Iraq Research Articles

مصادر تمويل الحقوق المالية لموظفي العقود الوزارية في ظل قانون الموازنات الاتحادية العراقية

Abstract All budget laws, especially the Federal Budget Law in Iraq for the year 2023, addressed the sources of financing the financial rights of employees of ministerial contracts, such as financing the salaries of this important segment of employees, in addition to its main objective of financing sectors and developing various services in Iraq and others, and that the financing process in most countries of the world comes through taxes, government investments and loans, but in Iraq, oil is the main and vital sector through which budgets are financed. It is noted that Iraq has been exposed to many economic crises that led to the collapse of the Iraqi economy, which negatively affected financial financing in general. From this, we mention that the demonstrations and the Corona pandemic caused a clear collapse in crude oil, which, as we previously said, constitutes a major source of financial financing and the percentage of reliance on it reaches (95%) of the Iraqi state’s revenues. The collapse in oil also caused a clear deficit in the 2019 budget, and the government resorted to debt by resorting to internal borrowing in the years (2019 and 2020). The delay and failure to approve the Iraqi federal budget affected the entitlements of employees of ministerial contracts. The issuance of job grades for contractors led to a crisis in financing their salaries, but their financing was transferred to the ministries in which they were appointed. The ministries that do not have self-financing faced some difficulties, especially after the issuance of appointments and the transfer of salaried workers to contracts, and then their referral to the permanent staff.

Microfacies impacts on reservoir heterogeneity of early cretaceous Yamama carbonate reservoir in South Iraq

Detailed well-log interpretations, including gamma-ray, density, neutron, and resistivity, alongside petrographic analysis of 100 samples over 170 m of drill cores, have revealed factors influencing reservoir heterogeneity in the Yamama Formation, Ah’Dimah Oilfield, southern Iraq. The formation comprises four reservoir units (YA-YD) separated by four non-reservoir units (BA-BD). The reservoir units are subdivided into subunits. YB2, YB3, and YC demonstrate the best reservoir quality, while YD2 is water-bearing. Seven microfacies were identified within both reservoir and non-reservoir units, deposited in a shallow carbonate ramp. These include bioclastic wackestone, Lithocodium-Bacinella float/boundstone, peloidal cortoid intraclast grainstone, reefal bioclastic rudstone, bioclastic foraminiferal wacke/packstone, miliolidal pack/grainstone, and spiculitic foraminiferal wackestone. Despite the deep burial depth of the formation (> 4000 m), it maintained good porosity values in most intervals, reaching up to 20%. Early isopachous cement protected porosity and dissolution enhanced porosity, while cementation, compaction, and pyritization reduced it. The reservoir units correlate with depositional environments, being deposited in the shoal area, while non-reservoir units were deposited in lagoon, middle, and outer-ramp settings. The Lithocodium-Bacinella float/boundstone and reefal bioclastic rudstone facies, forming reefal patches and build-ups within the shoal, dominated in YB2 and YC. Targeting these patches northeast of Ah’Dimah Oilfield is promising for field development.

Determination of Uranium Concentration in child teeth by track detector CR-39 for middle and south of Iraq

إن دراسة تحديد تراكيز اليورانيوم في نماذج اسنان الاطفال(الاناث) هي الأولى من نوعها في القطر إذ أجري في هذه الدراسة قياس تراكيز اليورانيوم لعشرة عينات من أسنان الاناث موزعة على بعض المحافظات الوسطى والجنوبية من العراق , تضمنت الدراسة محافظات ( المثنى , ذي قار , البصرة , النجف , كربلاء , واسط ,بابل , بغداد) تم قياس تراكيز اليورانيوم في عينات الأسنان عن طريق تسجيل أثار الانشطار في كاشف الأثر النووي (CR – 39) الناتجة عن قصف نوى (U) بالنيوترونات الحرارية من المصدر النيوتروني (Am - Be ) بفيض نيتروني بلغ ( ٰ5x10³ n Cm-² sˉ) تم تحديد التراكيز بالحسابات المعتمدة على المقارنة مع العينات القياسية ومن خلال النتائج المستحصلة نجد أن تراكيز اليورانيوم في عينات الأسنان لمحافظة المثنى هي (0.022) و(0.038) و(0.056) و(0.089) و(0.15) و(0.15) و(0.169)و(0.17) Pmm على التوالي . ويتضح من خلال نتائج الدراسة أن تركيز اليورانيوم في محافظة المثنى هو الأعلى ثم ذي قار والبصرة والنجف وكربلاء و واسط وبابل وأخيرا بغداد .

