Iron Deficiency Anemia In Children Research Articles

Diagnosis and Treatment of Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children and Adolescents: Recommendations of the Polish Pediatric Society, the Polish Society of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, the Polish Society of Neonatology, and the Polish Society of Family Medicine.

Background/Objectives. Iron deficiency is one of the most common nutritional deficiencies worldwide and is the leading cause of anemia in the pediatric population (microcytic, hypochromic anemia due to iron deficiency). Moreover, untreated iron deficiency can lead to various systemic consequences and can disrupt the child's development. Methods/Results. Therefore, a team of experts from the Polish Pediatric Society, the Polish Society of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, the Polish Neonatology Society, and the Polish Society of Family Medicine, based on a review of the current literature, their own clinical experience, and critical discussion, has developed updated guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of iron deficiency in children from birth to 18 years of age. These recommendations apply to the general population and do not take into account the specifics of individual conditions and diseases.

Study on Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anaemia in Children of 6 Months - 12 Years of Age in Barabanki District, Uttar Pradesh

Study on Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anaemia in Children of 6 Months - 12 Years of Age in Barabanki District, Uttar Pradesh

Vitamin C-rich guava consumed with mungbean dal reduces anemia and increases hemoglobin but not iron stores: a randomized controlled trial of food-to-food fortification in Indian children.

BackgroundAdding vitamin C-rich fruit to staples containing iron could be an effective strategy to improve iron bioavailability and thereby reduce iron-deficiency anemia in children. ObjectiveWe aimed to assess the effect of consuming a mungbean-based meal with or without guava fruit on body iron stores, hemoglobin concentration, and anemia of children as part of a school feeding program. MethodsWe conducted a 7-month randomized, controlled trial with 6 to 10-year-old school children (n=200; 46% anemic, 71% iron-deficient) from a rural community in Haryana, North India. Children were assigned to two treatment groups to daily receive either a meal of mungbean dal only (3.0 mg of iron; vitamin C:iron molar ratio ∼0.5:1), or mungbean dal with fresh guava (3.2 mg of iron; ∼170 mg of vitamin C; molar ratio ∼18:1). Meals were served every school day under supervision. The primary outcome was body iron stores, while concentrations of hemoglobin and other iron indicators were secondary outcomes. ResultsDaily consumption of mungbean dal along with guava did not result in an overall improvement of body iron stores (mean treatment effect: 0.65 mg/kg body weight; 95% CI: −0.34, 1.63; P=0.197). However, compared to children who consumed mungbean dal only, children in the guava group showed a larger increase in hemoglobin concentration (3.7 g/L; 95% CI: 1.6, 5.6; P=0.001), and a larger drop in the prevalence of anemia (−51%; 95% CIs: −74, −10; P= 0.022) and iron-deficiency anemia (−56%, 95% CI: −83, 13; P=0.087). These effects were more pronounced in children who were iron-deficient at study start. ConclusionsAddition of guava to a mungbean-based meal containing a moderate amount of iron increased hemoglobin and reduced anemia but did not provide enough additional absorbed iron to also increase body iron stores. Food-to-food fortification by inclusion of vitamin C rich fruits in iron-containing school meals may help alleviate the burden of anemia in children.This trial was registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01191463.

A Study of the Clinical Profile of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children With Sickle Cell Disease in a Tertiary Care Center.

Background Sickle cell disease (SCD) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) are significant global health concerns, particularly in pediatric populations. This study investigates the prevalence, clinical impact, and management challenges of IDA in children with SCD. Methods A prospective observational study was conducted at the Department of Pediatrics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College(JNMC) and Acharya Vinoba Bhave Rural Hospital (AVBRH), Sawangi, from June 2022 to May 2024. The study included 60 children diagnosed with SCD. Comprehensive assessments were performed, including medical histories, physical examinations, and hematological investigations. Diagnosis of IDA was based on hemoglobin levels, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), red cell distribution width (RDW), peripheral blood smears, serum iron levels,and serum ferritin concentrations. Results Of the 60 participants, 15% exhibited iron deficiency. No significant gender differences were found in iron deficiency status. A significant association was observed between SCD type and the presence of pallor (p = 0.025) and sickle cell crises (p = 0.023). The study also found no significant association between SCD type and the presence of organomegaly (p = 0.079) or iron deficiency status (p = 0.675). The mean hemoglobin levels varied across SCD types, with sickle cell anemia patients showing lower levels than those with sickle cell trait or disease. Conclusion Diagnosing and managing IDA in children with SCD is complex due to overlapping hematological features and the risk of iron overload from frequent transfusions. Tailored diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are essential to improving hemoglobin levels, reducing complications, and enhancing the quality of life for affected children. This study provides valuable insights for refining clinical practices and emphasizes the need for a multidisciplinary approach to managing these intertwined conditions.

