Iron Deficiency Anemia In Children Research Articles

Exploring the link between hair elemental composition and oral and general health of children in Northern and Central Dagestan Russia

Relevance. This article presents data on the level of trace elements in hair and oral and general health among various age groups of children (from 2 to 17 years) in Northern and Central Dagestan. It also reports findings on the relationship between oral health indicators and the content of such macro- and microelements as Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, Zn, As, Fe, F. Identifying concentrations of macro- and microelements in hair proves to be a promising diagnostic method and aids in creating personalized prevention programs.Objective. To investigate the correlation between the elemental composition in children's hair and their oral and general health conditions in the cities of Kizlyar and Makhachkala, situated in Northern and Central Dagestan, Russia.Materials and methods. Established methods and physicochemical techniques were utilized for oral health evaluations to determine the quality indicators of drinking water, levels of elemental composition in hair, and methods to assess the general health of children (questionnaires, analysis of medical records of children).Results. A correlation was established between the levels of specific chemical elements in hair, the dental hard tissues, and mixed saliva with the oral and general health complications observed in children. Water analysis in Makhachkala, central part of the Republic of Dagestan, revealed an unbalanced presence of essential chemical elements such as fluoride, iron, manganese, zinc, and sulfates. In 74–84% of the examined water samples, the fluoride content was below 0.5 mg/l, and only 13–25% were within the normal range. The levels of fluoride and iron in hair and mixed saliva indicate shifts in mineral metabolism in children's bodies. Fluoride is crucial for iron absorption, and its deficiency results in significantly decreased absorption rates. A substantial reduction in water fluoride levels, compared to standard values, correlates with high rates of dental caries and iron deficiency anemia in children from Makhachkala, occurring in about 87% of cases (P < 0.05). This relationship is substantiated by the analysis of medical records from children aged 2 to 17 from hospitals in both Northern and Central Dagestan, highlighting the connection between iron deficiency anemia and the low fluoride levels in drinking water. Further studies into the oral health of children have shown that the incidence and severity of caries in deciduous teeth are greater in the Northern than in the Central Zone of Dagestan. Moreover, conditions such as cheilitis, aphthous stomatitis, and desquamative glossitis are frequently observed in children during the stages of temporary tooth occlusion, affecting on average 38.5% of cases, and this prevalence increases to 78.2% during the mixed and permanent occlusion stages.Conclusion. The conducted studies revealed that the drinking water supplied to the Dagestan population has elevated permissible levels of iron and arsenic. Additionally, there is a noted deficiency of fluoride, zinc, and copper, as well as low water hardness. Research into the quality of drinking water and the health impacts on the pediatric population of Dagestan established a correlation (R = 0.593) between unbalanced water, dietary intake, the severity of dental caries, and reduced immunity in children. High levels of arsenic, germanium, and molybdenum in the water and children's hair contribute to cumulative health effects. Environmental pollution is also linked to a rise in oral health issues, iron deficiency anemia, and broader health problems. Analyzing the chemical composition of children's hair serves as a diagnostic tool for detecting and preventing diseases related to deficiencies and excesses of macro- and microelements.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children with Atopic Dermatitis

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children with Atopic Dermatitis

The Role of Reticulocyte Hemoglobin Content in Diagnosing Iron Deficiency in Childhood Cancer

Abstract Background The prevalence of iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in children with cancer is not well studied. The detection of ID and IDA using sensitive laboratory tools may facilitate early diagnosis and treatment in this cohort. In this regard, reticulocyte hemoglobin (Ret-He) content serves as a cost-effective measurement that remains unaffected by inflammation, unlike the ferritin test. Aim The objective of this study is to analyze the role of Ret-He as a diagnostic tool to identify functional and absolute ID and IDA in children with cancer. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in children aged 0 to 18 years. Blood samples were collected to compare Ret-He values with iron status, reflected by hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), serum iron (SI), total iron binding capacity (TIBC), and ferritin and transferrin saturation. The overall discriminative power of Ret-He in detecting ID and IDA was assessed using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Results Of the 135 children included in the study, 58 (43.0%) had anemia. Among them, 20 (14.8%) had IDA (8 [5.9%] absolute and 12 [8.9%] functional), while 25 (18.5%) had ID (16 [11.9%] absolute and 9 [6.7%] functional). The Ret-He value was significantly related to iron status (p ≤ 0.002). Ret-He was also shown to have a significant correlation with the abovementioned hematological parameters (p = 0.000), except TIBC. Multivariate analysis revealed a significant relationship between Hb (p = 0.051), MCH (p = 0.000), and MCHC (p = 0.001) and Ret-He. Ret-He values of 33.7, 32.7, 32.4 and 28.6 pg were established as optimal cut-off values to identify functional ID, absolute ID, functional IDA, and absolute IDA, respectively. Conclusion Ret-He is a reliable diagnostic tool for absolute and functional IDA in children with cancer.

Iron deficiency anemia in pediatric children at Kalmunai North Base Hospital, Sri Lanka

<b>Objective:</b> This study's aim was to estimate association between the iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and associated risk factors among children at Kalmunai north in Sri Lanka during COVID-19. <b>Material and Methods: </b>During the pandemic, 101 children aged between 1and 14 years were involved in the cross sectional study. Hemoglobin levels, serum ferritin and C-recactive protein (CRP) were measured to determine anemia. Additionally, dietary intake, socioeconomic status, and demographic information were collected through interviews with the caregivers. Chi-square tests and Pearson correlation were used to investigate connections between IDA and other factors such as demographic characteristics and eating habits. In addition, a multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of IDA. <b>Results:</b> 7.9% of children were found to be anemic at Kalmunai Base Hospital. Low dietary iron consumption was revealed as a significant risk factor for IDA. Meat, liver, fish, chicken, fresh milk, dark green leafy vegetables, and black tea were found to be independent predictors of IDA, explaining 57.7% of the variation in IDA frequency (R<sup>2</sup> value = 57.7%; P< 0.001). Consuming dark green leafy vegetables, poultry, liver, beef, and fish are linked to a lower incidence of IDA in children. On the other hand, a higher risk of IDA appears to be associated with increased consumption of fresh milk and black tea. In conclusion, this study focuses on Dietary factors, especially the consumption of particular foods, were found to be significant contributors of IDA, even if demographic parameters did not differ significantly from IDA. Strategies to increase iron intake and dietary diversity, particularly among young children, are critical in the fight against IDA.

Prospective observational study iron deficiency anemia clinical profile in children with sickle cell disease: a study protocol

Background Sickle cell disease, a hereditary hemoglobinopathy, presents complex clinical challenges including increased susceptibility to iron deficiency anemia (IDA). However, the clinical profile of IDA in pediatric patients with sickle cell disease still needs to be adequately characterized. This study aims to comprehensively investigate the prevalence, severity, associated risk factors, and potential impact of IDA on morbidity and mortality in this vulnerable population. Methods A prospective observational study will be conducted on 303 children from January 2024 to December 2024 at the Department of Pediatrics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and AVBR Hospital, Sawangi, Wardha. Participants will include pediatric patients diagnosed with sickle cell disease, with informed consent from their parents or legal guardians. Data will be collected through clinical assessments, blood sample analyses for hematological parameters, and systematic recording of relevant clinical information. Statistical analyses, including Fisher’s exact test, Chi-square test, and Student’s t-test, will be used to assess the data, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. Expected outcomes This study aims to provide critical insights into the prevalence and clinical profile of IDA in children with sickle cell disease, shedding light on potential risk factors and correlations with comorbid conditions. Furthermore, it seeks to explore the relationship between IDA and disease-related morbidity and mortality.

IV ferric carboxymaltose (Injectafer) for iron deficiency in heart failure.

Ferric carboxymaltose (Injectafer – American Regent) is now FDA-approved for IV treatment of iron deficiency in adults with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II/III heart failure to improve exercise capacity. Iron deficiency is present in approximately 30% of patients with heart failure; it has been associated with reduced quality of life and increased hospitalization and mortality. Injectafer is the first IV iron preparation to be approved for this indication. It was previously approved for treatment of iron deficiency anemia in children and adults.

Digital Educational Game "O Jardim do Ferro": A Tool for the Prevention of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Childhood.