Measurement of Alpha Emitters Concentration in Tomato Fruits Using CR – 39 Plastic Track Detector

Our country suffered from pollution translation as a result to the wars events, so, it is necessary to measure the amount of radiation in the fields that are of indirect contact with human life and health. The main aim of the present work is to measure the concentration of alpha emitters in tomato fruits collected from different farms in Al – Basra governorate in the south of Iraq. Nuclear track detectors of type CR – 39 are used as a detection device and Can technique as a detection technique. Results show that the maximum concentration recorded is sample no.7 of site Al – Rafidhya which was equal to (6.9621 ± 0.111) ppm and sample no.1 of site Lothan with concentration equals to (4.9236 ± 0.117) ppm. The minimum concentrations were in sample 6 of site Al – Lehaiss (1.5360 ± 0.084) ppm followed by sample 9 of site Malhan which recorded (1.6840 ± 0.111) ppm (20.208 ± 1.332 Bq/m3).

Hydrochemical Characteristics and Spatial Variability in Coastal Aquifers Southern IraqUtilizing a GIS Technique

The present study investigates water quality regarding drinking and irrigation supplies by gathering and analyzing twelve groundwater samples south of Basrah, south Iraq. Many wells in the area concerned are exploited mainly for various industrial and agricultural activities, impacting the ground water quality. The standard guidelines recommended by the Iraqi Quality Standard limits and the World Health Organization have been used to determine the suitability of drinking. The physicochemica analyses showed that all sampled waters are unsuitable for the drinking supply due to high total dissolved solids (TDS) levels reaching 12925 mg/L. Four valuable indices have been applied for estimating the irrigated water quality, namely, the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), the soluble sodium percentage (SSP%), the magnesium hazard (MH%), and Kelly’s ratio (KR%). The results of water class as regards the percent of samples showed: SAR results, 25% excellent water, 41.7% good water, and 33.3% doubtful water; SSP% results, 16.7 % good water, 75% permissible water, and 8.3 % doubtful water; MH% results, 100% suitable irrigated water; and KR% results show 41.7% suitable water and 58.3 % unsuitable water. The USSL salinity diagram (Wilcox) result revealed 83.3 % of samples fall in very high salinity-very high sodium hazard class C4S4, and 16.7 % of samples fall in very high salinity-high sodium hazard class C4S3 and very high salinity-medium sodium hazard class C4S2, respectively. Increasing salinity of coastal aquifers has impacted sources such as seawater intrusion and intensive irrigation, and usages of excessive fertilizers and herbicides can largely pollute the groundwater quality.

Thermal Maturity Map Based on Vitrinite Reflectance of Yamama Formation in Basrah Oil Fields, South of Iraq

This study aims to create a detailed thermal maturity map based on vitrinite reflectance in the Basrah oil fields in southern Iraq. The specific objective was to determine areas with the highest thermal maturity within the Yamama Formation. The selected fields for analysis were WQ-60, Lu-12, Zb-42, Nr-12, Mj-12, and Ru-72, which belong to the West Qurna, Luhas, Zubair, Nahr Umar, Majnoon, and Rumaila oilfields, respectively. The Petromod 1D software was used for basin modeling and thermal history reconstruction. By inputting geological and geophysical data, the software enabled the construction of a comprehensive thermal basin history. The primary focus was on evaluating vitrinite reflectance values, which serve as a proxy for thermal maturity. The results of the study revealed significant variations in thermal maturity within the Yamama Formation across the selected fields. The Nahr Umar field (Nr-12) exhibited the highest thermal maturity, characterized by elevated vitrinite reflectance values. This indicates that organic matter within the Yamama Formation has undergone significant heating and maturation processes in this particular field. On the other hand, the Zubair field (Zb-12) displayed the lowest vitrinite reflectance values, suggesting a lower level of thermal maturity. This could be attributed to different burial histories, variations in the thermal gradient, or other tectonic movements in the area.

