Iron Bars Research Articles

Removal enhancement of persistent basic fuchsin dye from wastewater using an eco-friendly, cost-effective Fenton process with sodium percarbonate and waste iron catalyst.

In this comprehensive investigation, we evaluate the efficacy of the Fenton process in degrading basic fuchsin (BF), a resistant dye. Our primary focus is on the utilization of readily available, environmentally benign, and cost-effective reagents for the degradation process. Furthermore, we delve into various operational parameters, including the quantity of sodium percarbonate (SPC), pH levels, and the dimensions of waste iron bars, to optimize the treatment efficiency. In the course of our research, we employed an initial SPC concentration of 0.5 mM, a pH level of 3, a waste iron bar measuring 3.5 cm in length and 0.4 cm in diameter, and a processing time of 10 min. Our findings reveal the successful elimination of the BF dye, even when subjected to treatment with diverse salts and surfactants under elevated temperatures and acidic conditions (pH below 3). This underscores the robustness of the Fenton process in purifying wastewater contaminated with dye compounds. The outcomes of our study not only demonstrate the efficiency of the Fenton process but highlight its adaptability to address dye contamination challenges across various industries. Critically, this research pioneers the application of waste iron bars as a source of iron in the Fenton reaction, introducing a novel, sustainable approach that enhances the environmental and economic viability of the process. This innovative use of recycled materials as catalysts represents a significant advancement in sustainable chemical engineering practices.

What are the Characteristics of Oral Injuries Caused by Playground Equipment?

Studies regarding oral injuries from playground equipment in children remain limited. This study aimed to clarify the characteristics of oral injury caused by playground equipment and identify associations with concomitant head injury. Children treated between 2011 and 2021 at an oral surgery clinic for oral injuries from playground equipment were retrospectively investigated. The following factors were analyzed: demographic characteristics, mechanism of injury, type of equipment causing the injury, classification of oral injury, and whether the Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine was consulted regarding the head injury. The data collected were statistically analyzed using the Fisher-Freeman-Halton test with significance adopted at the 5% level. This study analyzed data from 82 children. Injuries were concentrated in age groups of 2 to 3 years (32.9%), 4 to 5 years (28.0%), and 6 to 7 years (25.6%). Regarding the mechanism of injury, falls were more common (89.0%) than impact/striking (11.0%). The type of equipment most frequently causing injury was slides (29.3%), followed by swings (23.2%) and iron bars (18.3%). Injuries were classified as soft tissue injury alone (56.1%) or tooth injury and/or jaw fracture (43.9%). Consultation with the Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine for head injury was uncommon (13.4%), and all consultations for brain injury diagnosed minor injuries. Oral injuries caused by playground equipment were frequent between 2 and 7 years old. The most common cause was falls, with most injuries caused by slides, swings, or iron bars. Approximately half of the oral injuries were soft tissue injuries only, while the other half were associated with tooth and/or jaw injuries. Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine consultations for head trauma were uncommon and consistently confirmed minor injuries.

Toward Eternal Peace in the Universe

This study is concerned with the origin of war and way to eternal peace in the world. The origin of war is our fighting instinct accompanying with any weapon including iron bar and/or gun, and as long as it exists, in principle it is impossible for human society to avoid the war. In other words, since war is caused by fighting instinct that exists in the hearts of human beings, the first step to root out the war among us is to abandon all weapons at all. It is inferred that this is the start for eternal peace in our society and world, All of us are children of the God, there is no reason to fight each other with weapons. Let’s regain the Paradise on the Earth by establishing the Upper House in United Nations consisting of religious and/or saint leaders. To achieve eternal peace in the world, it is essential to harmonize discrepancies regardless of size among religions and to make disarmament until no weapons. Finally, but not least, proposed is quasi-war, in which people having strong fighting instinct play certain sports game between two conflicting countries instead of war using bloodshed weapons. It may be possible for us to solve the problem by fighting the sports games such as soccer, rugby and so on, under the strict rules. In this way, anyone could control fighting instinct adequately but peacefully. Accordingly, all of us can contribute to build up the Paradise where we live in luxury and in harmony.

