Dutch Iris Research Articles

Meta-Topolin mediated in vitro propagation in an ornamentally important crop Iris × hollandica Tub. cv. professor Blaauw and genetic fidelity studies using SCoT markers

Dutch iris is a commercially important bulbous ornamental crop. Its high demand in global floriculture market necessitates the production of its high-quality planting material. In the present investigation, an efficient in vitro propagation system has been developed for Iris × hollandica Tub. cv. Professor Blaauw (Dutch iris) using meta-Topolin (mT) for the first time. Effect of various concentrations of BAP, Kn, and mT (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2 mg L−1) along with varying photoperiods (16 h light and dark incubation for 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks) on in vitro shoot induction from the twin scale explants was studied. Of the cytokinins tested, different doses of mT has resulted in better shoot induction response from twin scale explants than BAP and Kn. Photoperiod duration has also affected shoot induction response significantly. Along with dark incubation for 1 week, cytokinin mT at 1.0 mg L−1 in MS medium has resulted in maximum shoot induction response (91.63%) with increased emergence of micro shoots (4.83 shoots/explant with average shoot length of 5.02 cm). Efficacy of BAP and mT alone or in combination with auxins for in vitro shoot multiplication was also compared. The synergistic effect of cytokinin-auxin in multiplication medium comprising MS + 1.0 mg L−1 mT + 0.25 mg L−1 NAA resulted in considerably higher number of shoots (17.53) with mean shoot length (7.06 cm) and maximum number of bulblets (2.74). Positive effect of increased sucrose concentration (90 g L−1) alone or with paclobutrazol (5 mg L−1) on in vitro bulblet formation and bulblet size was observed respectively. The superiority of mT over BAP was also found during in vitro rhizogenesis. Shoots raised on the mT medium were healthy and long enough, thus showed better rooting response (63.83%) on ½ MS medium + 0.5 mg L−1 IAA after 4 weeks of incubation. About 89.16% survival rate was recorded for in vitro raised plantlets under ex vitro conditions. Analysis of clonal fidelity of thirteen in vitro regenerated plants was done using SCoT markers. Out of 36 primers, 13 primers showed clearly scorable monomorphic bands, thus displaying genetic uniformity among in vitro regenerated plantlets. This mT mediated protocol can be routinely used for the rapid large scale production of this valuable floriculture crop.

Postharvest Handling Techniques for Long-term Storage of Cut Tulip and Dutch Iris

Postharvest Handling Techniques for Long-term Storage of Cut Tulip and Dutch Iris

Iris hollandica

This datasheet on Iris hollandica covers Identity.

チオ硫酸銀錯体とベンジルアデニンの組み合わせ処理はダッチアイリス ‘ブルーマジック’ 切り花貯蔵後の品質を改善する

チオ硫酸銀錯体とベンジルアデニンの組み合わせ処理はダッチアイリス ‘ブルーマジック’ 切り花貯蔵後の品質を改善する

Traits Analysis of Offsprings Mutated by 60Co-γ Radiation in Iris hollandica

Traits Analysis of Offsprings Mutated by 60Co-γ Radiation in Iris hollandica

Iris x hollandica (Iridaceae): a valid name for Dutch Iris

The history and origin of the race of Iris known as ‘Dutch Iris’ and the validity of the name Iris x hollandica are investigated. It is concluded that the name was validly published as Iris × hollandica H.R.Wehrh., Gartenstaud. 2: 231. 1931. Subsequently this name has been listed in IPNI.

