Iran E-mail Research Articles

Medium and Long-term Strategies on Food and Nutrition Security in Covid-19 Pandemic

Majid Hajifaraji*1,2 Author Affiliations 1Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Iran 2Department of Nutrition and Health, National Academy of Medical Sciences, Iran Received: January 20, 2021 | Published: February 02, 2021 Corresponding author: Majid Hajifaraji, Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, National Academy of Medical Sciences, Iran Email: majid.hajifaraji@gmail.com DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2021.33.005427

The effect of phonetic transcription on Iranian EFL students' word stress learning

Please fill up the following information accurately. (Please use Times New Roman, 12 pt. The effect of phonetic transcription on Iranian EFL students' word stress learning The correct location of lexical stress is a main concern for EFL learners whose first language has a different stress system. Therefore, in light of the fact that English pronunciation errors are often caused by the transfer of the Persian language sound system, the present study investigated the effect of phonetic transcription on Iranian undergraduate EFL students’ word stress learning. Since random assignment was not possible, the nonequivalent group, pretest-posttest design was employed to study two classes of EFL major students at the University of Bojnord (UB) and Kosar University of Bojnord (KUB) as the experimental group (EG) and control group (CG) respectively. Both groups were exposed to the same activities; however, only the EG received the treatment regarding the phonemic transcription. A 60-item word stress test was developed by the researcher based on a collection of 20 episodes of The Flatmates from the BBC's learning English website to measure students’ achievements. The reliability of the test was estimated 0.71 through KR-21 formula. The results of the independent samples t-test from the posttest indicated that the EG had a better performance than the CG. Thus, the findings suggest that EFL learners’ phonemic transcription can facilitate the process of lexical stress learning. Information about Author(s)* Author 1 Author (Last name, First name) Ghorbani, Mohammad Reza Affiliated institution (University) University of Bojnord Country Iran Email address mrg872@gmail.com Department & Rank English department, Assistant Professor Corresponding author (Yes/No) Write only one corresponding author. Yes Author 2 Author (Last name, First name) Affiliated institution (University) Country Email address Department & Rank Corresponding author (Yes/No) Author 3 Author (Last name, First name) Affiliated institution (University) Country Email address Department & Rank Corresponding author (Yes/No) Author 4 Author (Last name, First name) Affiliated institution (University) Country Email address Department & Rank Corresponding author (Yes/No)

Erratum: “Exergy Performance Analysis and Optimization of a Desiccant Wheel System” [ASME J. Therm. Sci. Eng. Appl., 2015, 7(3), p. 031013; DOI:10.1115/1.4030415

The first author’s affiliation and corresponding author should be listed as follows:Mohsen Ali MandegariDepartment of Process Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Banghoek Road, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; Chemical Engineering Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14155-143, Tehran 14117-13116, IranSomayeh FarzadDepartment of Process Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Banghoek Road, Stellenbosch 7600, South AfricaHassan PahlavanzadehChemical Engineering Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14155-143, Tehran 14117-13116, Iran e-mail: pahlavzh@modares.ac.ir

A novel method for probabilistic coverage estimation of sensor networks based on 3D vector representation in complex urban environments