Plant-Parasitic Nematode Genera Associated with Date Palm in Central Iraq

A survey of plant-parasitic nematode genera associated with roots of mature date palm trees was conducted in central Iraq to study the occurrence, population density and geographical distribution. This study in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Karbela, Najaf, and Wasit governorates was conducted from 2019 to 2023, during the months from October to April. A total of 150 soil and root samples were gathered from 46 fields, and plant parasitic nematodes were extracted and morphologically identified to genus level. Eleven genera of plant parasitic nematodes were detected in the declining order of frequency: Tylenchorhynchus spp. (20%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Karbala, and Najaf; Meloidogyne spp., (17.3%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Paratylenchus spp. (16%) in Diyala and Najaf; Helicotylenchus spp. (12%) in Baghdad, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Tylenchus spp. (12%) in Baghdad, Babil, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Aphelenchoides spp. (6.7%) in Babil, Diyala, Karbala, and Wasit; Pratylenchus spp. (4%) in Baghdad, Diyala, Najaf, and Wasit; Ditylenchus spp. (3.3%) in Babil and Najaf; Hoplolaimus spp. (1.3%) in Diyala; and Heterodera spp. and Scutellonema spp. (0.7% each) in Diyala. Population density was low in Baghdad. High population density was recorded for Meloidogyne spp., (37625 J2 /1000 cm3 soil) and lowest population density occurred with Paratylenchus spp. (20 nematodes /1000 cm3 soil) in Diyala (Al-Jadidah). This appears to be the first report of occurrences of plant-parasitic nematodes of date palm in central Iraq.

The Role of Oil in Iraqi Politics: From Independence to the Beginning of the Twenty-first Century

This study reviewed how oil affected Iraq's internal and foreign policies throughout contemporary history, as it sought in its goal to identify the role of oil in Iraqi politics from independence until the beginning of the twenty-first century, and to achieve the goal of the study, the descriptive analytical approach was relied on, and the historical method, in order to identify the scene of Iraqi politics and the impact of oil and its role in the political practices of the Iraqi state since independence until the beginning of the twenty-first century, and the importance of the study is due to the importance of oil The first is the importance of oil in Iraq, and it has two requirements, the first is a brief summary of the history of the importance of oil in Iraq The second demand focused on the status of oil in the period following the independence of the Iraqi state. .and the second section was entitled Oil crises and their repercussions on Iraqi policy, and it has two requirements, the first dealt with the crisis The first oil and its repercussions on Iraqi politics, and the second requirement dealt with the second oil crisis and its repercussions on Iraqi politics, then came the third section entitled the role of oil in the political scene of the State of Iraq, and it has two requirements, the first talked about the political situation of the State of Iraq at the beginning of the 21st century and the role of Iraqi oil in the international scene, The second and final requirement of the study focused on Iraq's political and economic landscape in the aftermath of 2003; The study also explored the role of oil in the reconstruction of the Iraqi state. It uncovered several key findings, among which the most significant are: the management of oil in Iraq is synonymous with the management of all industrialized nations. The post-2003 period brought about transformative changes, as Iraq's oil market endured severe crises. Politically, the lack of democracy and the challenges of establishing a more democratic system in Iraq can only be fully understood by considering the economic dimensions, particularly the role of oil. The study highlighted that Iraq faced significant market risks and oil price fluctuations. Additionally, the invasion of Iraq in 2003 and the subsequent period up to 2011 confirmed that historical narratives about Iraq remain deeply influential. Although there are multiple political reasons for the invasion of Iraq, all reconstruction policies and projects after the invasion also relied on the oil sector, and the study justifies that the Iraqi state cannot withdraw from the economic scene, but will be forced to adopt economic policies, However, oil remains a political and strategic commodity over which no country can cede control to non-state actors.