Objective: To create and evaluate a digital educational game (DEG) for preschool children for the prevention of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia. Methodology: The DEG software was developed by a multidisciplinary team, according to Chandler's methodology, in Engine Unity. The game is a 2D platformer, for Android, with three different phases. A quiz was developed for parents/caregivers about iron absorption and anemia. The quiz content was evaluated by experts. The evaluation of the game was carried out through a questionnaire applied in the school for children from 4 to 6 years of age. Results: For the construction of the game, programming, team planning, art, and soundtrack were necessary. The game was registered at the National Institute of Industrial Property. The quiz was evaluated by 14 experts and all questions had more than 80% agreement. The questionnaire was answered by 32 children with a mean age of 5.0 ± 0.7 years, and ∼70% evaluated the game positively. Thus, the acceptability of the software was favored by most players. Conclusion: The "O Jardim do Ferro" software, from its conception to evaluation, proved to be a promising tool to contribute to food and nutrition education actions, providing opportunities for the construction of knowledge about iron-rich foods for the prevention of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in childhood.

Association of Different Risk Factors with Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children

Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) arises from an imbalance in the body's iron production and demand, making it a prevalent form of anemia in children. While its causes are varied, many contributing factors to IDA are adjustable. If identified and addressed promptly, these factors can be modified to improve both immediate and extended health effects in children. 13It is an established fact that iron is an important component for growth of body and our nervous system. IDA in children may permanently disturb their sensory and cognitive ability. It is therefore important to determine its risk factors to ensure early screening and prevention among children. Aim and Objective: To determine correlation of different risk factors with Iron deficiency Anemia. Material and Methods: This case-control study, comprising 150 participants in each group, was carried out in the Pediatric department of Jinnah Hospital Lahore over a nine-month period, spanning from May 1, 2022, to January 31, 2023. Inclusion criteria involved children aged between 6 months and 12 years. Non-Probability consecutive sampling was employed to collect data, with informed consent obtained from parents/guardians. A pre-designed proforma was utilized for data collection. Statistical analysis using SPSS v.22 involved calculating mean and standard deviation for quantitative data, and presenting frequency and percentages for categorical data. Risk assessment and association were determined using odds ratio and chi-square tests, with a p-value below 5% considered significant.

Health status of the child and the level of education of the mother in the presence of iron deficiency anemia in children from 6 to 59 months of age, in Peru

El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar si la anemia ferropénica en niños de 6 a 59 meses de edad en el Perú esta asociada al estado de salud del niño y el grado de instrucción de la madre. Se utilizó un diseño de investigación no experimental tipo transversal, datos de la Encuesta Demográfica y Salud Familiar [7], del análisis de regresión logística se obtuvo un modelo que explica la presencia de anemia con probabilidad de acierto de 70,1 %, considerándose las variables: periodo de lactancia, peso, talla, enfermedad diarreica aguda (EDA), vacunas completas y educación de la madre. No tener vacunas completas aumenta la probabilidad de tener anemia en 1,168 veces más de los que si tuvieron vacuna, por cada mes adicional de lactancia materna la probabilidad de tener anemia se reduce en 2,15 %, si tuvo infección respiratoria aguda o EDA la probabilidad de tener anemia es 1,125 y 1,578 veces más que los que no tuvieron anemia, mayor nivel educativo de la madre menor probabilidad de presencia de anemia.