Study of the Characteristics of Large-Diameter Iron Bars Obtained by Rolling at the ODHAV Foundry in the Republic of Guinea

Study of the Characteristics of Large-Diameter Iron Bars Obtained by Rolling at the ODHAV Foundry in the Republic of Guinea

Hammerscale and slag inclusions: New insights into metal supply during the early iron Age in Western Europe

Understanding the nature and origin of iron processed in ancient smithing workshops is essential for unraveling procurement strategies and, more broadly, the circulation of iron. Studying smithing slags traditionally proves complex due to their diverse compositions influenced by hearth substances. Another technique, analyzing slag inclusions in metallic fragments, offers direct insights into the iron's chemical nature. However, the scarcity or absence of these fragments poses challenges in assessing sample representativeness. An alternative approach studies hammerscale, hot iron waste from hammering, providing insights into iron's chemical composition and source. At Weyersheim, an early Iron Age site in France, extensive analysis of 300 hammerscale samples and 77 slag inclusions in 6 iron scraps unveiled a unique geochemical signature. This signature showcases enrichment in Vanadium (V > 800 ppm), Chromium (Cr > 400 ppm), Rare Earth Elements (REE) (∑REE + Y > 1500 ppm), especially Heavy Rare Earth Elements like Yb (>100 ppm), and High Field Strength Elements (HFSE) (e.g., U > 30 ppm). The remarkable chemical uniformity observed in various hammerscale samples, and the slag inclusions indicates that the majority of the processed iron originates from a singular source. Comparison with known iron artifacts, particularly the bi-pyramid iron bars revealed similarities. This source exhibited uncommon enrichment and partitioning patterns of REEs, hinting at a rare geological deposit or a closely associated group of deposits. Plausibly sourced from weathered peralkaline rocks, the iron ore's geological origins potentially link to regions like Vosges and the Black Forest massifs. Nevertheless, identifying the geological formations accountable for these distinctive iron traits remains challenging, as there have been no findings of deposits or iron slag with similar compositions to aid in identification.

TRAUMATISME CERVICO-FACIAL PAR BARRE DE FER : A PROPOS DE DEUX CAS PEDIATRIQUES

objective: Head and neck trauma is common in ENT emergencies. The severity depends on the area of impact, the causal object and the injuries caused. We report two cases of head and neck trauma secondary to an iron bar caused by a playful accident.observation 1: 12-year-old boy received for penetrating neck wound with an iron bar, affecting sectors 2 and 3 with entry point at the left subdigastric region and exit point at the ipsilateral mastoid region. The exploratory cervicotomy did not find any major vascular lesions and allowed the extraction of the blunt object. The postoperative course was simple.observation 2: 8-year-old girl received for trauma to the mandible by a transfixing iron bar. The exploration revealed an iron bar which crossed the submental region with an exit point at the level of the floor of the mouth. The extraction was carried out without major vasculo-nervous lesions. The postoperative course was simple.Conclusion: Head and neck trauma remains a concern due to its potential seriousness and remains a medical-surgical emergency. The management of such a case must be preceded by a lesion diagnosis in order to prevent surgical surprises. Exploratory cervicotomy allows good exposure of the vascular-nervous structures. Prevention through parent education and child monitoring is essential to reduce the incidence of these injuries.

Comparison of semiquantitative methodologies using Raman mapping for corrosion products on iron artifacts

The quantitative determination of corrosion products is essential for evaluating the corrosion state of archeological iron artifacts. This study explored two semiquantitative approaches using Raman mapping technique combined with chemometrics to quantify a binary mixture of magnetite and goethite. The first approach involved establishing quantification models using Raman spectra treated with Principal Components Regression (PCR) and Partial Least Squares (PLS) algorithms. Both the PCR and PLS model showed good predictive ability as indicated by correlation coefficients and root mean square errors (PLS: Rc2=0.9979, Rp2=0.9970, RMSEC=1.93, RMSEP =2.68, RMSECV=3.25). The second approach was based on spectral fitting using non-negative least squares (NNLS) algorithm. This method demonstrated a fair accuracy between the calculated and actual compositions. The absolute value of relative errors was 0.99%∼10.08% for Fe3O4 and 0.81%∼9.71% for α-FeOOH respectively, for compositions greater than 20%. These methods were then applied to quantify the corrosion products on an iron bar excavated from the Nanhai (South China Sea) No. I shipwreck. Compared with XRD quantitative results, Raman results showed that the spectral fitting method was superior to the established PCA and PLS quantification models in both qualitative determination and quantitative accuracy. Compositional maps depicting the distribution of different phases were also generated using spectral fitting method. It was concluded that Raman mapping has significant potential as an accurate quantitative method for the detection of iron corrosion products, and that the spectral fitting method is more suitable for determining iron corrosion compared to the PCR and PLS quantification models in this study.