GIScience 2016 Short Paper Proceedings A novel method for probabilistic coverage estimation of sensor networks based on 3D vector representation in complex urban environments A. Afghantoloee 1 , F. Karimipour 2 , M. A. Mostafavi 1 Center for Research in Geomatics, Department of Geomatics, Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada Email: ali.afghantoloee.1@ulaval.ca;mir-abolfazl.mostafavi@scg.ulaval.ca Dept. of Geomatic Engineering, University of Tehran, Amir-abad Street, Tehran, Iran Email: fkarimipr@ut.ac.ir Abstract Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are widely used for monitoring and observation of dynamic phenomena. A sensor in WSNs covers only a limited region, depending on its sensing and communicating ranges, as well as the environment configuration. For efficient deployment of sensors in a WSN the coverage estimation is a critical issue. Probabilistic methods are among the most accurate models proposed for sensor coverage estimation. However, most of these methods are based on raster representation of the environment for coverage estimation which limits their quality. In this paper, we propose a probabilistic method for estimation of the coverage of a sensor network based on 3D vector representation of the environment. 1. Introduction Nowadays, WSNs have found various applications in industry, security, agriculture, military and disaster management. Efficient monitoring and management of dynamic phenomena in the real world necessitates its efficient and accurate coverage. The efficiency of the coverage of a sensor network depends on optimal position of each sensor node within the network. An individual sensor covers only a limited area, which depends on its sensing capacity, range of communication as well as the environment’s complexity. The total area covered by a WSN is obtained from the union of the regions covered by individual sensors. Therefore, efficient deployment of sensors in a WSN is a critical issue that affects the coverage as well as communication between sensors. Several optimization methods (i.e., global or local, deterministic or stochastic, etc.) have been proposed to detect and eliminate coverage holes and hence increase the coverage of sensor networks (Argany et al. 2015). One of the key issues of all deployment optimization algorithms is accurate estimation of the coverage of an individual sensor. Sensing model of individual sensors ─which could be binary or probabilistic, omnidirectional or directional─ has significant impact on the precise coverage estimation of a sensor network using diverse optimization algorithms. Most of the sensor coverage estimation methods use a raster representation of the environment (Akbarzadeh et al. 2013) for optimization purposes that limits their precision and efficiency. This is because raster representations are constrained by their spatial resolution, and their regular shapes result in redundant data for unoccupied areas. Few vector-based optimization algorithms are proposed in the literature, which are mostly based on 2D vector-based representation of the environment and do not adequately consider the presence of manmade and natural obstacles in the sensing areas (Wang and Cao 2011). To overcome these limitations, in this paper we propose a probabilistic sensor coverage estimation method based on precise 3D vector-base representation of the environment and we present some results of an ongoing research project that aims at better optimization of a sensor network in a 3D complex urban area.

Toward A Location Based Service for Assessing and Recommending Landscape Views

GIScience 2016 Short Paper Proceedings Toward A Location Based Service for Assessing and Recommending Landscape Views S. Soleimani 1 , M. R. Malek 1 , G. Sinha 2 Geodesy & Geomatics Department, K.N.Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran Email: {ssoleimani; mrmalek}@kntu.ac.ir Department of Geography, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701, USA Email: sinhag@ohio.edu Abstract The rationale and initial design considerations are presented for a location based service (LBS) that will offer people personalized recommendations for aesthetically desirable places. This will be based on people’s personal characteristics and environmental factors known to affect landscape perception. A prototype user-interface has been designed for eliciting users’ perceptions of landscape elements and colors they perceive from photographs of landscape views. In the long-term, a VGI repository database will be maintained to make personalized location specific recommendations about suitable landscape views for user-specified locations. A prototype fuzzy logic recommendation system comprising 72 rules has also been designed to model how personal factors (gender, age, health status) and perceived colors likely determine the aesthetic suitability of landscape views. An initial trial revealed some limitations and stressed the need for further testing of the feasibility of fuzzy logic as the reasoning framework for this LBS for recommending suitable landscape views. 1. Introduction As urbanity imposes psychological demands that become excessive, people seek stress- reducing (especially natural) environments where they can recreate and relax. The investigation of the ecological and visual aspects of physical landscapes is critical for understanding and addressing many of the psychosomatic disorders of urban dwellers. In this paper, we focus on visual perception of people’s everyday environments. Human-beings engage in a wide variety of important decisions in their everyday lives, based on visual properties of the geographic environment and their geographical knowledge. Examples include coping with environmental visual pollution, finding one’s way in spatially extended areas, and finding a landscape view appropriate to one’s emotional status. Color, shape, composition, and configuration of objects are important components of visual stimuli that should be studied to understand our perceptions of and reactions to physical landscapes in urban environments. In this short paper, we present the rationale and initial design considerations for a prototype Location Based Service (LBS) for landscape view assessment. This LBS will ultimately offer people personalized recommendations for places (near their chosen location(s)) that are most likely to appeal to them aesthetically. The LBS is designed to make such personalized recommendations based on available knowledge of how people’s personal characteristics affects landscape perception. A prototype user-interface has been designed for eliciting users’ perceptions about the types of landscape elements and the colors they perceive in images showing landscape views. An important goal of this project is to maintain a large database of people’s perception of landscape views, based on volunteered geographic information (VGI) generated from people tagging images uploaded by them and/or others.