Iron deficiency anemia in H.pylori pediatric patients and the role of IL-1β

Background Helicobacter pylori infection has long been recognized to be the cause of iron deficiency anemia (IDA). However, the data in this study shows that only some of children infected with Helicobacter pylori developed an IDA. The objective was to analyze the correlation between IL-1β levels with the incidence of IDA in children with Helicobacter pylori infection. Methods The study was a cross-sectional in which subjects with Helicobacter pylori infection were examined for IL-1β levels along with the incidence of IDA. The study was carried out for one full year period, started from January 2022 to January 2023, at the H. Adam Malik Hospital in Medan and its affiliation. The subjects in this study were pediatric patients who experienced abdominal pain and range between the ages of 2-18 years old. The entire samples were taken by using consecutive sampling. Subjects’ blood sampling were extracted for IL-1β examination (ELISA) and diagnostic tests of Iron Deficiency Anemia, while the diagnosis of H. pylori infection was done by endoscopy (CLO) Results The subjects consisted of 52 children in which 26 of them have Helicobacter pylori (+) and of those 26 children, 23 had IDA (prevalence ratio 11.5 (95% CI 3.015-43.864). There were indications that patients with H. pylori infection (+) is 11.5 times more likely to develop IDA. The cut-off point for IL-1β levels based on the freqtableuency of IDA in children with H. pylori infection is ≤ 1.3 pg/mL The sensitivity and specificity value of IL-1β levels in predicting IDA was 87% and 66.7% respectively. The positive and negative predictive value was 95.2% and 40% (respectively) with the accuracy level of 84.6 %. Conclusion There is a significant correlation between Helicobacter pylori infection and IDA. Interleukin-1β levels were significantly higher in children infected with H. pylori (+) in comparison to H. pylori (-).

Prevalence and Predictors of Iron Deficiency Anemia among Children in Saudi Arabia

Introduction: The long-term impact of iron deficiency anemia on female children was significantly reducing physical growth, neurological development and learning performance. There is limited data about the magnitude of iron deficiency anemia in Saudi Arabia in young children. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and determinants of iron deficiency anemia in children attending primary health care at the age of the school entry. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study including children at the age of school entry and they should be tested for detection of anemia after their parents sign an informed consent. Children with other types of anemia were excluded from this study. The minimal sample size is calculated using Raosoft calculator based on the equation for proportion estimation. Based on this proportion, at the confidence level of 95% and estimation error of 0.05 the initial sample size is calculated to be 384 participants. A questionnaire was used to collect data from the mothers or caregiver for the children. Results: A total sample of 384 attendants in PHC centers responded to the questionnaire, of them 59.5% were males. About 68% of the mothers have a high level of education as university or postgraduate studies and 83% were married. The prevalence of anemia was found to be 24% among children for both genders. Only nationality was a significant predictor for iron-deficiency anemia among children. Saudis children had a significantly lower prevalence of anemia than non-Saudis. Conclusions: The prevalence of anemia among children at age of school entry was high and more attention to the nutritional habits of children should be given by mothers and health specialists. Educational campaign should be conducted to increase awareness about proper children nutrition among women, particularly women with non-Saudi nationality.

The Burden of Childhood Iron Deficiency Anemia in a Developed Country: A Croatian Tertiary Care Center Experience.

Given the high prevalence of unrecognized iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in Croatia and its negative impact on children's somatic and neurological outcomes, a comprehensive preventive and treatment approach is a necessity. Methods: This was an observational, cross-sectional study of pediatric patients referred to the Children's Hospital Zagreb, Croatia, from 2017 to 2021, for IDA. Epidemiological and clinical data were extracted. Laboratory workup and therapeutic actions in the primary and tertiary care settings were recorded. The need for transfusion, parenteral iron therapy, and hospital admission was noted. A total of 299 patients (52.2% female, median five years) were seen by the hematologistin the five-year study period. Almost half (45.1%) were referred by the primary care pediatrician. Only half of the patients (56.6%) received oral iron therapy prior to referral. The preferred preparation was Dextriferron (67.7%) during the mean period of 5.8 months, but more than one-third of the patients (36.5%) were non-compliant. Every 10th child seen by the hematologist for IDA was admitted to the hospital; 6.4% required transfusion therapy, and in only one patient, parenteral iron was administered. Conclusions: The results of this survey established that IDA still represents an excessive burden in a tertiary care setting of a high-income country. Therefore, consistent implementation of national guidelines and additional education of primary healthcare providers is crucial to ameliorate this significant public health concern.

Management of Childhood Iron Deficiency Anemia in a Developed Country-A Multi-Center Experience from Croatia.

