Iron Ingot Research Articles

ANCIENT KEDAH IRON SMELTING EXPERIMENT IN PREPARATION FOR OFFERING ARCHAEOLOGICAL TOURISM HERITAGE PACKAGES AT SUNGAI BATU ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPLEX (SBAC), BUJANG VALLEY, KEDAH, MALAYSIA

In order to obtain primary data related to the iron smelting activities, the experimental process of furnaces, tuyere and air pumps making is carried out. The experiment has conducted since 2013 through the Knowledge Transfer Program (KTP) in Sungai Batu Archaeological Complex (SBAC). Through the experiment, the clay in this complex has been used as a raw material for furnaces and tuyere making while the bellows is made of wood, plywood and fabric. In order to complete the experiment regarding the raw material that use for iron smelting, iron ore was taken through survey activities in the area of Kampung Batu 5, UiTM Merbok and Bukit Tupah while charcoal was used from rubber wood in the rubber plantation near the Sungai Batu Archaeological Complex. After the experiment was conducted, the results recorded were different from the findings of the iron ingot excavation at the iron smelting site which is likely to occur due to the difference in technique and ratio of materials used during smelting activities. Although the results obtained during the experiment are different, the smelting process can be used as the main reference for offering tourism full packages related to the demonstration of iron smelting in this complex to foreign tourists.

Effect of KCl–ZnCl2 Ball-Milling Fluxing on Microstructure and Corrosion of Iron Ingot Hot-Dip Zinc Coating

Effect of KCl–ZnCl2 Ball-Milling Fluxing on Microstructure and Corrosion of Iron Ingot Hot-Dip Zinc Coating

The burial of the princely era from the ancient Buzhesk: analysis and verification of the archaeological materials

Materials that belong to the horizon of the burial ground of the princely period from the Small Hill-fort in the Busk town of Lviv region were systematized, analyzed, and verified. The archaeological excavations on the site continued in 2015, 2017–2019, and 2021 years, as a result of which 62 inhumation burials were investigated on 142 square meters. The analysis of vertical and horizontal stratigraphy and the thickness of the cultural layer (up to 90 cm) of the cemetery allow us to state at least two phases of burials. It is established that the graves were arranged around a wooden church, from which the destruction of the filling, laid with ceramic glazed tiles, has been preserved. The number of burials and their orientation according to the Christian canon (head to the west, 20 buried) with seasonal deviations to the south (20) and north (18) west were also recorded. The contours of burial pits are traced only in those quantitatively insignificant cases when they were dug into the mainland, or the filling of deep dwellings of earlier times. Remains of wooden rectangular houses have been found in 14 burials, and iron nails have also been found. Particular attention is paid to the hands laying of the dead. It is accepted that those buried with their arms crossed on their stomachs may be earlier than those with their arms crossed on their chests. At the same time, in detail, with references to the paleopathologist O. Kozak, it is shown that the position of the hands of the deceased can be influenced by both ritual practices and their taphonomy. In almost a third of the analyzed burials, «stone pillows» were found, represented by ordinary stones, as well as fill tiles from the church floor and even an iron ingot. Artifacts found as accompanying inventory (two glass beads, part of a glass bracelet, two temple rings, part of a bilon ring) belong to the standard products distributed in the Galician-Volyn territories. During the dating of the necropolis from Small Hill-fort, several groups of data were involved: stratigraphic observations, ceramic materials from the cultural layer of the cemetery, the principle of laying the hands of the dead, accompanying inventory, and information from written sources. As a result of their comparison, it was concluded that the cemetery on the territory of the Busk Small Hill-fort could have existed from the second half of the 12th – to the first half of the 14th century. The analysis and verification of the excavated burials gave grounds to claim that on the territory of the Busk Small Hill-fort there is a suburban Christian church cemetery, which together with a wooden church formed a kind of sacred space in the historical landscape of ancient Buzhsk. Key words: chronicle Buzhsk, Small Hill-fort, an earthen cemetery of the princely era, inhumation burials, «stone pillows», temple rings, ceramic glazed tiles.