Effects of Flowering Stage at Harvest, Storage Method, and Application of Gibberellin and Benzyladenine on Flower Opening and Tepal Senescence of Dutch Iris ‘Blue Magic’ Cut Flower

Effects of Flowering Stage at Harvest, Storage Method, and Application of Gibberellin and Benzyladenine on Flower Opening and Tepal Senescence of Dutch Iris ‘Blue Magic’ Cut Flower

EFFECT OF PLANTING DENSITY, DEPTH OF PLANTING AND CHEMICAL FERTILIZATION ON GROWTH AND FLOWERING OF Iris hollandica

The experiment was conducted at a nursery in the city of Baghdad, during the time 2013/2014 season. The objective of the experiment was to study the effects of four planting density (1, 2, 3 and 4 bulbs pot-1 ), three depth of planting (3, 6, and 9 cm) and two levels of NPK fertilization (0 and 100 mg L -1) on growth and flowering of Iris hollandica cv. Prof. Blaauw. The studied parameters included number of days to flowering, plant height, flower diameter, flowering stem diameter, flowering stem fresh weight, vase life, fresh weight of new bulbs and fresh weight of bulblets. Plant density at (one bulb pot-1 ) produced the highest plant, largest flower, best stem diameter and heaviest fresh weight of flowering stem, while it gave the lowest fresh weight of bulbs and bulblets per pot. Depth of planting had a significant effects in increasing the number of days to flowering and fresh weight of the new bulbs, while it significantly decreased the fresh weight of the flowering stem. Fertilization significantly increased stem diameter, fresh weight of flowering stem and fresh weight of bulblets, while it significantly decreased the number of days to flowering. Interaction between depth of planting and fertilization and between plant density and fertilization had a significant effect on number of days for flowering and fresh weight of flowering stem respectively.

Host ranges of Penicillium species causing blue mold of bulb crops in Washington State and Idaho

First reported from the Pacific Northwest of U.S.A. as causal agents of blue mold on edible and/or ornamental bulbs are Penicillium albocoremium (from Tulipa sp.; pathogenic on Allium sativum, A. cepa, A. stipitatum, Iris hollandica and Tulipa sp.), P. crustosum (from Narcissus; pathogenic on A. cepa and I. hollandica), P. paraherquei (from A. cepa; pathogenic on A. sativum and A. cepa), and P. radicicola (from Iris Casablanca; pathogenic on A. sativum, A. cepa and I. hollandica). Penicillium expansum and P. glabrum, from A. cepa, were verified as pathogens of A. sativum, A. cepa and Iris hollandica, and P. expansum was also pathogenic on Tulipa sp. Pronounced differences between Penicillium agents of blue mold in host range and in virulence have implications for crop rotation, postharvest storage and marketing.

Contribution of anthocyanin–flavone copigmentation to grayed violet flower color of Dutch iris cultivar ‘Tiger's Eye’ under the presence of carotenoids

Dutch iris (Iris×hollandica) cultivar ‘Tiger's Eye’ (also known as ‘Eye of the Tiger’) has grayed violet falls and violet standards. In this study, we investigated the color expression of grayed violet falls and discussed contribution of copigmentation with anthocyanin and flavone to their color.Absorption spectral measurement and quantitative analysis were carried out using the falls and standards. Furthermore, distribution of each pigment was revealed by microscopic analysis using cross section of the falls. As the result, it was suggested that higher amount of carotenoid, which are present in the mesophyll tissue, and lower anthocyanin contents, which distribute to the epidermis, in the falls than those of the standards are related to grayed violet color expression.Furthermore, we performed in vitro examination using isolated anthocyanin [violanin; delphinidin 3-O-(4″′-p-coumaroylrutinoside)-5-O-glucoside] and flavone (swertiajaponin) and carotenoids extract. In this survey, grayed violet color was not expressed without the presence of flavone. It means that flavone contributes to the flower color of ‘Tiger's Eye’ as co-pigment in addition to anthocyanin. Chromaticity values of in vitro solution were measured and expressed as CIEL*a*b* space using digital images. The bluing effect was changed by copigmentation with carotenoids and associated lighter and duller appearance of the flower color.In conclusion, it was shown that the anthocyanin, flavone and carotenoids contribute to the expression of grayed violet falls of ‘Tiger's Eye’. It means that coexistence of the copigmentation and carotenoids is necessary to express their dullish color.