Endometriosis of the lumbosacral plexus: report of a case with foot drop and chronic pelvic pain

Endometriosis which affects 5–10 % of females at the reproductive age, is most often found in the pelvic cavity and this estrogen-dependent inflammatory disease is one of the prevalent causes of chronic pelvic pain [1]. One rare presentation of endometriosis is sciatic involvement, which presents as catamenial sciatica or foot drop [2, 3]. A 37-year-old nulliparous woman was referred to our clinic with a history of pelvic pain and right lower extremity associated with gait difficulty and recurrent right ankle sprains since 2 years. The pain became worse during menses. On the first assessment, there was muscle wasting and decreased deep tendon reflexes in right lower extremity. She was unable to perform the toe and heel walk test properly. During the motor strength examination, the hip flexion, foot dorsiflexion and plantar flexion were 4/5, 3/5 and 4/5 respectively. The big toe dorsiflexion and plantar flexion test were completely impaired. Slight hypoesthesia was detected in the medial aspect of the thigh (L1 and L2) and the posterior portion of the leg (S1). There were no fasciculations. Brain and panspinal MRI with and without contrast were normal. On transvaginal ultrasound, multiple leiomyofibromas were seen in the uterus. In addition to the multiple fibroids, several right ovarian cysts and asymmetries in the right sciatic region with an enhancing soft tissue in the sacrosciatic notch with thickening of the sciatic nerve were reported on CT scan and MRI of the pelvis. EMG-NCV was suggestive of partial involvement in the lumbosacral plexus. CSF analysis was within normal range without any malignant cells. Serologic findings for sarcoidosis, brucellosis, rheumatologic disorders, HIV, HBV, HCV, EBV, and CMV were negative. Due to unsatisfactory findings, we referred the patient to an expert laparoscopist to explore her pelvic cavity. During the laparoscopic procedure, because of severe mass effects of multiple myomas on the rectum and bladder, a hysterectomy was performed. Also, one of the ovarian cysts was resected from the right ovary, but no other masses were detected by the surgeon. The pathologic study revealed evidence of endometriotic cysts in the right ovary. Postoperatively, the pain decreased to some extent for 2 months, but again the patient experienced severe intractable pain in her pelvis and right lower extremity during expected menses and her gait became more abnormal. Repeat examination at 6 months revealed complete foot drop on the right side and a new EMG-NCV study showed progression in the lumbosacral plexus; therefore, we repeated a pelvic MRI which was diagnostic and showed a 4–4.5 cm lobulated lesion in the right sciatic notch involving the Sciatic nerve. M. Motamedi F. Mousavinia (&) Department of Neurology, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran e-mail: drsfmnia@gmail.com

Red-Alarm against Fibers Concentration of Asbestos in Atmospheric Urban Area of Tehran Capital of Iran

Asbestos is the natural silicate minerals with attractive physical properties such as; resistant to fire, electrical and chemical solvents. It composes of six types of materials include; Serpentine group; Chrysotile, Amphibole groups; amosite (Brown), Crocidolite (Blue) and other materials. It is popular for low cost favorable properties. All the six types have asbestiform fiber crystal, and can induce carcinogen in human. It was generally used during the boom of the industrial revolution since 1866, and the first publish of the unhealthy effect of asbestos reported nearly 30 years after industrial usage since 1899. The most common usage types of asbestos consist of chrysotile and the crocidolite. All the current types widely use in the building structures, brake pads (1) and clutch disc (2). Daily inhalation of asbestos occurs in the ambient air of cities which associated with poor air quality control. This event leads to generation of asbestosis disease (3), cancer development and mortality (4) and morbidity among at-risk population, such as asbestos –exposed workers (5), non-occupational subjects, people who living in the asbestos fibers exposed environment (6). Corresponding author: Agin Kh, MD. Associated Professor of the Respiratory Medicine. Logman Hakeem General Teaching Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran E-mail: khosrow.agin@yahoo.com & Agin@sbmu.ac.ir Long time exposure with asbestos leads to the development of chronic lung disease. It can be developed as occupational and non-occupational conditions (7, 8). Mesothelioma and lung cancer are the known causes of the asbestos exposure (9). In addition, it produces risk development of esophageal gastric, colorectal cancer (10) and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (11). Children also are at risk of cancer by asbestos inhalation (12). The accepted threshold for asbestos is 100 fiber/liter that measured by phase-contrast optical microscopy (PCM) (13). There is a direct relationship between high level of asbestos in air and lung cancer (14). The first use of asbestos in Iran returns to World War II during the foundation of railroad and beginning product of cement manufacture in 1958 (15). Meanwhile, asbestos is producing up to 55000 tones cement in Iran annually, and near the 94% of produced cement that used in our country. The current output predominantly detected in the manufacture of building material (16), as pipe in the water delivery network (5000 Kilometer), brake pads (17) and pad shoes (15, 18). The most common types of asbestos observed in the ambient urban area of Tehran, including; Chrysotil (60%), tremolite (10%), antophylline (10%) (19). The rate of asbestos in air of Tehran- Iran was 68 times higher in the USA in 2009 (19). Our ministry of health in 2013 reported that the asbestos levels in the Tehran was 50-100 times more than the standard definition of the world (20). It seems that the deadline of depreciating has been finalized to the issue of asbestos fibers in our atmospheric cities. It requires a national decision, though the creating practice planes in reducing the level of usage and replacement that with safe materials.