Mystical sound of Selonding from eastern Balinese ancient village

Selonding is a part of Gamelan Tua, A rarely known musical instrument out of many Balinese gamelan. This sacred instrument can be found in several old villages in Karangasem regency, such as Bugbug, Prasi, Seraya, Tenganan Pegringsingan, Timbrah, Asak, Bungaya, Ngis, Bebandem, Besakih, Selat. However, some studies claimed that Gamelan Selonding today could only be seen in the Tenganan Pegringsingan and Bongaya villages. Selonding is the only type of iron-blade Balinese Gamelan. Low steel content on the iron ingot produces a softer sound texture than bronze gamelan, broadly used. The soft and rhythmic audio from Gamelan Selonding, according to the study, was said to reduce the elder’s anxiety level from moderate to mild. Despite its high cultural value and vital for the Bali Aga ritual, low exposure and promotion about Selonding Gamelan were reasons for the low interest and concern of young people in Bali for their own culture. To promote Selonding among Balinese, various studies proposed many mediums to attract public interest, including the documentary film production about the ancient instruments, and introduce an android-based application to learn playing Gamelan Selonding from users’ smartphones. Furthermore, today, Sekaa Selonding exists not only on Karangasem Regency but also in other parts of Bali since many Balinese youngsters outside Karangasem are interested in learning Gamelan Selonding.

Element Distribution and Migration Behavior in the Copper Slag Reduction and Separation Process

Copper slag is a solid pollutant with high recyclability. Reduction and separation are regarded as effective disposal methods. However, during the melting process, the separation and migration behavior of elements in the copper slag is complicated. Thus, the formation of pollutants cannot be controlled merely by optimizing the operation parameters. The elemental distribution and migration behavior are discussed in this work. In reduction experiments, the copper slag smelting liquid was divided into three layers: a reduction slag layer, a reactive boundary layer, and an iron ingot layer. Reduction slag and ingot iron were on the top and bottom of the liquid, respectively. Residual carbon oozed at the interface. C can react with reducible “O” atoms, which exist in 2FeO·SiO2, Fe3O4, and CuO. Meanwhile, CO was generated and overflowed from the liquid layer. After reduction by C or CO, metallic iron and copper were produced and migrated to the iron ingot layer. In the liquid, S gradually diffused into the upper layer. Some of the ZnO and CuS spilled from the liquid into the flume. After reduction, CaO·SiO2 was generated and moved to the upper layer.

Effect of Surface Micromorphology and Roughness of Iron Ingot on Microstructures of Hot-Dip Galvanized Coating

Effect of Surface Micromorphology and Roughness of Iron Ingot on Microstructures of Hot-Dip Galvanized Coating

Effect of cooking food in iron-containing cookware on increase in blood hemoglobin level and iron content of the food: A systematic review.

In developing countries there is a need for simple and cost-effective strategies to reduce the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia. The objective of the current systematic review is to summarize how cooking food in iron pots or iron ingots can increase the blood hemoglobin level and iron content of the food. Literature search was conducted using databases namely PubMed, Google Scholar, Medline-Ovid, IndMed, Cochrane library, World Health Organization bulletin and by cross-referencing articles. Thirteen researches were found to be suitable for inclusion in this systematic review. Four studies reported significant increase in blood hemoglobin levels while others reported only a minor increase. Significant improvement in amount of iron in food and iron bioavailability was also observed when food was cooked using iron pot or ingots. This can be used as a strategy for reduction of iron deficiency anemia. However, more research is required to understand the efficacy of this approach.

Neutron imaging for metallurgical characteristics of iron products manufactured with ancient Korean iron making techniques

This paper demonstrates the possible nondestructive analysis of iron artifacts’ metallurgical characteristics using neutron imaging. Ancient kingdoms of the Korean Peninsula used a direct smelting process for ore smelting and iron bloom production; however, the use of iron blooms was difficult because of their low strength and purity. For reinforcement, iron ingots were produced through refining and forge welding, which then underwent various processes to create different iron goods. To demonstrate the potential analysis using neutron imaging, while ensuring artifacts’ safety, a sand iron ingot (SI–I) produced using ancient traditional iron making techniques and a sand iron knife (SI–K) made of SI–I were selected. SI–I was cut into 9 cm2, whereas the entirety of SI–K was preserved for analysis. SI–I was found to have an average grain size of 3 μm, with observed α-Fe (ferrite) and pearlite with a body-centered cubic (BCC) lattice structure. SI–K had a grain size of 1–3 μm, α-Ferrite on its backside, and martensite with a body-centered tetragonal (BCT) structure on its blade. Results show that the sample’s metallurgical characteristics can be identified through neutron imaging only, without losing any part of the valuable artifacts, indicating applicability to cultural artifacts requiring complete preservation.