Influence of Pulsing Treatments on Post-Harvest Longevity of Spikes of Dutch Iris (Iris hollandica)

Pulsing treatments has a significant influence on the post-harvest quality of spikes of Dutch iris (Iris hollandica) cv. Prof Blaauw. This study was conducted according to completely randomised design to improve the vase life of cut iris spikes using various pulsing treatments. Fresh weight of the spikes increased up to sixth day in control and then declined. All the pulse-treated spikes gained fresh weight up to day eighth and was recorded maximum in spikes treated with sucrose 3% + 8-HQS (8-hydroquinoline sulphate) 300 ppm on day tenth. Improved water uptake and reduced water loss in pulse-treated spikes resulted in better water balance, which was recorded maximum (10.13 g) under sucrose 3% + 8-HQS 300 ppm treatment and minimum (2.67 g) in control. Significant improvement was recorded in the floret size due to pulsing treatments. Maximum length and width of fall petal (7.72 and 3.68 cm) and standard petal (8.07 and 2.53 cm) was recorded in spikes pulsed with sucrose 3% + 8-HQS 300 ppm. Pulsing treatment significantly improved the vase life of the spikes which increased from 10.45 days in control to 13.49 days in sucrose 3% + 8-HQS 300 ppm treatment followed by 13.09 days in sucrose 3% + cobaltous chloride 200 ppm and 13.04 days in sucrose 1.5% + 8-HQS 300 ppm.

Host ranges of North American isolates of Penicillium causing blue mold of bulb crops

Single isolates of four Penicillium species belonging to series Corymbifera (Penicillium allii, Penicillium hirsutum, Penicillium tulipae, Penicillium venetum) plus an isolate of Penicillium polonicum, all from North American sources, were inoculated individually into Crocus sativus (crocus), Allium sativum (garlic), Allium cepa (onion), Allium stipitatum (ornamental onion), Iris hollandica (iris), Ornithogalum umbellatum (grass lily), and varieties of Gladiolus (gladiolus), Tulipa (tulip) and Narcissus (daffodil). All isolates were pathogenic to garlic and onion (but none to ornamental onion), and all but P. polonicum to Tulipa, although virulence varied considerably. Additionally, P. hirsutum was pathogenic to Crocus, Gladiolus and Iris; P. tulipae to Narcissus, Crocus, Ornithogalum and Iris; P. venetum to Gladiolus, Ornithogalum and Iris; and P. polonicum to Iris. Nomenclature and taxonomy of series Corymbifera are summarized, the above results compared to similar investigations in Europe, and management implications provided.

Iris yellow spot virus. [Distribution map

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Iris yellow spot virus. Bunyaviridae: Tospovirus. Hosts: Onion ( Allium cepa ), Dutch iris ( Iris hollandica ), leek ( Allium porrum ) and garlic ( Allium sativum ). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Austria, Bosnia-Hercegovina, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, UK, England and Wales), Asia (India, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Indonesia, Java, Iran, Israel, Japan, Honshu, Kyushu, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Tajikistan), Africa (Egypt, Kenya, Mauritius, Reunion, South Africa and Uganda), North America (Canada, Ontario, Mexico, USA, Arizona, California, Colorado, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Michigan, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Texas, Utah and Washington), Central America and Caribbean (Guatemala), South America (Brazil, Pernambuco, Sao Paulo, Chile, Peru and Uruguay) and Oceania (Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, Western Australia and New Zealand).

Eutirucallin, a RIP-2 Type Lectin from the Latex of Euphorbia tirucalli L. Presents Proinflammatory Properties

Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that recognize and modulate physiological activities and have been used as a toll for detection and identification of biomolecules, and therapy of diseases. In this study we have isolated a lectin present in the latex of Euphorbia tirucalli, and named it Eutirucallin. The latex protein extract was subjected to ion exchange chromatography and showed two peaks with haemagglutinating activity. Polypeptides of 32 kDa protein extract strongly interacted with immobilized galactose (α-lactose > D-N-acetylgalactosamine). The Eutirucallin was obtained with a yield of 5.6% using the α-lactose column. The lectin domain has 32 kDa subunits and at least two of which are joined by disulfide bridges. The agglutinating capacity for human erythrocytes A+, B+ and O+ is inhibited by D-galactose. The haemagglutinating activity of Eutirucallin was independent of Ca2+ and maintained until the temperature of 55°C. Eutirucallin presented biological activities such as neutrophils recruitment and cytokine prodution by macrophages. The analysis of the trypsin-digested Eutirucallin by ms/ms in ESI-Q-TOFF resulted in nine peptides similar to type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein (type-2 RIP). It's partial sequence showed a similarity of 67.4 – 83.1% for the lectin domain of type-2 RIP [Ricin and Abrin (83.1%), Viscumin, Ebulin, Pulchellin, Cinnamomin, Volkensin and type-2 RIP Iris hollandica]. Our data suggest that Eutirucallin is a new member of type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein and presents biotechnological potential.

Application of a Rapid and Sensitive Method for Hormonal and Vitamin E Profiling Reveals Crucial Regulatory Mechanisms in Flower Senescence and Fruit Ripening

Knowledge of ripeness and regulation of postharvest processes is an important tool to prevent loss of commercial value in both fruit and cut flower markets. The joint analysis of hormones and vitamin E levels can reveal complex interactions between hormones and oxidative stress as key regulators of postharvest processes. Profiling of both groups of metabolic compounds was performed during the ripening of non-climacteric fruits (red raspberry, Rubus idaeus L.) and senescence of ethylene-insensitive flowers (Dutch Iris, Iris x hollandica L.). After an initial extraction of the sample, without further purification steps, the hormonal profile was analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS and vitamin E levels were measured by HPLC. This methodological approach was very fast and had enough sensitivity for the analysis of small samples. Raspberry fruit maturation was characterized by a decline of cytokinin levels [zeatin, zeatin riboside, 2-isopentenyl adenine, and isopentenyl adenosine (Z, ZR, 2-iP, and IPA, respectively)] and gibberellins (GA1 in particular). Exogenous application of ABA prevented δ-tocopherol loss during fruit ripening. Iris floral senescence was also under strict hormonal control, also mediated by cytokinins and gibberellins. Z, ZR, 2-iP, GA9, and GA24 levels decreased in inner tepals, whereas the level of IPA decreased in style-merged-to-stigma tissues, thus suggesting tissue-specific roles for different hormones. α-Tocopherol levels decreased during senescence of inner tepals, hence suggesting enhanced oxidative stress. In conclusion, the rapid and sensitive hormonal and vitamin E profiling presented here can help in understanding the key physiological processes underlying fruit ripening and floral senescence.

Identification of novel C-glycosylflavones and their contribution to flower colour of the Dutch iris cultivars

Seventeen C-glycosylflavones including four novel ones, were isolated from the flowers of Dutch iris (Iris hollandica Hort. ex Todd.) cultivar 'Blue Diamond'. Four new C-glycosylflavones were identified as isovitexin 2″-O-(4″'-acetylrhamnoside) (F1), swertisin 2″-O-(4″'-acetylrhamnoside) (F2), isovitexin 2″-O-(4″'-acetylrhamnoside)-4'-O-glucoside (F3) and swertisin 2″-O-(4″'-acetylrhamnoside)-4'-O-glucoside (F4) by UV spectra, LC-MS and (1)H and (13)C NMR. Furthermore, to understand the contribution of flavones to flower colour, the relationships with flower colours of three Dutch iris cultivars and flavonoid components were examined. The degree of blueness in the bluish cultivars 'Blue Diamond' and 'Blue Magic' were higher than that of the violet cultivar, 'Yesterday', and it was suggested that the flower colour expression from violet to blue colour of Dutch iris cultivars depend on the high ratio of total flavone contents/total delphinidin contents (F/A ratio). In addition, in vitro examination was carried out by the isolated anthocyanin and flavone. The mixture solutions were prepared in respective F/A ratio of three Dutch iris cultivars and could essentially reconstruct their visible absorption spectra of flowers. In conclusion, it was confirmed that isolated flavones contribute to blueness due to intermolecular co-pigmentation with anthocyanins.