Research on Performance Test of the Optic-Electric Sensors for Reservoir Landslide Temperature Field Monitoring

In recent years, with the superposition of extreme climate, earthquakes, engineering disturbance and other effects, global landslide disasters occur frequently. Due to reservoir landslides being mostly in a multi-field coupling environment, the temperature field will impact the deformation and seepage fields, thereby affecting the stability of the reservoir landslide. The variation in the landslide’s surface temperature also directly affects the stress and deformation of deep rock masses. If hidden dangers are not detected in time, and corresponding measures are implemented, it is easy to cause landslide instability. In order to clarify the temperature measurement performance of different optic-electric sensors and the application characteristics of layout techniques, laboratory calibration tests of temperature sensors under different adhesives and attachment materials are carried out in this paper. It was found that the test data of the iron bar had the best effect among the four attachment materials overall. Therefore, the bar with a high-stiffness material should be preferred when selecting a pipe fitting as the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) temperature attachment in the borehole. However, considering the high requirements for the durability of sensors and layout techniques in on-site monitoring, the long-term stability of the adhesives used in actual monitoring needs to be improved. At the same time, it was found that the platinum 100 (PT100) temperature sensor has relatively higher testing accuracy (A: 0.15 + 0.002 × |t|; B: 0.30 + 0.005 × |t|), a larger temperature measurement range (−200~+850 °C) and better temperature measurement stability when compared to conventional sensors. Moreover, its resistance value has a good linear relationship with temperature. Finally, the Xinpu landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir area was selected as the research object for on-site monitoring. There was a high correlation between the on-site monitoring results with the laboratory calibration test results. Therefore, through the performance test of optic-electric sensors in reservoir landslide temperature fields, more accurate solutions can be provided for selecting sensors and designing layout techniques to monitor the underground temperature field of landslides under different geological conditions. Thereby, grasping the real-time state information of the reservoir landslide temperature field is achieved accurately, providing an important reference for early warning, prediction, prevention and the control of reservoir landslide disasters.

Study Of Evaluating The Performance And Productivity Of A Potato Digger

A field experiment was conducted in one of the fields of the Technical Institute in Shatrah in 2022 to study the evaluation performance and productivity of the locally modified chain carrier potato. Slippage percentage, fuel consumption and machine productivity were studied in this research. The included use of three factors: the forward speed of the tractor at three levels, where it was (2.50,3.20 and 4.00 km / h) respectively, and the second factor was the speed of the chain conveyor at two levels, 43 and 38 m /min, and the third factor is a type of chain conveyor with two levels of iron bars and cloth -coated bars. A complete random design with three replications was used in the research. The results were statistically analyzed, and the averages were tested in a way with the least significant difference at the probability level of 0.05. The results showed that the tractor speed of 2.50 km/hr, recording the lowest slippage percentage, reached 4.20%, while the speed of 4.00 km/hr had the lowest fuel consumption and the highest productivity digger. Keywords: Slippage percentage, fuel consumption, speed chain conveyor type.

NARAPIDANA TINDAK PIDANA NARKOTIKA: MENYOAL PELAKSANAAN PEMBEBASAN BERSYARAT DI LEMBAGA PEMASYARAKATAN

One part of the prisoner development in the correctional system is parole. Narcotics crime is a complex crime because of narcotics crime, the perpetrator can also be a victim. The best guidance for prisoners is returned / integrated into society and not isolated with iron bars. Based on research conducted by the author at the Class IIB Sukabumi Correctional Institution, the number of narcotics offenders is more than one-third of the total number of prisoners. The implementation of parole for prisoners of narcotics crimes related to Government Regulation Number 99 of 2012 concerning Conditions and Procedures for the Exercise of Rights for Prisoners is considered to have been successful. But on the other hand, the implementation of this parole has several obstacles, including the existence of different rules in the issue of parole, the lack of concern of related agencies that still emphasize their respective policies, procedural policies in the process of granting parole for narcotics-related crimes Regulations that take a very long time.Keywords: drug crimes; correctional institutions; conditional discharge

DEM analysis of masonry hemispherical domes externally reinforced with metal bars

A hemispherical dome without reinforcement typically shows orange-slice cracks under self-weight. In reality, externally applied reinforcement is commonly used to strengthen domes. This research applies the discrete element method to simulate hemispherical domes reinforced with a single horizontal steel or iron bar around their extrados. It focuses on finding the optimal location of the reinforcement under self-weight and outwards support displacement. The optimal location is defined with the help of the horizontal to vertical reaction ratio at the base of the dome. This research also helps to understand the difference between applying the reinforcement during construction, or after some meridional cracks already occurred.This study found that the cross-section areas of the reinforcement and the boundary conditions strongly influence the reinforcement optimal location. Cohesion of mortar joints has a significant influence on the efficiency of the applied reinforcement. The optimal location of the reinforcement for the dome with fixed support is different depending on whether only self-weight is considered, or the supports move outwards. The thickness-to-span ratio also influences the optimal location and the efficiency of the reinforcement.