Metal Contaminants Leached by the Lucky Iron Fish When Boiled in Deionized Distilled Water

Abstract Objectives The Lucky Iron Fish® (LIF) is a reusable fish-shaped iron ingot that was developed to address iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in adults and young children under 5 years. The primary objective of this study was to determine the amount of iron and metals leached from the LIF. Methods LIF produced in Cambodia, Canada, and India were obtained from the LIF company for analysis. Ingots were used for the first time in this study. All equipment was cleaned prior to use. LIF were boiled in deionized distilled water with lemon juice for 10 and 60 minutes. Water samples were sent to a commercial laboratory for analysis. Results When boiled for 10 minutes, the Cambodia, Canada, and India LIF leached concentrations of iron greater than 68,600 ug/L. Quantities of heavy metals leached varied depending on where the ingot was manufactured. When boiled for 10 minutes, arsenic concentrations ranged from 2.5 ug/L to 4.7 ug/L in an India and Cambodia LIF. Chromium ranged from 4–80 ug/L in an India and Cambodia LIF, respectively. Similarly, lead leached ranged from 0.3 ug/L in a Cambodia LIF to 6.3 ug/L in an India LIF. Conclusions Despite high quantities of iron leached in water, it is unclear whether the quantity of absorbable iron leached from the LIF is enough to make a difference on iron stores of a young child. As research on the efficacy of the LIF has not been studied in this population. In addition, the potential harms of ingesting these heavy metals must be further investigated. Funding Sources None.

A Study on the Metallurgical Characteristics for Sand Iron Ingot Reproduced by the Traditional Iron-making Method on Ancient Period under the Neutron Imaging Analysis

A Study on the Metallurgical Characteristics for Sand Iron Ingot Reproduced by the Traditional Iron-making Method on Ancient Period under the Neutron Imaging Analysis

Study of micro-plastic deformation in pure iron before macro-yielding using acoustic emission, electron backscattered diffraction and transmission electron microscopy

Micro-plastic deformation of a DT4 iron ingot with different low angle grain boundary (LAGB) ratios and initial dislocation states (IDS) before macro-yielding was studied with the aid of acoustic emission (AE), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that AE only occurs in a reference sample via dislocation multiplication during micro-plastic deformation, while AE occurs in a rolled annealed (RA) sample via dislocation multiplication supplemented by collective motion of local dislocations. The formation of dislocation walls (DWs) and higher LAGB ratios increase the maximum AE energy and amplitude in the RA sample by 476.19% and 22.54% compared to the reference sample, respectively. Higher LAGB ratio (83.181% in the RA sample compared to 9.152% in the reference sample) and initial dislocation density in the RA sample produce earlier dislocation multiplication, resulting in cooperative dislocation motion. Generation of type A2 signals during micro-plastic deformation is dominated by synergistic motion of local dislocations, while dislocation multiplication is secondary. Therefore, LAGB and IDS will change the micro-plastic deformation behavior by influencing dislocation multiplication and changing the dislocation motion mode. The results from this study provide greater understanding of plastic deformation.

The Structure of Iron Powder Aggregation Obtained by Selective Laser Melting

A powder of different fractional composition was obtained from the iron ingot using the melt atomization method, from which samples for further studies were grown on the EOSint M270 unit using the selective laser melting (SLM) method. When considering the thin sections of the samples, we observed equiaxed recrystallized grains up to 20 μm in size, randomly distributed particles in the form of fragments up to 5 μm in size and equally oriented non-axial crystallites, forming groups in the form of arcuate layers with a front width of 800 μm and depth from 10 to 30 microns. Between them, narrow zones of increased chemical content were found, which are interpreted as probable traces of the stoppages of thermal fronts. We recorded traces of mass localized microplastic flow in the form of extended (up to 350x40 µm) and curved microregions with unequal-sized grains bordering microregions filled with equiaxial recrystallized grains due to the action of non-uniform thermal fields. Thus, in metal objects produced by the SLM, the complex morphology of the structure indicates a combination of different-scale mechanisms of structural changes. It has been established that in non-stationary temperature conditions of structure formation, the role of kinetic processes increases.