Workplace violence against junior doctors in Iraq: implications for job satisfaction and retention

IntroductionHealth workers worldwide report being exposed to workplace violence, but those in conflict settings (or post-conflict settings) are especially targeted, as political conflict shifts societal norms. Iraq has suffered war and conflict for decades. A 2013 study of 567 Iraqi-trained physicians found nearly 2/3 had emigrated to mostly English-speaking countries; further, half of those remaining wished to leave Iraq. While prior studies have examined the phenomenon of violence against health workers in Iraq, no qualitative study has characterized Iraqi front line junior doctors’ experiences of workplace violence within a workplace violence causal framework, to inform an educational and policy response.MethodsWe consented and interviewed 73 junior physicians at six teaching hospitals across Central Iraq between December 2021, and January 2022. We analyzed 22 of the 73 conversations, after rejecting 29 because they were terminated prematurely when doctors were called away for patient care, and 22 others where doctors indicated they had no experience with workplace violence. (Our goal was to understand these interactions, not to quantify them).ResultsThe physicians we interviewed had been practicing an average 3 years since graduating from medical school (ranging from 6 months to 7 years). Interviewees represented eight hospital departments, with most coming from internal medicine and surgery. Within a socio-ecological framework, we identified two primary individual-level factors prompting patient-associated violence: patients and their families don’t understand triage (and resent being pushed to the side when doctors focus on more serious cases), and junior doctors (by definition) are young and inexperienced. At the family level, doctors reported patient relatives often demonstrate their devotion to the patient by acting out. At the hospital level, institutions are operating in an environment of scarcity, which generates high emotions as patients compete for attention, supplies and space. At a societal level, doctors reported family attacks persist because perpetrators face no real legal consequences. In addition to causes of violence, there are consequences. Doctors who are targets of violence reported experiencing mental health problems, including depression and loss of self-esteem, and reported thoughts of leaving their positions and even their country. Doctors also expressed regret for choosing a career in medicine.ConclusionYoung, inexperienced junior doctors in Iraq are bearing the brunt of patient frustrations with the scarcity of resources in the health system. Hospitals would likely improve the job satisfaction of junior physicians, and their longevity in the health system, by attending to this problem.

Springs of the Arabian Desert: Hydrogeology and Hydrochemistry of Abu Jir Springs, Central Iraq

The Arabian Desert is characterised by very low rainfall and high evaporation, yet over 210 springs are on its northeastern edge in central Iraq along the Abu Jir lineament, which represents the western depositional margin of a foreland basin infilled by the floodplain sediments of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; there is little evidence of faulting. The springs discharge from gently east-dipping Paleocene–Eocene limestones, either where groundwater flowpaths intersect the ground surface or where groundwater flow is forced to the surface by confining aquitards. Calculated annual recharge to the aquifer system across the Arabian Desert plateau (130–500 million m3) is significant, largely due to rapid infiltration through karst dolines, such that karst porosity is the primary enabler of groundwater recharge. The recharge is enough to maintain flow at the Abu Jir springs, but active management of groundwater extraction for agriculture is required for their long-term sustainability. The hydrochemistry of the springs is determined by evaporation, rainfall composition (high SO4 concentrations are due to the dissolution of wind-blown gypsum in rainfall), and plant uptake of Ca and K (despite the sparse vegetation). Limestone dissolution has relatively little impact; many of the springs are undersaturated with respect to calcite and lack tufa/travertine deposits. The springs at Hit-Kubaysa contain tar and high levels of H2S that probably seeped upwards along subvertical faults from underlying oil reservoirs; this is the only location along the Abu Jir lineament where deep-seated faults penetrate to the surface. The presence of hydrocarbons reduces the Hit-Kubaysa spring water and converts the dissolved SO4 to H2S.