Investigation of mechanical properties of steel reinforcements in reinforced concrete structures as a result of exposure to fire

In this study, it is aimed to investigate the properties of the most commonly used metal and alloy steel materials, which are used in our country and in the world as engineering materials, under the influence of fire of the rebar in the concrete. Inspection standard TS 708:2010 S420 quality 8 mm diameter ribbed construction iron bars for 90 minutes in resistant furnace, atmospheric environment at 600 °C, 800 °C and 1000 °C concrete inside and outside the concrete at the specified temperature fire simulation, the process was allowed to cool in air. With the protective environment created by reinforced concrete, the temperature directly affecting steel bars located outside the concrete under the same conditions, The variable properties of the sample, which are inside the concrete and outside the concrete, were evaluated comparatively. Surface images of the specimens prepared in metallography were taken at different magnifications. The tensile strength of rebar bars did not change significantly according to the environment, but the samples in the concrete showed a more ductile tendency than the samples outside the concrete. The hardness values of the steel bars in the concrete and the steel bars other than the concrete decreased as the temperature increased and this decrease was higher in the samples in the concrete.

Effect of various tractor speeds on potato digger performance

A field experiment was conducted in one of the fields of the Technical Institute in Shatrah in 2022 to study the effect of different tractor speeds, conveyor chain speeds and their type on some performance indicators of a potato digger. Severely scratched tubers and slightly marked tubers and quantitative loss were studied in this research. The hand involved three levels of tractor forward speeds (2.5, 3.20,4.0 km / h), two groups of conveyor chain speeds (43, 49) m/ min and two levels of the type of chain conveyor of iron bars and rubber-coated. The complete random design with three replications was used in the research. The results showed that the tractor speed of 2.5 km/h gets the severely scratched tubers, which amounted to 3.03%, and the slightly scratched amounted to 12.37%, and the lowest quantitative loss was 1.16%. The speed of the chain conveyor, 43 m/min, get the lowest percentage of severely scratched tubers, which amounted to 4.53% and was slightly irritated. It was 14.10%, and the speed of the chain conveyor was 49 m/min. The lowest quantitative loss was 2.09%, and the rubber rods had the lowest percentage of severely scratched tubers, slight marked and quantitative loss. Keyword: qualitative loss, severely scratched, slightly scratched.

Kenosis: The Self-Emptying of Christ in Scripture & Theology ed. by Paul T. Nimmo and Keith L. Johnson