INVESTIGATING WEAR RESISTANCE OF LOW CARBON STEELS REINFORCED BY SIC SUBMICRON SIZED PARTICLES

ABSTRACTThe development of new steel grades with improved mechanical properties by theaddition of nanoparticles to microalloyed steels has recently gained attention. Misfit,size, thermal expansion coefficient, density, wettability and stability were reported tohave an effect on the properties. The main challenge is the development of thesenanostructured constituents by modified conventional and advanced manufacturingtechniques. This work discusses the options for applying nanoinoculation techniquesto produce new nanodispersed steel grades, with improved mechanical properties. Atthis stage of work submicron sized particles coated with Cu were selected in order toavoid wettability and agglomeration problems. The inoculant was added in differentratios starting from 0.025% up to 0.10% to the steel melt and the stirring of the meltwas secured via the induction current heating for 4 minutes. The produced alloy wastapped in an iron ingot, and then hot forged into bars and plates. Optical microscopicstudies were performed on the new material in order to identify the microstructuralfeatures. The wear abrasion resistance was detected using a wear test. It is shownthat these new steel grades have improved wear friction coefficients; though higherwear rates at the studied load and time conditions. This opens a new path forinvestigations on the wear resistance of nanodispersed and nanoinoculated steels.

Dietary Factors Modulate Iron Uptake in Caco-2 Cells from an Iron Ingot Used as a Home Fortificant to Prevent Iron Deficiency.

Iron deficiency is a major public health concern and nutritional approaches are required to reduce its prevalence. The aim of this study was to examine the iron bioavailability of a novel home fortificant, the “Lucky Iron Fish™” (LIF) (www.luckyironfish.com/shop, Guelph, Canada) and the impact of dietary factors and a food matrix on iron uptake from LIF in Caco-2 cells. LIF released a substantial quantity of iron (about 1.2 mM) at pH 2 but this iron was only slightly soluble at pH 7 and not taken up by cells. The addition of ascorbic acid (AA) maintained the solubility of iron released from LIF (LIF-iron) at pH 7 and facilitated iron uptake by the cells in a concentration-dependent manner. In vitro digestion of LIF-iron in the presence of peas increased iron uptake 10-fold. However, the addition of tannic acid to the digestion reduced the cellular iron uptake 7.5-fold. Additionally, LIF-iron induced an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), similar to ferrous sulfate, but this effect was counteracted by the addition of AA. Overall, our data illustrate the major influence of dietary factors on iron solubility and bioavailability from LIF, and demonstrate that the addition of AA enhances iron uptake and reduces ROS in the intestinal lumen.

Randomized controlled trial assessing the efficacy of a reusable fish-shaped iron ingot to increase hemoglobin concentration in anemic, rural Cambodian women

Background: Anemia affects 45% of women of childbearing age in Cambodia. Iron supplementation is recommended in populations in which anemia prevalence is high. However, there are issues of cost, distribution, and adherence. A potential alternative is a reusable fish-shaped iron ingot, which, when added to the cooking pot, leaches iron into the fluid in which it is prepared.Objective: We sought to determine whether there was a difference in hemoglobin concentrations in rural Cambodian anemic women (aged 18-49 y) who cooked with the iron ingot or consumed a daily iron supplement compared with a control after 1 y.Design: In Preah Vihear, 340 women with mild or moderate anemia were randomly assigned to 1) an iron-ingot group, 2) an iron-supplement (18 mg/d) group, or 3) a nonplacebo control group. A venous blood sample was taken at baseline and at 6 and 12 mo. Blood was analyzed for hemoglobin, serum ferritin, and serum transferrin receptor. Hemoglobin electrophoresis was used to detect structural hemoglobin variants.Results: Anemia prevalence was 44% with the use of a portable hemoglobinometer during screening. At baseline, prevalence of iron deficiency was 9% on the basis of a low serum ferritin concentration. There was no significant difference in mean hemoglobin concentrations between the iron-ingot group (115 g/L; 95% CI: 113, 118 g/L; P = 0.850) or iron-supplement group (115 g/L; 95% CI: 113, 117 g/L; P = 0.998) compared with the control group (115 g/L; 95% CI: 113, 117 g/L) at 12 mo. Serum ferritin was significantly higher in the iron-supplement group (73 μg/L; 95% CI: 64, 82 μg/L; P = 0.002) than in the control group at 6 mo; however, this significance was not maintained at 12 mo (73 μg/L; 95% CI: 58, 91 μg/L; P = 0.176).Conclusions: Neither the iron ingot nor iron supplements increased hemoglobin concentrations in this population at 6 or 12 mo. We do not recommend the use of the fish-shaped iron ingot in Cambodia or in countries where the prevalence of iron deficiency is low and genetic hemoglobin disorders are high. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02341586.