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) continues to be a global public health concern, mostly in the developing countries. However, precise epidemiological data on childhood IDA in Croatia are lacking. In order to establish its frequency, underlying etiologies, the rationale for tertiary care visits, diagnostic practices, and current treatment regimens of IDA, medical records of children referred to pediatric hematologists for iron deficiency in a five-year period at tertiary institutions (Zagreb, Rijeka, Split, Osijek) throughout Croatia were retrospectively analyzed. Eight hundred and sixty-four children, predominately of preschool age, were referred mainly by the primary care pediatricians, who, in general, performed basic diagnostics but failed to initiate oral iron therapy in half of the patients. Approximately one-third of patients were symptomatic, with inadequate nutrition prevailing as underlying etiology. Dextriferron was the preferred iron formulation among hematologists, with a median dose of 5 mg/kg, with acceptable compliance rates (63.5-93.2%). Hospital admission rates varied among the centers (9.4-35%), and so did transfusion policies (6.4-22.9%). The greatest difference was observed in the frequency of parenteral iron administration (0.3-21.5%). In conclusion, the burden of childhood IDA, even in a high-income country, remains substantial, necessitating consistent implementation of national guidelines and additional education of primary health care providers.

Efficacy of Ferrous Bis-Glycinate versus Ferrous Sulphate in Children with Iron Deficiency Anemia

Iron deficiency anemia is a common pediatric disease and oral iron supplementation is the usual treatment. Newer formulations has been developed to treat iron deficiency anemia in children. Objective: To compare the efficacy of ferrous Bis-Glycinate in children with iron deficiency anemia to the conventional therapy with ferrous sulphate. Methods: In this open labelled prospective clinical trial was performed in children with iron deficiency anemia. Two groups were made, one group was given ferrous sulphate and the other group ferrous bis-glycinate at a dose of 5 mg/kg/day, single daily dose. Patient were followed 04 weekly till 12 weeks and then baselines reviewed. Results: Out of these total 108 children, 64 (59.3%) were male while the remaining 40.7% were female, with mean age was 27.48 in months with SD of 14.1. Iron therapy succefully raised Hb by 3.49 gm/dl as a whole with in Iron Bis –glycinate group as 3.85d/dl while 3.13gm /dl in ferrous sulphate group. The frequency of gastrointestinal adverse symptoms were less in bis-glycinate group. Conclusions: It was concluded that ferrous bis-glyicante has better efficacy to ferrous sulphate in term of Hb rising and has less gastrointestinal side effects.

Causes of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children Less Than 12 Years Old at Cooper University Hospital and Their Response to Intravenous Iron Replacement

Title of project: Causes of iron deficiency anemia in children less than 12 years old at Cooper University Hospital and their response to intravenous iron Background: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common type of anemia in children. Even among industrialized countries like the US, IDA affects many children. Serious adverse outcomes can occur in children with IDA including, cognitive and motor neurodevelopmental delays which may be irreversible. While poor oral intake tends to be the focus of screening and preventative measures, additional causes of IDA include malabsorption from gastrointestinal abnormalities, medications that decrease iron absorption, parasitosis, genitourinary loss, and blood loss. Menorrhagia is a common cause of IDA among adolescents. The average age of menarche for adolescent girls is 12.43 years. Therefore, on data evaluation for the cause of IDA among patients aged 1-21, menstrual bleeding was overrepresented. Objective: This sub-analysis of a single center retrospective chart review analyzed the causes of IDA among children less than 12 years of age at Cooper University Hospital and their response to intravenous iron treatment. Methods: Data on all patients 1-12 years old who received intravenous iron infusions at Cooper University Hospital for IDA between 2016 and 2021 was analyzed. Descriptive statistics on the etiology of IDA and paired t-tests comparing pre-infusion hematologic parameters (hemoglobin, RDW, RBC, MCV, iron, ferritin, TIBC, percent saturation) to post-infusion values were conducted. Results: From the 150 patients included in the original study, 26 patients were 12 years of age or younger. The causes of IDA among these patients included inadequate dietary intake (65.4%), inflammatory bowel disease (15.4%), menorrhagia (15.4%) and one patient with factor II deficiency (3.8%). These patients required between one to eleven infusions to return to normal lab values. When comparing pre-infusion to post-final infusion lab values, there was significant improvement in all values (ferritin, iron, hemoglobin, MCV and RBCs) except total iron binding capacity, RDW and percent saturation. Discussion: Inadequate dietary intake was the most common cause of IDA in children less that 12 years old treated at Cooper University Hospital. Other causes included inflammatory bowel disease, menorrhagia and factor II deficiency. In contrast, the most common cause of IDA in children 12 and older was menorrhagia. Childhood food insecurity has been linked to IDA among low-income patients in the United States. Despite food assistance programs and adequate dietary education, patients continue to remain iron deficient. The current first-line therapy at Cooper University Hospital is oral iron supplementation. However, many patients fail the oral iron trial due to non-adherence, children spitting up or refusing to take the medication, and gastrointestinal side effects. Many pediatric patients in our clinic population are on NJ state insurance which requires a failed oral iron therapy trial prior to qualifying for coverage of intravenous iron. Yet, in a previous retrospective study completed in our clinic, intravenous iron has proven to be effective and safe, with fewer side effects and better adherence. For many patients, especially infants and toddlers, intravenous iron may provide a quicker cure for IDA, preventing irreversible neurodevelopmental delays. We propose that treatment with oral iron and intravenous iron should both be considered for first-line therapies and should be a shared decision between parents and providers.