Reviewed by: Kenosis: The Self-Emptying of Christ in Scripture & Theology ed. by Paul T. Nimmo and Keith L. Johnson Mark Mattes Kenosis: The Self-Emptying of Christ in Scripture & Theology. Edited by Paul T. Nimmo and Keith L. Johnson. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 2022. xi + 332 pages. This book on Christ's "emptying" or kenosis (Philippians 2:6–8), usually interpreted not as a loss Christ suffers but instead as a gain, that is, his incarnation, is a collection of sixteen contributions, scanning the history of Christian interpretation of kenosis and offering contemporary statements on the doctrine, all authored in honor of retired Princeton theologian Bruce McCormack. These essays are extremely helpful for anyone studying Christology. In this brief overview, I will focus on those essays which I found most relevant. In the introduction, Paul Nimmo and Keith Johnson point out that historically the kenosis was not seen as the incarnate Logos somehow foregoing his divine powers but instead as his assumption of a human nature and the "consequent concealment of the divine glory during his life on earth" (4). They refer to the historic dispute (early seventeenth century) between the theological faculties of Giessen, which argued that Christ refrained entirely from using divine attributes during his ministry, and Tübingen, which argued that Christ did employ the communicated attributes of divinity, but only in secret (4). Unfortunately, the nineteenth-century Erlangen theologian Gottfried Thomasius, who advocated that the incarnate Christ divested himself of some of his divine attributes, is not considered in this volume. However, David Fergusson does present the influence of Thomasius's Erlangen kenotic theory on late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Anglican theologians. Interpreting Philippians 2, John M. G. Barclay points out that, unlike Edwardian interpretations of kenosis, the apostle Paul did not see Christ's self-emptying as displaying "an ethical ideal" but instead as his enveloping "the full gamut of human life within the renewing love of God—a purpose that reaches its goal in the saving Lordship of Christ" (13). Christ's vulnerability in the incarnation should not be seen as antithetical to divine power because God's power operates "on a different plane" than that of human power. It is radically transcendent, "such that [paradoxically] it can be expressed both in humanly measured weakness and in human measured power" (17). [End Page 210] Han-luen Kantzer Komline examines kenosis in Augustine. For Augustine, as for the majority of Christians, "kenosis happened, not by giving up the form of God, but by taking up the form of a servant" (100). Specifically, the form of a servant was added, not the form of God subtracted (107). Augustine was both proto-anti-Nestorian and proto-anti-monophysite. His response was not to resolve the "Pauline paradox" with how God could incarnate himself as a slave. Instead, "Christ was greater than himself and he was less than himself simultaneously as one unified person" (113). In a powerful essay, Katherine Sonderegger builds on Cyril of Alexandria's imagery of heated iron to describe the hypostatic union: "Altogether and through and through, the iron bar is fiery hot; and altogether and without reserve, the fire is ironclad. They penetrate one another, that is, and although the fire is the sole efficient cause—important for Cyril and later for Thomas Aquinas—the iron receives the fire wholly, and indeed becomes a molten mass …" (126). This leads her to conclude: "What Jesus saw, or better, what he was, in his own unique person, was the holy fire who is God, cascading down the ladder between heaven and earth, a molten divine Son, who will make his own flesh the sacrifice to be burned to ash on the world's altar" (135). Matthew J. Aragon Bruce, interpreting Luther's view of kenosis, notes that Luther "refused to consider the logos asarkos, i.e., the word apart from the incarnation. It is in personal union with humanity that the Word saves us. It is this union itself … which saves us because this is what accomplishes the work of salvation" (173). In his constructive essay, the late Christoph Schwöbel summarizes the whole point of the kenosis thus: "While Christ was in...

Experimental Study on Rubberized Concrete using Zeolite and Geopolymer

Abstract: In Earth, as we know that there is a lot of minerals and ores are present. This is also containing soil and aggregates in it. Nowadays, as we know that there is depletion of concrete materials which is available now days. So, in this project we are going to create or making some concrete with some admixtures and partially replacing with some other materials and making an economical concrete and obtain the concrete which is giving us a good result also. In this project we are going to study the effects of rubberized concrete using zeolite and geopolymer and at the end we are going to compare the results with the normal concrete. In this we are also going to use an alkaline activator. With the help of this activator the geopolymers act as a Cementous material when this alkaline activator mix aur react with Industrial waste or natural material. As we had studied from the previous papers that with the help of rubberized concrete using zeolite and geopolymer which conclude that this type of concrete had a good binding property with iron bars and this concrete is not affects the reinforcement bars as compared to our normal concrete.

Adding genistein or luteolin decreased the yield of citrinin and without reducing pigments in yam solid-fermentation by Monascus.

Chinese yam fermented by Monascus, namely red mold dioscorea (RMD), has the potential of treating diseases. However, the production of citrinin limits the application of RMD. In the present study, the fermentation process of Monascus was optimized by adding genistein or luteolin to reduce citrinin yield. The results showed that citrinin in 25 g of Huai Shan yam was reduced by 48% and 72% without affecting the pigment yield by adding 0.2 g of luteolin or genistein, respectively, to a 250-mL conical flask after fermentation for 18 days at 28 °C, whereas the addition of luteolin increased the content of yellow pigment by 1.3-fold. Under optimal conditions, citrinin in 20 g of iron bar yam decreased by 55% and 74% after adding 0.2 g of luteolin or genistein. Luteolin also increased yellow pigment content by 1.2-fold. Ultra HPLC coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used for the preliminary analysis of Monascus fermentation products. It was found that the amino acid types in RMD are similar to those in yams, but there are fewer polysaccharides and fatty acids. The results obtained in the present study showed that the addition of genistein or luteolin could reduce citrinin on the premise of increasing pigment yield, which laid a foundation for the better use of yams in Monascus fermentation. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Design and walking analysis of proposed four-legged glass cleaning robot