The Effect of Atmospheric Organic Carbon on Precipitation Formation in Southern Iraq: Case Study

The aerosols play a main role in precipitation formation in the atmosphere. Organic Carbon (OC) is a must-imported aerosol because it is considered a cloud condensation nuclear CCN. This work dealt with the relationship between Organic Carbon (OC) and many variables that affect precipitation formation in South Iraq (Basra and AL-Muthana) including Cloud Top Temb Cloud Top Temperature CTT, Total PrecipitableWater TPW, and Precipitation. The cases selected are 14 – 15 Nov. 2018 and 26 – 29 Jan. 2019 to test the relationship between variables. Data obtained from retrospective analysis for research and applications, version 2 (MERRA-2). Including OC, total Precipitablewater (TPW), and precipitation amount of 3 hours. The times are fixed according to the cases. The cloud top temperature (CTT) was obtained by the infrared satellite images provided by the European Space Agency, using a group of satellites. The result indicates a strong effect of OC on the cloud depth and the TPW when finally increases the precipitation amount.

Projection of precipitation under RCP4.5 and RCP 8.5 in central and southern regions of Iraq

Climate change has significant impacts on natural systems, especially in terms of altering hydrological patterns due to changing precipitation and melting snow and ice. This study examines projected changes in precipitation for central and southern Iraq under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios for the periods 2046–2065 and 2081–2100 using CMIP5 climate model HadGEM2-AO output. The results revealed that under RCP4.5, there was large spatial variation in the projected precipitation over the region during 2064-2065, ranging from as low as 27 mm in western part to as high as 1541 mm in the eastern part. The spatial variability as well as precipitation amount decreased considerably during 2081-2100 periods. Under RCP8.5 the projected precipitation was only 14-164 mm in 2046-2065 and 36-532 mm in 2081-2100 periods. Thus, under RCP8.5 scenario anticipated precipitation will be quite low.

Monitoring the change in annual drought conditions in Iraq for the period (1981-2022), using statistical methods and modern technologies

Climate change is a natural phenomenon that occurs every several thousand years, but with the increase in human activities, climate change has accelerated. Since climate is the average of successive weather conditions in a place over a long period, it may be a month, a season, a year, or several years. Therefore, we find that climatology is concerned with showing the average or median weather conditions prevailing in a region rather than showing daily changes in weather conditions in the region. Therefore, climate change had a significant impact on drought conditions in the location of the study area during the period (1081-2022). The reason for this is that Iraq is characterized by its equatoriality and flat surface in the central and southern regions, which makes it enjoy fast wind movement that raises dust storms that reduce the level of humidity. Stations in southern and central Iraq recorded the highest frequency, represented by the dominance of (south-easterly) winds in the summer season, while stations in the northern region recorded the lowest frequency of this type of wind in the (winter) season. The reason is due to the high temperatures, the variation in humidity, and the frequency of winds in the summer and spring seasons, where air highs prevail and the frequency of air lows decreases, and since climate change causes the retention of rain in the winter with the phenomenon of global warming or the intensity of rain in the spring, summer and fall seasons due to... The phenomenon of convection, which becomes more active due to the heating of the Earth, as well as an increase in the pressure gradient as a result of the deepening of the depression. Seasonal thermal, while the reason for the decrease in wind speed in the fall and winter is due to the lack of thermal activity, the decline of the seasonal low, and the increase in the influence of the Siberian High. Since the drought trend and rising global temperatures have negatively affected drought conditions in Iraq, causing scarcity of rainfall throughout Iraq. Due to the decrease in the frequency of air depressions in the winter, as well as the dominance of air highs, which causes a decline in rain and a lack of humidity or its variation from one region to another, and using statistical methods and the SPSS program, it became clear that Iraq is going through varying periods of drought, which affected the climate conditions over a period of 41 years and during three cycles. Micro-climate cycle and macro-climate cycle.