Investigation on cooperative desulfurization efficiency for bearing carbon stainless steel dust briquettes chromium and nickel recovery process

During the stainless steel making process, Fe-Cr-Ni of lower sulfur content can be recycled from stainless steel dust (SSD) by briquettes reduction. An investigation of cooperative desulfurization efficiency for bearing carbon SSD briquettes reduction process is conducted. First, slag amount prediction model is established through corundum crucible erosion behavior in order to analyze the desulfurization efficiency. Next, the effects of carbon amount, CaF2 amount, silicon ferrous, basicity and feeding modes on the desulfurization rate and the sulfur distribution ratio are analyzed. Furthermore, sulfur distribution ratio prediction model between SSD briquettes and molten iron is originally established in the principle of thermodynamic equilibrium. Results show that basicity, CaF2, silicon ferrous and carbon amount could promote the desulfurization rate and sulfur distribution ratio. When simultaneously adding iron ingot and SSD briquettes, feeding mode has a higher desulfurization rate and better metal/slag separation than when adding iron ingot prior to SSD briquettes. During the experiment, desulfurization rate varies from 55% to 70% and the sulfur distribution ratio results range from 2 to 10. The sulfur distribution ratio prediction results greatly match with experimental results implying that the desulfurization rate analysis method through corundum crucible erosion behavior is more accurate.

Recovery of iron and removal of hazardous elements from waste copper slag via a novel aluminothermic smelting reduction (ASR) process

A novel aluminothermic smelting reduction (ASR) process was investigated for cleaning waste copper slag; this process is not only able to recover valuable iron, but also eliminates hazardous elements from the end-of-life slag product. The effect of adding Al on the reduction of iron oxide and subsequent iron recovery from waste copper slag at 1773 K was investigated by considering the thermophysical properties of the slag. The content of FeO and Al2O3 in the molten slag varied dramatically over a 5-min period, followed by nearly constant values. Because the reaction area and volume could not be determined (due to the explosive reaction characteristics of the ASR process), the apparent rate constant was employed for kinetic analysis. Iron recovery exhibited a maximum value at Al/FeO = 0.53. To determine the iron recovery, a novel triangular material balance diagram, which represents the balance among the reduced iron ingot, the reduced iron droplets dispersed in the slag phase, and the residual (unreduced) iron, was proposed. Solid compounds, such as spinel and olivine, were precipitated in the slag during the ASR process; this was confirmed by both XRD analysis and a thermochemical computation method. Furthermore, the reaction mechanism between iron oxide and Al particles was newly proposed; this was based on systematic experimental observations. Finally, the elimination rate of hazardous elements, such as As, Bi, Pb, and Sb, from end-of-life copper slag by the ASR process was determined.

A Randomized Control Trial Using a Fish-Shaped Iron Ingot for the Amelioration of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Rural Cambodian Women

Objective: The objectives were to determine whether cooking food with an iron ingot increases the hemoglobin and serum ferritin of women and whether women would use an iron ingot shaped like a fish considered lucky in Cambodian culture. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted in three villages in rural Kandal Province, Cambodia. Participants were randomly assigned to the iron ingot, the iron ingot plus nutrition education, or untreated control group. Participants were instructed to use the iron ingot daily by adding it to the cooking pot when preparing soup or boiling drinking water and boiling for at least 10 minutes. Blood samples were taken at baseline and every three months thereafter, over a 12-month trial period. Results: Overall, a 46% reduction in the prevalence of anemia within the intervention group was noted at the end of the study. Hemoglobin concentrations were greater by 11.8 g/L (95% CI: 9.1, 14.6; P<0.0001) in women in the iron ingot group when compared to controls. Serum ferritin concentrations were 31.0 ng/mL (95% CI: 17.1, 45.0; P<0.0001) greater after 12 months of using the iron ingot when compared to controls. Over 94% of women used the iron ingot at least 3 times per week. Conclusion: The iron ingot shaped as a lucky fish is a very effective, innovative form of homestead food fortification in a country lacking affordable and accessible means of improving iron intake.

A Reproduction of the Ancient Bandjeli��s Steel-Making Process

This paper presents an ancient traditional steel-making process of Bandjeli, in the Bassar Region in the Republic of Togo (West Africa). The iron specialists of Bandjeli have owned technical knowledge to cast direct reduced iron (DRI) likely direct reduced steel (DRS). This know-how was transferred to each generation over many centuries. The description of this steel-making process is focused on the steps that lead to the iron ingot: the construction of the furnace, the raw materials collection and their preparation, the furnace filling and the smelting operation. Microstructures of as-smelted and thermo-mechanical treated samples as well as hardness data are presented. Optical and SEM micrographs indicate a Widmannstätten structure type, comprising of a plates or needles of ferrite or alpha iron (Feα) in light contrast and grains of pearlite (dark contrast). Micro-hardness measurements indicate values ranging from 100 to 700 Hv, this field covers the micro-hardness values of the ferrite and pearlite. Microstructural and mechanical properties of the as-obtained product suggest direct steel processing from Bandjeli’s natural draught furnace. These results are necessary for further investigations on the as-smelted steel and on the contribution of this traditional smelting technology to the iron industry.

고양 벽제 제철 유구 출토 철기의 분석을 통한 제철방법 연구

철기 생산 기술은 당시 사회 발전을 가늠하는 척도로서 과거의 제철 방법을 이해하기 위한 철기 유물의 미세조직과 개재물에 대한 다양한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 고려시대로 추정되는 고양 벽제 제철 유구에서 일괄로 수습된 철제 유물의 시편을 채취하여 광학현미경과 미세경도시험기, SEM-EDS를 이용하여 미세 조직의 성분분석을 통해 제철과 제련 기술을 추론하여 보았다. 연구결과 철괴는 주철괴와 탄소강 철괴로 분류되었다. 주철괴의 경우 백주철 조직과 인(P)의 함량이 높은 회주철 조직으로 분류되었으며 회주철 내 높은 P의 함량은 석회질 등의 융제가 첨가되며 혼입된 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 주철 조직의 철괴 및 고탄소강 철괴는 제련공정을 거치지 않은 선철들로 추정된다. 또한 철기 제작에는 크게 두가지 방법이 사용된 것으로 판단된다. 첫번째는 주물에 주철을 부어 제작하는 주철괴 제작 방법이며, 두번째는 선철의 제련 공정을 통하여 생산되는 탄소강을 제작하는 방법이다. 특히 탄소강의 고른 강 조직과 적은 양의 MnS 개재물은 현대 제철 조직과 매우 유사한 특징을 지니나 고양 벽제 제철유구에서 수습된 탄소강 내 Mn의 함유에 대하여 판단하기에는 좀 더 많은 연구가 이루어져야 할 것이며, 주철의 제강공정을 통한 고탄소강의 생산 가능성도 염두에 두어야 할 것으로 사료된다. The ironware production technology is a measure to fathom the society's level of development in time. To understand iron-manufacure methods in the past, various investigations on the fine structures and additions of ironware remains and Iron ingot have been conducted in a way of natural science. This study metallurgically reclassifies remains excavated in iron-manufacture remains located in Beokje, Goyang, which are thought to be in time of Goryeo Dynasty, and draws an inference from the element analysis on the iron-manufacture and smelting technology. Iron ingot samples with a cast iron structure are divided into those with a white cast iron structure and those with a grey cast iron rich in P. The P content of grey cast iron appeared to be the result of adding a flux agent like lime, iron ingot and carbon steel iron ingot with a cast iron structure excavated in the area is regarded as pig iron which was made without a refining process. In this study it seems that two methods of making ironware were used in the area; one is the method of making ironware by pouring cast iron to the casting, and the other is the method of making carbon steel through the refinement of pig iron. It appears that highly even steel structure of carbon steel and a small amount of MnS inclusion are very similar with that of the modern steel to which Mn is artificially added. Nevertheless, these data alone cannot be used to determine the source of Mn in the carbon steel of the excavated from the iron-manufacture remains, which raises the need for further studies on the source and the possibility of carbon steel via the iron-manufacture process of cast iron.