Molecular characterization of phylogenetic relationship between Iris species based on fluorescent-AFLP

Dutch iris (Iris × hollandica) cultivar ‘Tiger's Eye’ (also known as ‘Eye of the Tiger’) has grayed violet falls and violet standards. In this study, we investigated the color expression of grayed violet falls and discussed contribution of copigmentation with anthocyanin and flavone to their color.Absorption spectral measurement and quantitative analysis were carried out using the falls and standards. Furthermore, distribution of each pigment was revealed by microscopic analysis using cross section of the falls. As the result, it was suggested that higher amount of carotenoid, which are present in the mesophyll tissue, and lower anthocyanin contents, which distribute to the epidermis, in the falls than those of the standards are related to grayed violet color expression.Furthermore, we performed in vitro examination using isolated anthocyanin [violanin; delphinidin 3-O-(4″′-p-coumaroylrutinoside)-5-O-glucoside] and flavone (swertiajaponin) and carotenoids extract. In this survey, grayed violet color was not expressed without the presence of flavone. It means that flavone contributes to the flower color of ‘Tiger's Eye’ as co-pigment in addition to anthocyanin. Chromaticity values of in vitro solution were measured and expressed as CIEL*a*b* space using digital images. The bluing effect was changed by copigmentation with carotenoids and associated lighter and duller appearance of the flower color.In conclusion, it was shown that the anthocyanin, flavone and carotenoids contribute to the expression of grayed violet falls of ‘Tiger's Eye’. It means that coexistence of the copigmentation and carotenoids is necessary to express their dullish color.

Molecular Characterization of cDNA Clones Encoding Flavanone 3-Hydroxylase from Dutch Iris(<i>Iris</i> × <i>hollandica</i>)

Molecular Characterization of cDNA Clones Encoding Flavanone 3-Hydroxylase from Dutch Iris(<i>Iris</i> × <i>hollandica</i>)

Treatment with thidiazuron improves opening and vase life of iris flowers

The marketability of Dutch iris ( Iris × hollandica) cut flowers is limited by their short display life and frequent failure to open fully. We tested the ability of thidiazuron (TDZ), a phenyl-urea compound with cytokinin-like activity, to improve iris flower opening and longevity. A postharvest pulse with 0.2–1 mM TDZ for 6–24 h at 0 or 20 °C extended the vase life of flowers by up to 1.5 d relative to control (0 mM TDZ) stems in water. TDZ treatment also stimulated growth of the pedicel and ovary by up to 2.5 cm that, in turn, led to more complete opening of flowers. Inclusion of 1 mM gibberellic acid (GA 3) in the TDZ pulsing solution did not extend vase life further but did increase flower shoot elongation by an additional 1.0 cm. Provision of 20% sucrose with the TDZ plus GA 3 treatment had an additive effect, increasing vase life and shoot growth by a further 0.8 d and 1.0 cm, respectively. Pulsing stems with this combined treatment prior to storing flowers dry for 14 d at 0 °C provided maximum flower opening and display life after storage. Treatment with 0.5 mM TDZ stimulated a significant increase in ethylene production by flowers during their opening.

Iris yellow spot virus. [Distribution map

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Iris yellow spot virus, Bunyaviridae: Tospovirus. Hosts: onion ( Allium cepa ), Dutch iris ( Iris hollandica ), leek ( Allium porrum ) and Hippeastrum spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (France, Mainland France, Germany, Italy, Mainland Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Mainland Spain, UK, England and Wales), Asia (India, Maharashtra, Iran, Israel, Japan, Honshu, Kyushu), Africa (Reunion, South Africa, Tunisia), North America (Canada, Ontario, USA, Arizona, California, Colorado, Georgia, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Texas, Utah, Washington), Central America and Caribbean (Guatemala), South America (Brazil, Pernambuco, Sao Paulo, Chile, Peru), Oceania (Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, Western Australia, New Zealand). It is vectored by Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae).