass weight (82.99 vs. 80.93 kg; P = 0.34) and trimmed loin (10.67 vs. 9.95 kg; P = 0.04) compared with the CON pigs. In conclusion, administering an additional iron injection resulted in greater Hb at weaning and the end of the nursery as well as improved growth performance from weaning to slaughter weight and increased carcass measures at slaughter.

PSV-16 The Effects of Bodyweight-Basis Iron Injection to Newborn Piglets on Pre-And Post-Weaning Growth Performance and Hematological Parameters

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of iron injection to newborn pigs based on birth weight on pre- and post-weaning growth performance and hematological variables. At d 1-3 of age (d 0 of experiment), a total of 24 piglets (initial body weight: 1.55 ± 0.11 kg) from 4 litters were allotted into 3 treatments within litter based on body weight and sex as follows: 1) Fe100: 100 mg iron at d 0 of experiment, 2) Fe200: 200 mg Fe at d 0 of experiment, and 3) FeBW: 125 mg Fe per kg body weight at d 0 of experiment. The iron-dextran was injected intramuscularly at the assigned levels based on treatments. The pigs were housed by litter in the suckling and nursery periods with a common corn-soybean meal-based diet during the entire nursery period. Body weight, hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrit were measured at d 0, 10, 17, 24 (weaning), 31 and 38 after the iron injection. There was no difference in pre- and post-weaning growth performance (10.91, 11.53, and 10.90 kg body weight at d 38 of experiment for the Fe100, Fe200, and FeBW treatments, respectively). Compared with the control treatment, the hemoglobin concentrations were greater in the Fe200 and FeBW treatments (P &amp;lt; 0.06) at d 17, 24, and 31 (12.43, 13.99, and 14.65 g/dL for the Fe100, Fe200, and FeBW treatments, respectively) of experiment with greater values in the FeBW treatment than the Fe200 treatment (P = 0.08; tendency) at d 31 of experiment. Hematocrit levels were greater in the Fe200 and FeBW treatments than the control treatment at d 10 (P = 0.09) and 31 of experiment (P &amp;lt; 0.05; 30.97, 35.57, and 37.07% for the Fe100, Fe200, and FeBW, respectively) and tended to be greater (P &amp;lt; 0.10) in the FeBW treatment than the control treatment at d 17 (31.71, 33.81, and 38.44% for the Fe100, Fe200, and FeBW, respectively) and 24 of experiment. However, there were no differences in hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrit at d 38 of experiment. In conclusion, there was no beneficial effect of iron injection based on body weight in pre- and post-weaning growth performance whereas it had a potential to slightly increase hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrit when the iron was injected based on body weight of newborn piglets.

198 Differential Gene Expression and Metabolic Pathway Comparisons of Liver and Duodenum from Suckling Piglets Given One or Two Iron Dextran Injections

Abstract Six female littermate pairs were used in an experiment to evaluate the mRNA expression in tissues from piglets given one or two 1 mL injections of iron dextran (200 mg Fe/mL, Uniferon, Pharmacosmos Inc. Watchung, NJ). All pigs in the litter were administered the first 1 mL injection &amp;lt; 24 hours after birth and on d 7, pigs were paired by body weight (BW; 1.72 ± 0.13 kg) and one pig from each pair was randomly selected as control (CON) and the other received a second injection (+Fe). At weaning on d 22, each piglet was anesthetized, and samples of liver and duodenum were taken from the anesthetized piglets and placed in DNA/RNA Shield (Zymo, Irvine, CA) for preservation until mRNA extraction. RNA-Seq libraries were sequenced to a depth of at least 30 million read pairs (150 bp paired-end sequencing) per sample. Differential Gene Expression data were analyzed with GeneSpring (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA) with a fold-change (FC) of |1.2| P &amp;lt; 0.05 (Table 1). Pathway analysis was conducted with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA QIAGEN, Redwood City, CA) software with Z-score cutoff of P &amp;lt; 0.05. In the duodenum 435 genes were significantly changed with a FC ≥|1.2| P &amp;lt; 0.05. Most notably, Claudin 1 and Claudin 2 were inversely affected by the second dose of iron. Claudin 1 (CLDN1, FC = 4.48, P = 0.0423) is responsible for cell-to-cell adhesion in the epithelial cell sheets and serves as a barrier to prevent water and solutes from passing through the paracellular space. Claudin 2 (CLDN2, FC = -1.41, P = 0.0097) was down regulated because it is expressed in cation leaky epithelia. In the liver 362 genes were expressed with a FC ≥|1.2| P &amp;lt; 0.05. The gene most affected by a second dose of 200 mg Fe was HAMP (Hepcidin Antimicrobial Peptide) with an FC of 40.8. HAMP is a liver-produced hormone that is the main circulating regulator of Fe absorption and distribution across tissues. It also controls the major flows of Fe into plasma by promoting endocytosis and degradation of ferroportin (SLC4A1). This leads to the retention of Fe in Fe-exporting cells and decreased flow of Fe into plasma. Metabolic pathway changes in the duodenum and liver provide evidence for the improved feed conversion and growth rates in pigs given two iron injections pre-weaning. In the duodenum, there is a down regulation of gluconeogenesis (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Concurrently, there is a decrease in the production of urea in the liver (P &amp;lt; 0.05). These observations show that there is less need for gluconeogenesis, thus less urea production from deaminated amino acids. The genomic and pathway analyses provided empirical evidence linking gene expression with phenotypic observations of piglet health and growth improvements.