The Potential of Hybrid Data Integration Approaches Based UAV-SfM Photogrammetry in Identifying New Archaeological Features in The Archaeological UR Site

Structure-from-Motion (SfM) Photogrammetry-based unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) are considered one of the most effective non-destructive techniques to detect features in archaeology. However, relying on only standalone-based photogrammetric approaches is not always valid in revealing new archaeological features and monuments. This study aims to verify the efficiency of the integration-based methodologies of SfM photogrammetry products to improve the detection of new archaeological features in the non-excavated regions of the archaeological site of Ur, south of Iraq. The methodology proposes an automatic workflow to extract 3D topographic models such as Digital Terrain Model (DTM) by Agisoft Metashape (MS) software and orthomosaic images as standard products for UAV-photogrammetry. These have delivered the following Structure-from-Motion and Multi-View Stereo (SfM-MVS) algorithms using an optimized flight planning, data capturing, and data processing pipeline. Stand-alone raster images derived from photogrammetry, such as (slope images, hill shade rasters, etc.), have limitations in archaeology compared to hybrid raster images in detecting covered and unrevealed features. The methodology focuses on fusing multiple rasters extracted from DTM using the QGIS software package analysis tools to detect features that may never be detected from single standalone image rasters. This is because combining multiple rasters of different parameters may highlight new potential features such as paths, temples, etc. The results findings revealed that the fusion methodology of raster images obtained from UAV-SfM Photogrammetry through its standard products and using high precision settings could successfully help to identify many new archaeological features in the undiscovered site in Ur, such as walls and houses, which may date back to the late periods of Ur. The results concluded that this enhances the role of photogrammetry and remote sensing techniques as non-destructive excavation tools to provide a rich database for archaeologists for further analysis and interpretation of undiscovered archaeological sites without destruction. Many new archaeological features were also revealed, and a general digital map of the site was prepared. It also prompts a review of the settlement theories in previous studies in the ancient city of UR and the documentation of excavated archaeological ruins.

Diversity study of several domesticated rice (local cultivars) cultivated in the middle and south of Iraq using NGS technology

نظرًا لأهمية محصول الأرز في العراق ، أجريت هذه الدراسة لتحديد أصول الأصناف الرئيسية وفهم العلاقات التطورية بين أصناف الأرز العراقية وغيرها من انواع الأرز الآسيوية التي يمكن أن تكون ذات اهمية كبيرة في تحسين هذا المحصول. تم الحصول على خمسة أنواع من قسم البحوث الزراعية في العراق, ومن بين هذه الاصناف ( العنبر 33 ، دجلة ، غدير ، البركة ، والأرز الأسود) وقد تم تسلسل الحمض النووي الجيني باكملة باستخدام منصات تسلسل الجيل التالي القائمة على تقنية DNA nanoball (DNB),تم الحصول على تسلسل 26 نوعاً من قاعدة بيانات موارد جينوم NCBI .اظهر التحليل التطوري بنائاً على البلاستيدة الخضراء الانواع قسمت الى مجاميع وفقاً الى موقعهم الجغرافي تم تقسيم الأصناف العراقية إلى مجموعتين المجموعة الاولى تحتوي Amber33 و Japonica NC_001320 بينما تحتوي مجموعة ثانية على Dijla و Ghadir و Baraka و Black Rice و Indica NC_008155.

The Impact of Iraqi State’s Political Division on Islamic Republic of Iran’s Internal National Security (An Analytical Research from Scenario Planning Perspective)

The Impact of Iraqi State’s Political Division on Islamic Republic of Iran’s Internal National Security (An Analytical Research from Scenario Planning Perspective)

Prevalence of Human Cystic Echinococcosis in Basrah Province/South of Iraq

Human cystic echinococcosis is one of the greatest significant neglected tropical diseases. It develops and transmits from canines to human. The purpose of this study was to assemble information on the occurrence of human cystic echinococcosis in Basrah province /south of Iraq. Thirty samples of clinical diagnosed patients and the same as control, attended different hospitals, obtained during the period from August 2023 to June 2024. The majority of patients were in age group 10-19 while only 9% were with age group of 60-69. The study concluded that infections in female were about 19(63.3%) while in male were 11(36.7%), Most patients were inhabitant of rural area 16(53.3%) compared to14(46.7%) patients of urban area. Cystic echinococcosis is a condition that is mostly ignored. Medical specialists must work to reduce human cystic echinococcosis by advising people about its prevention and control.