Effect of Amalakyavaleha in the Management of Pandu Roga w.s.r. to Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children

Anemia is a prevalent issue among children, characterized by a deficiency in red blood cells or hemoglobin. The primary causes, such as iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency anemia, are often straightforward to address. In Ayurveda, it is correlated to Pandu Roga based on similarities in clinical features and offers various herbal remedies and dietary guidelines, known as Pathya Palan, specifically targeting anemia. It means the disease condition in which the skin of the person is discolored like Haridra or greenish tinge and other peculiar signs and symptoms include Hridayaspandanam, Roukshyam, Swedabhava, Shrama and its consequences. It is not a disease entity as such but is the manifestation of different diseases. There is pallor on the skin due to a deficiency of Rakta Dhatu (blood tissue) either in the form of hemoglobin and or red blood cells (RBCs). This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Amalakayavleha and Pathya Palan in managing anemia. The study was conducted at the OPD of Balroga, Rajiv Gandhi Ayurvedic College and Hospital Paprola Dist. Kangra HP. The method involved assessing patients before and after treatment with a 30-day follow-up period. The results indicated that Amalakyavaleha and Pathya Palan were indeed effective in managing anemia in children.

Effect of Blastocystis sp. infection on hematological parameters and trace element status in children with iron-deficiency anemia.

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA), which causes greater morbidity and mortality in children, has multifactorial causes, including many helminthic and protozoal infections. Herein, the study aimed to find out the frequency and associated risk of Blastocystis sp. infection among children with IDA, together with the estimation of the serum levels of iron, zinc, copper, and vitamin A. Both stool and blood samples were obtained from 90 children with a confirmed diagnosis of IDA and 90 non-anemic children. Blastocystis sp. was diagnosed by direct stool examination and Invitro cultivation methods. Different hematological parameters were recorded, and the serum level of iron, zinc, copper, and vitamin A was measured in serum samples. The overall predominance of Blastocystis in children was 36.7%, significantly higher (P < 0.001) in children with IDA (55.6%) compared to non-anemic controls (17.8%). Furthermore, Blastocystis infected children were 5.781 times more prone to be anemic (OR = 5.781). All IDA cases with positive Blastocystis infection had a mean hemoglobin level of 9.55 g/dl (moderate anemia). While in other non-infected IDA cases, it was 9.56 g/dl, showing no statistical difference (P = 0.845). Serum levels of zinc, iron, and vitamin A considerably decreased, whereas serum copper levels significantly increased in IDA children infected with Blastocystis. The current research is the first in Egypt to indicate that Blastocystis infection in children is a high-risk factor for developing IDA. Blastocystis infection significantly alters the metabolic and biochemical processes and interferes with the absorption of micronutrients and vitamin A in IDA children.

Impact of vitamin D deficiency on iron status in children with type I diabetes

Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and anemia are both public health nutrition concerns. An association between VDD and anemia has been suggested in various healthy and diseased populations. The current study aimed to elucidate the effect of VDD on iron status in children with type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The study recruited two groups of children with T1DM: control group comprised of 38 T1DM children with sufficient vitamin D (> 30 ng/ml) and a case group, consisted of 52 T1DM children with VDD (< 20 ng/ml). Both groups had comparable gender, age, BMI, and disease duration. The laboratory measurements included analysis of blood indices, markers of iron metabolism, hepcidin and inflammatory markers included interleukin 6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Compared to control group, T1DM children with VDD differs specifically in terms of some markers of blood indices, such as decreased hemoglobin and increased red blood cell distribution width. Moreover, decreased serum iron, ferritin, total iron-binding capacity and transferrin along with elevated inflammatory markers were observed in case group. Results of the study indicated that VDD had increased the risk of iron deficiency anemia in children with T1DM as well as inflammatory related anemia. Furthermore, in T1DM children, VDD had raised the incidence of both absolute and functional iron deficiency, with greater incidence of the former. This study may indicate that VDD may be a risk factor that may worsen iron deficiency anemia in T1DM.