In this study, a legged and wheeled robot model was proposed for cleaning the glass of greenhouses. The robot has four wheels and four legs, each with three degrees of freedom (DOF). The design, kinematic analysis and simulation of the robot was carried out. Glass greenhouses are created by placing glass sheets on T-shaped iron bars arranged in parallel at certain intervals. The robot performs the glass cleaning task by performing two different movements on greenhouse roof. As a first movement, the robot moves like a train moving on the rail on iron bars with wheels, cleaning the glass as it travels. After cleaning the glasses placed between two iron bars along a column, as second movement, the robot passes the next column using legs. These two movements continue until the entire roof of the greenhouse is cleaned. Kinematic analysis of this robot, which is designed with mechanical properties that can make these movements, has been made. Walking simulation of the robot was carried out according to the kinematic analysis. The simulation results showed that this proposed robot can be used to clean glass on the greenhouse roof.

The San Carlo Colossus: An Insight into the Mild Galvanic Coupling between Wrought Iron and Copper.

The San Carlo Colossus, known as San Carlone, is a monument constituted by an internal stone pillar support to which a wrought iron structure is attached. Embossed copper sheets are fixed to the iron structure to give the final shape to the monument. After more than 300 years of outdoor exposure, this statue represents an opportunity for an in-depth investigation of long-term galvanic coupling between wrought iron and copper. Most iron elements of the San Carlone appeared in good conservation conditions with scarce evidence of galvanic corrosion. In some cases, the same iron bars presented some portions in good conservation conditions and other nearby portions with active corrosion. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible factors correlated with such mild galvanic corrosion of wrought iron elements despite the widespread direct contact with copper for more than 300 years. Optical and electronic microscopy and compositional analyses were carried out on representative samples. Furthermore, polarisation resistance measurements were performed both on-site and in a laboratory. The results revealed that the iron bulk composition showed a ferritic microstructure with coarse grains. On the other hand, the surface corrosion products were mainly composed of goethite and lepidocrocite. Electrochemical analyses showed good corrosion resistance of both the bulk and surface of the wrought iron, and galvanic corrosion is not occurring probably due to the iron's relatively noble corrosion potential. The few areas where iron corrosion was observed are apparently related to environmental factors, such as the presence of thick deposits and to the presence of hygroscopic deposits that create localized microclimatic conditions on the surface of the monument.

Numerical analysis of the influence iron type on Von Mises Stress and safety parameters for compost processing machine frame construction

The installation of other engine parts, such as the engine, transmission, shaft, blade, and cover, includes the engine frame. The engine frame must be developed and constructed with the strength to support other components. The building of the waste processing machine frame with variants of square tube type and angle bar type will be analyzed in this study, with a focus on the analysis of von Mises’s stress and safety aspects. Using Solidworks software, finite element analysis is the research methodology used. The examination of the waste processing machine’s frame modelling using square tubes and angular bars yielded maximum von Mises stress values of 3.77e+7 N/m2 and 3.162e+4 N/m2, respectively. The maximum deformation values for the square tube iron and angular bar used in the modelling analysis of the waste processing machine frame are 2,499e+1mm and 9,725e+1mm, respectively . and 8.5 and 1 is the required minimum safety factor value for modelling the frame of a waste processing machine made of square tube iron. The safety factor value of 2-3 is the primary criterion for a suitable design. It is safe and advised to utilize the waste processing machine frame made of square tube iron for this purpose.

Design and Construction of Vertical Livestock Feed Mixer

The development of a feed mixer plays a vital role in optimizing the feed production process in various agricultural and livestock industries. Thus, for better nutrition, improved feed efficiency, cost, and waste reduction, locally designed and fabricated feed mixers using locally available materials are essential and highly required. The volume of the mixing chamber, shaft diameter, belt selection, pulley diameter, and required power to drive the shaft were well designed for. The developed feed mixer comprises the mixing chamber, hopper, auger, bearings, electric motor, and pulley, which are major components of the machine. Angle Iron bars and 2mm sheet metal made of mild steel were used in the fabrication of the frame and the mixing chamber, respectively. The degree of mixing of the sample that was collected at the end of each test and the coefficient of variation percentage were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the machine mixing operation. At a mixing shaft speed of 560 rpm and a mixing time of 4.5 minutes, the optimum values of coefficient of variation (12.01%) and degree of mixing (88.21%) were achieved. However, the fabricated feed mixing machine was evaluated to be 92% efficient.