Diversity of Hard Ticks (Acari, Ixodidae) Infestion in Arabian Camel in Iraq

A total of 1346 hard ticks (863♂ and 483 ♀) infested 104 camels, 60 alive camels with 93.33% infestation rate and 44 carcasses of camels had 79.54% infestation rate The total infestation rate was 87.5 %. The current study results revealed ten species of hard ticks family Ixodidae Koch, 1844 related to genus Hyalomma as following: H. dromedarii Koch, 1844, H. schulzii Morel, 1969, H. turanicum Pomerantsev, 1946, H. excavatum Koch, 1844, H. truncatum Koch, 1844, H. scupense Schulzii, 1919, H. marginatum Koch, 1844, H. anatolicum Koch, 1844, H. rufipes Koch, 1844, H. impeltatum Schulze & Schlottke, 1930 from camel Camelus dromedarius Linnaeus, 1758 collected from 21 regions belonging to six provinces in middle, west and south of Iraq where camels were bred in abundance. According to the current results, camels are considered a new host for three species of genus Hyalomma: H. truncatum, H. marginatum rufipes. These results may be of more importance as being the available data for risk topic about camels infested with hard ticks.

Clinical and Serological Observation of the Newcastle Disease on Commercial Meat Chicken Flocks in Basrah Province, South of Iraq

The current study was conducting to observed Newcastle Disease (ND) in Basrah and evaluated the competence of vaccination schedules used in commercial meat chicken farms. Monitoring of ND was dependent on 20 poultry houses located in Al Zubair, Al Mudaina, Al Qurnah, Garmat Ali Safwan, and Aluhais. The Incidence was recorded based on the clinical history of the disease in the poultry house, clinical signs, and post-mortem findings. ELISA test was estimated to detect Ab titer against ND, including maternal immunity and immune state after vaccination. The results indicated that the Incidence of ND was 80%. ND was not recorded in 20% of poultry houses. Results of the ELISA test showed differences of Ab against ND at different ages of birds, especially at a late stage. Ab titers were very low. The mean of maternal-derived antibodies was 6000 in Belgian, 308 Rose and 2000 for Iranian 501 coop. On the other hand, ND vaccines, available in local markets, showed a good quality (Ma5 + Clone 30) compared with different types, especially ( lasota + IB) Henkar.

Effect of organic fertilizer and amino acids on the vegetative growth of young pomegranate trees Punica granatum L. c.v. “Wonderful”

The experiment was conducted on a pomegranate field located in a deciduous fruit orchard at the Agricultural Research and Experimentation Station, which is associated with the College of Agriculture at the University of Kirkuk in the Republic of Iraq. The experiment took place during the 2023 season. The study incorporated 2 variables. The experiment consisted of 2 factors: the first factor included 5 levels of organic fertilization (0, 250 and 500 g tree-1 of residue poultry and 15 and 30 g tree-1 of humic acid) and the second factor involved spraying with 3 concentrations of amino acids (0-, 5- and 10- mL L-1). The experimental design used was a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) within factorial experiments, with 2 factors and 3 replicates. The study involved a total of 90 young pomegranate trees, with 2 trees assigned to each experimental unit. The data were analyzed using Duncan's multinomial test at a significance level of 0.05. Applying 500 g of chicken waste per tree resulted in a notable enhancement in vegetative development, namely in stem length. The leaf area and dry weight of the leaves were measured at 6.45 cm2 and 54.67 % respectively. The level of 30 g tree-1 of humic acid resulted in a significant increase in the stem diameter, branch length and branch diameter, which was recorded at 23.16 mm, 39.98 cm and 6.30 mm respectively, compared to the control treatment. The application of a 10 mL L-1 concentration of amino acids led to a notable enhancement in the observed traits (stem length and branches, their diameters, leaf area and dry weight of leaves) in comparison to the control treatment. The mutual influence of organic fertilizer and spraying with amino acids resulted in a noticeable and statistically significant effect. This effect was particularly evident when using a level of 500 g tree-1 of chicken waste for fertilization and a concentration of 10 mL L-1 of amino acids for spraying, as it positively impacted most parameters.