PREVALENCE AND MANAGEMENT OF IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA IN CHILDREN: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Background: Even in affluent nations, IDA is still a significant public health issue, particularly for young children and women who are ready to have children. Aims: This systematic review is to review the treatment and prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in children. Methods: This study demonstrated compliance with all requirements by means of a comparison with the standards established by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) 2020. Thus, the specialists were able to guarantee that the research was as current as feasible. Publications released between 2014 and 2024 were considered for this search strategy. This was accomplished by utilizing a number of distinct online reference sites, including Pubmed, ScienceDirect, and SagePub. It was determined that reviews, previously published works, and partially completed works would not be included. Result: In the PubMed database, the results of our search brought up 353 articles, whereas the results of our search on SCIENCE DIRECT brought up 8.865 articles, our search on SAGEPUB brought up 3.269 articles. The results of the search conducted for the last year of 2014 yielded a total 184 articles for PubMed, 4.071 articles for SCIENCE DIRECT and 1.144 articles for SAGEPUB. In the end, we compiled a total of 5 papers, 3 of which came from PubMed, 1 of which came from SCIENCE DIRECT and 1 of which came from SAGEPUB. We included five research that met the criteria. Conclusion: In summary, with its haematological repercussions of anemia, IDA is a prevalent and significant children health concern. To assess the effects of IDA on immunity and neurocognition, additional research is necessary. The key to successfully treating children with IDA is early identification and diagnosis of the condition together with competent interpretation of laboratory tests.

Severe Unexplained Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children: High Yield of Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Regardless of Gastrointestinal Symptoms.

In this retrospective study spanning 2016 to 2022, we aimed to evaluate the diagnostic utility of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGE) in children under 18 years presenting with severe unexplained iron deficiency anemia (IDA), defined as microcytic anemia of hemoglobin ≤7g/dL with low ferritin levels. Of 106 children hospitalized for severe anemia, 29 had unexplained IDA (mean hemoglobin level of 6.2 [3.2 to 6.9] gr/dL), and 25 of them underwent UGE. The mean age was 10.7 ± 3.9 years, with 76% being female. Ten children (40%) had gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms at presentation. The cause of IDA was found in 18 (72%) of 25 children who underwent UGE, of whom 12 were without GI symptoms. Gastric nodularity, erosions, or polyps were observed in 68%, and gastritis was evident in 72% based on histopathology. Helicobacter pylori was found in 50% of those with gastritis. Follow-up showed normalized hemoglobin levels in 92% of cases, with only 2 children requiring repeat iron therapy. Our findings underscore the importance of incorporating UGE into the diagnostic investigation of severe unexplained IDA in children, irrespective of the presence of GI symptoms.

AN EVALUATION OF HYPOALBUMINEMIA AND IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA IN CHILDREN AGED FROM 2 MONTHS TO UNDER 5 YEARS OLD WITH PNEUMONIA

Background: Pneumonia is a potentially fatal disease that greatly compromises the health of children. Utilizing laboratory tests is extremely beneficial in the diagnosis, monitoring, and prognosis determination of the condition. In the realm of pediatric pneumonia, effective diagnostic procedures include assessments for albumin levels and iron deficiency anemia. Objectives: (1) Determine the proportions of hypoalbuminemia and iron deficiency anemia in children aged from 2 months to under 5 years old with pneumonia at Ca Mau Obstetrics and Pediatrics Hospital in 2022-2023 (2) Evaluate the association between hypoalbuminemia, iron deficiency anemia and pneumonia in children aged from 2 months to under 5 years old at Ca Mau Obstetrics and Pediatrics Hospital in 2022-2023. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study on 177 pediatric patients from 2 months to under 5 years old who were diagnosed with pneumonia and received inpatient treatment at Ca Mau Obstetrics and Pediatrics Hospital during the research period. Results: The percentage of patients aged 2 months to 2 years was 59.9%, which was more than the percentage of patients aged 2 years to 5 years, which was 40.1%. The average age was 22.5±15.82 months old. The male patients constituted 56.5% of the total, whilst the female patients with pneumonia accounted for 43.5%. Children with pneumonia made up 88.1% of the patient population; children with severe pneumonia made up 11.9% of the patient population. The average albumin concentration was 38.47±2.39g/L. The proportion of hypoalbuminemia was 26% and the proportion of iron deficiency anemia was 41.8%. Children with iron deficiency anemia had a higher rate of severe pneumonia (20.3%) than those without (5.8%). Compared to 2.9% of children without iron deficiency anemia, 12.2% of those with the condition required more than two antibiotics to treat pneumonia. Conclusion: When hypoalbuminemia is present, the severity of pneumonia is significantly increased. Inadequate iron levels cause anemia, which worsens pediatric pneumonia and necessitates supplementary antibiotic therapy.

Exploring the link between hair elemental composition and oral and general health of children in Northern and Central Dagestan Russia

Relevance. This article presents data on the level of trace elements in hair and oral and general health among various age groups of children (from 2 to 17 years) in Northern and Central Dagestan. It also reports findings on the relationship between oral health indicators and the content of such macro- and microelements as Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, Zn, As, Fe, F. Identifying concentrations of macro- and microelements in hair proves to be a promising diagnostic method and aids in creating personalized prevention programs.Objective. To investigate the correlation between the elemental composition in children's hair and their oral and general health conditions in the cities of Kizlyar and Makhachkala, situated in Northern and Central Dagestan, Russia.Materials and methods. Established methods and physicochemical techniques were utilized for oral health evaluations to determine the quality indicators of drinking water, levels of elemental composition in hair, and methods to assess the general health of children (questionnaires, analysis of medical records of children).Results. A correlation was established between the levels of specific chemical elements in hair, the dental hard tissues, and mixed saliva with the oral and general health complications observed in children. Water analysis in Makhachkala, central part of the Republic of Dagestan, revealed an unbalanced presence of essential chemical elements such as fluoride, iron, manganese, zinc, and sulfates. In 74–84% of the examined water samples, the fluoride content was below 0.5 mg/l, and only 13–25% were within the normal range. The levels of fluoride and iron in hair and mixed saliva indicate shifts in mineral metabolism in children's bodies. Fluoride is crucial for iron absorption, and its deficiency results in significantly decreased absorption rates. A substantial reduction in water fluoride levels, compared to standard values, correlates with high rates of dental caries and iron deficiency anemia in children from Makhachkala, occurring in about 87% of cases (P &lt; 0.05). This relationship is substantiated by the analysis of medical records from children aged 2 to 17 from hospitals in both Northern and Central Dagestan, highlighting the connection between iron deficiency anemia and the low fluoride levels in drinking water. Further studies into the oral health of children have shown that the incidence and severity of caries in deciduous teeth are greater in the Northern than in the Central Zone of Dagestan. Moreover, conditions such as cheilitis, aphthous stomatitis, and desquamative glossitis are frequently observed in children during the stages of temporary tooth occlusion, affecting on average 38.5% of cases, and this prevalence increases to 78.2% during the mixed and permanent occlusion stages.Conclusion. The conducted studies revealed that the drinking water supplied to the Dagestan population has elevated permissible levels of iron and arsenic. Additionally, there is a noted deficiency of fluoride, zinc, and copper, as well as low water hardness. Research into the quality of drinking water and the health impacts on the pediatric population of Dagestan established a correlation (R = 0.593) between unbalanced water, dietary intake, the severity of dental caries, and reduced immunity in children. High levels of arsenic, germanium, and molybdenum in the water and children's hair contribute to cumulative health effects. Environmental pollution is also linked to a rise in oral health issues, iron deficiency anemia, and broader health problems. Analyzing the chemical composition of children's hair serves as a diagnostic tool for detecting and preventing diseases related to deficiencies and excesses of macro- and microelements.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children with Atopic Dermatitis

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children with Atopic Dermatitis

The Role of Reticulocyte Hemoglobin Content in Diagnosing Iron Deficiency in Childhood Cancer

Abstract Background The prevalence of iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in children with cancer is not well studied. The detection of ID and IDA using sensitive laboratory tools may facilitate early diagnosis and treatment in this cohort. In this regard, reticulocyte hemoglobin (Ret-He) content serves as a cost-effective measurement that remains unaffected by inflammation, unlike the ferritin test. Aim The objective of this study is to analyze the role of Ret-He as a diagnostic tool to identify functional and absolute ID and IDA in children with cancer. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in children aged 0 to 18 years. Blood samples were collected to compare Ret-He values with iron status, reflected by hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), serum iron (SI), total iron binding capacity (TIBC), and ferritin and transferrin saturation. The overall discriminative power of Ret-He in detecting ID and IDA was assessed using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Results Of the 135 children included in the study, 58 (43.0%) had anemia. Among them, 20 (14.8%) had IDA (8 [5.9%] absolute and 12 [8.9%] functional), while 25 (18.5%) had ID (16 [11.9%] absolute and 9 [6.7%] functional). The Ret-He value was significantly related to iron status (p ≤ 0.002). Ret-He was also shown to have a significant correlation with the abovementioned hematological parameters (p = 0.000), except TIBC. Multivariate analysis revealed a significant relationship between Hb (p = 0.051), MCH (p = 0.000), and MCHC (p = 0.001) and Ret-He. Ret-He values of 33.7, 32.7, 32.4 and 28.6 pg were established as optimal cut-off values to identify functional ID, absolute ID, functional IDA, and absolute IDA, respectively. Conclusion Ret-He is a reliable diagnostic tool for absolute and functional IDA in children with cancer.

Iron deficiency anemia in pediatric children at Kalmunai North Base Hospital, Sri Lanka

&lt;b&gt;Objective:&lt;/b&gt; This study's aim was to estimate association between the iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and associated risk factors among children at Kalmunai north in Sri Lanka during COVID-19. &lt;b&gt;Material and Methods: &lt;/b&gt;During the pandemic, 101 children aged between 1and 14 years were involved in the cross sectional study. Hemoglobin levels, serum ferritin and C-recactive protein (CRP) were measured to determine anemia. Additionally, dietary intake, socioeconomic status, and demographic information were collected through interviews with the caregivers. Chi-square tests and Pearson correlation were used to investigate connections between IDA and other factors such as demographic characteristics and eating habits. In addition, a multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of IDA. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; 7.9% of children were found to be anemic at Kalmunai Base Hospital. Low dietary iron consumption was revealed as a significant risk factor for IDA. Meat, liver, fish, chicken, fresh milk, dark green leafy vegetables, and black tea were found to be independent predictors of IDA, explaining 57.7% of the variation in IDA frequency (R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; value = 57.7%; P&amp;lt; 0.001). Consuming dark green leafy vegetables, poultry, liver, beef, and fish are linked to a lower incidence of IDA in children. On the other hand, a higher risk of IDA appears to be associated with increased consumption of fresh milk and black tea. In conclusion, this study focuses on Dietary factors, especially the consumption of particular foods, were found to be significant contributors of IDA, even if demographic parameters did not differ significantly from IDA. Strategies to increase iron intake and dietary diversity, particularly among young children, are critical in the fight against IDA.

Prospective observational study iron deficiency anemia clinical profile in children with sickle cell disease: a study protocol

Background Sickle cell disease, a hereditary hemoglobinopathy, presents complex clinical challenges including increased susceptibility to iron deficiency anemia (IDA). However, the clinical profile of IDA in pediatric patients with sickle cell disease still needs to be adequately characterized. This study aims to comprehensively investigate the prevalence, severity, associated risk factors, and potential impact of IDA on morbidity and mortality in this vulnerable population. Methods A prospective observational study will be conducted on 303 children from January 2024 to December 2024 at the Department of Pediatrics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and AVBR Hospital, Sawangi, Wardha. Participants will include pediatric patients diagnosed with sickle cell disease, with informed consent from their parents or legal guardians. Data will be collected through clinical assessments, blood sample analyses for hematological parameters, and systematic recording of relevant clinical information. Statistical analyses, including Fisher’s exact test, Chi-square test, and Student’s t-test, will be used to assess the data, with a significance level set at p &lt; 0.05. Expected outcomes This study aims to provide critical insights into the prevalence and clinical profile of IDA in children with sickle cell disease, shedding light on potential risk factors and correlations with comorbid conditions. Furthermore, it seeks to explore the relationship between IDA and disease-related morbidity and mortality.

IV ferric carboxymaltose (Injectafer) for iron deficiency in heart failure.

Ferric carboxymaltose (Injectafer – American Regent) is now FDA-approved for IV treatment of iron deficiency in adults with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II/III heart failure to improve exercise capacity. Iron deficiency is present in approximately 30% of patients with heart failure; it has been associated with reduced quality of life and increased hospitalization and mortality. Injectafer is the first IV iron preparation to be approved for this indication. It was previously approved for treatment of iron deficiency anemia in children and adults.

Digital Educational Game "O Jardim do Ferro": A Tool for the Prevention of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Childhood.

Objective: To create and evaluate a digital educational game (DEG) for preschool children for the prevention of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia. Methodology: The DEG software was developed by a multidisciplinary team, according to Chandler's methodology, in Engine Unity. The game is a 2D platformer, for Android, with three different phases. A quiz was developed for parents/caregivers about iron absorption and anemia. The quiz content was evaluated by experts. The evaluation of the game was carried out through a questionnaire applied in the school for children from 4 to 6 years of age. Results: For the construction of the game, programming, team planning, art, and soundtrack were necessary. The game was registered at the National Institute of Industrial Property. The quiz was evaluated by 14 experts and all questions had more than 80% agreement. The questionnaire was answered by 32 children with a mean age of 5.0 ± 0.7 years, and ∼70% evaluated the game positively. Thus, the acceptability of the software was favored by most players. Conclusion: The "O Jardim do Ferro" software, from its conception to evaluation, proved to be a promising tool to contribute to food and nutrition education actions, providing opportunities for the construction of knowledge about iron-rich foods for the prevention of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in childhood.

Association of Different Risk Factors with Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children

Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) arises from an imbalance in the body's iron production and demand, making it a prevalent form of anemia in children. While its causes are varied, many contributing factors to IDA are adjustable. If identified and addressed promptly, these factors can be modified to improve both immediate and extended health effects in children. 13It is an established fact that iron is an important component for growth of body and our nervous system. IDA in children may permanently disturb their sensory and cognitive ability. It is therefore important to determine its risk factors to ensure early screening and prevention among children. Aim and Objective: To determine correlation of different risk factors with Iron deficiency Anemia. Material and Methods: This case-control study, comprising 150 participants in each group, was carried out in the Pediatric department of Jinnah Hospital Lahore over a nine-month period, spanning from May 1, 2022, to January 31, 2023. Inclusion criteria involved children aged between 6 months and 12 years. Non-Probability consecutive sampling was employed to collect data, with informed consent obtained from parents/guardians. A pre-designed proforma was utilized for data collection. Statistical analysis using SPSS v.22 involved calculating mean and standard deviation for quantitative data, and presenting frequency and percentages for categorical data. Risk assessment and association were determined using odds ratio and chi-square tests, with a p-value below 5% considered significant.

Combined intervention strategy for reversing iron-deficiency anaemia and deficiency in psychomotor development in chronic malnutrition.

Background: chronic iron-deficiency anaemia in children has a negative impact on neuronal and cognitive development. Despite current knowledge on this subject, in Bolivia iron intake along the psychomotor development stimulation as part of a comprehensive rehabilitation process for children with severe chronic malnutrition is not yet used. Objective: to evaluate the effect of a neurorestorative diet, consisting of iron supplements and other micronutrients, along with psychomotor stimulation in preschool children with chronic malnutrition, iron-deficiency anaemia and severe psychomotor delay. Patients and methods: twenty-four children between 1 and 56 months of age admitted to the integral nutritional recovery centre (INRC), Paediatric Hospital of Cochabamba, Bolivia were included. A strategy of intervention was applied consisting of nutritional replenishment through the administration of elaborated meals prepared from local foods with high heme and non-heme iron concentration, added with vegetables plus the administration of micronutrient´s supplementation and the psychomotor stimulation. Anthropometric indices, psychomotor and biochemical parameters were measured at four times points, during the hospitalisation period. Results: at the beginning, the anthropometric and psychomotor parameters were decreased (between -2 and -3 z score and below 50 % respectively). Combined strategy intervention with iron and other micronutrients together photons produced significant changes between the evaluated time points, both in anthropometric and psychomotor parameters, although these changes were less than expected. Conclusions: the combined strategy used in this study allowed recovery from the anaemia and minimal growth due to the low birth weight or chronic malnutrition. However, the intervention was insufficient to achieve a complete recovery.

Health status of the child and the level of education of the mother in the presence of iron deficiency anemia in children from 6 to 59 months of age, in Peru

El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar si la anemia ferropénica en niños de 6 a 59 meses de edad en el Perú esta asociada al estado de salud del niño y el grado de instrucción de la madre. Se utilizó un diseño de investigación no experimental tipo transversal, datos de la Encuesta Demográfica y Salud Familiar [7], del análisis de regresión logística se obtuvo un modelo que explica la presencia de anemia con probabilidad de acierto de 70,1 %, considerándose las variables: periodo de lactancia, peso, talla, enfermedad diarreica aguda (EDA), vacunas completas y educación de la madre. No tener vacunas completas aumenta la probabilidad de tener anemia en 1,168 veces más de los que si tuvieron vacuna, por cada mes adicional de lactancia materna la probabilidad de tener anemia se reduce en 2,15 %, si tuvo infección respiratoria aguda o EDA la probabilidad de tener anemia es 1,125 y 1,578 veces más que los que no tuvieron anemia, mayor nivel educativo de la madre menor probabilidad de presencia de anemia.