Efficacy of Iron-Fortification in Complementary Feeding for Prevention of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children of Bangladesh

Efficacy of Iron-Fortification in Complementary Feeding for Prevention of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children of Bangladesh

Screening of iron deficiency anemia in children with chronic functional constipation

Background Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is one of the most common nutritional deficiencies worldwide. Constipation is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders in childhood. Aim To screen for IDA or iron deficiency (ID) among children with chronic functional constipation (CFC). Patients and methods It was a prospective study. Two groups of children in the age range of 1–15 years were collected for 6 months from June 2022 to December 2022 at Alexandria University gastroenterology clinic. Children who fulfilled Rome IV criteria of CFC were assigned to CFC group. Children who did not have constipation were considered as the control group. Complete blood count, serum iron, total iron binding capacity, and serum ferritin were done for both groups. Data were fed to the computer and analyzed using IBM SPSS software package version 20.0. Quantitative data were described using range (minimum and maximum), mean, standard deviation, and median. Results Hemoglobin levels, serum ferritin and serum iron were significantly lower in the CFC group when matched with the control group. ID and IDA were significantly higher in the CFC group. The longer days of constipation were correlated with significantly lower hemoglobin, serum iron, and serum ferritin. Conclusion CFC causes mild IDA or ID. The longer the days of CF, the lower values of hemoglobin, iron and ferritin are present. ID and IDA are more common in the CFC group.

Iron Deficiency Anemia in Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence.

Iron deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency in the world. Epidemiological data indi- cate that iron deficiency is more prevalent in infants, in preschool-children, and in adolescents. Etiologies of iron deficiency in children include inadequate dietary iron intake, which is the most common cause, as well as increased iron requirements, bleeding, and intestinal iron absorption disorders. Iron deficiency can lead to symptoms related to anemia, may interfere with neuro- development and may cause skin, hair, nail, and gastrointestinal problems. This review focuses on the causes, signs, symptoms, diagnosis and management of iron deficiency in infancy, child- hood, and adolescence.

Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children Under One Year of Age

Objective: To determine the association of Iron Deficiency Anemia with demographic factors in children under one year of age.
 Study design: Cross-sectional study.
 Place and Duration of Study: Pak Emirates Medical Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan from Jan to Oct 2020.
 Methodology: All children of less than one year of age, of either gender who attended Out Patient Department with the complaint of acute illness like upper respiratory tract infections were consecutively enrolled. The detailed analysis for haematological parameters, means corpuscular volume <70 fl, serum ferritin <30 mcg/L, and transferrin saturation <16% were performed.
 Results: Of three hundred and fifty-four children, the frequency of Iron Deficiency Anemia was found to be in 200(56.5%). The frequency of Iron Deficiency Anemia in children more than 8 months of age was higher (70.6%) in comparison to children less than 8 months of age (29.4%). Multiple variables were found to significantly contribute to Iron Deficiency Anemia, the father's educational status, the mother's educational status and socioeconomic status. At the same time, Iron Deficiency Anemia was significantly lower among children with first or second childbirth orders and in breastfed infants.
 Conclusion: A higher proportion of Iron Deficiency Anemia was noted among children under one-year-old who complained of acute illness.

Management of iron deficiency anaemia in children

No abstract available Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health, 2023: 52(2): 204-208