Medicine and Nephro-Urology in Ancient Iran: Part V: Al-Akawayni Notions in Kidney Diseases

Masoumeh Mohkam MD* How to Cite This Article: Mohkam M. Medicine and Nephro-Urology in Ancient Iran: Part V: Al-Akawayni Notions in Kidney Diseases. J Ped. Nephrology 2014;2(3):94-95. Pediatric Infections Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran *Corresponding Author Masoumeh Mohkam Mofid Children’s Hospital, Tehran, Iran E-mail: mohkam@pirc.ir Telefax: +98 (21) 22227033 Abubakr al-Akawayni al-Bokhari (?–983 AD) was by far the most outstanding scholar and medical practitioner who collected one of the earliest medical laws. He was one of the greatest Iranian physicians of the fourth century whose medical works have been reliable references in most periods of the history of medicine. Akhawayani Bokhari was born in the city of Bokhara. Bokhara was an ancient Iranian city which is currently located in the Republic of Uzbekistan. It was also the residence of Avicenna and became one of the intellectual centers of the world during the Middle Ages. Abubakr al-Akawayni wrote Hidayat al-Mutallimin fi-al-Tibb (Learner’s guide to medicine) in the closing decades of the 10th century. The Hidayat was a simplified book of medicine at the time providing a high level of medical knowledge and practice in the Samanid period [1,2]. This book was written in Persian or Farsi and was dedicated to his son and students of medicine. The Hidayat consisted of five major sections and 184 Babs (chapters). In his book, Akhawayni categorized useful knowledge on neuropsychiatry and was the first to describe sleep paralysis. He presented his descriptions of important disorders like “Lisarghos” (meningitis), mania, “Malikhulia” (psychosis) and “Ghotrab” (dementia). He also had a discourse on pulse disorders. The main chapters of the book addressed the kidney and urinary tract anatomy, and kidney and urinary tract diseases, and there was a single closing chapter on uroscopy [3-5]. The aim of this article is to summarize some aspects of the Hidayat which are related to the kidney and urinary tract.

Guest editorial: Organ trafficking and transplant tourism: a call for international collaboration

The thematic issue of the Journal of Medicine, Healthcare and Philosophy is dedicated to the global efforts to combat organ trafficking and transplant tourism. The negative impact of trafficking of human organs and transplant tourism on the application of transplant technology and the exploitation of the vulnerable people as organ providers has been documented worldwide (Gill et al. 2008; BudianiSaberi and Delmonico 2008; WHO 2010). As stated in the Declaration of Istanbul, ‘‘organ trafficking and transplant tourism violate the principles of equity, justice and respect for human dignity, ...transplant commercialism targets impoverished and otherwise vulnerable donors, it leads inexorably to inequity and injustice...’’ (Steering Committee of the Istanbul Summit. 2008). The issue of exploitation of the vulnerable people through trafficking of human organs and transplant tourism is no longer a domestic but an international problem (Bagheri 2007). A comprehensive sustainable policy in fighting against organ trafficking and trade requires an international participation and global collaboration. It is crucial to find an innovative and realistic solution that can not only stop the migration of donors, recipients and human body parts across borders but also respect patients’ desperate need and provide patients with a realistic alternative for transplantation. It is the time to pay more attention to the link between human trafficking and trafficking of human organs. In fact, the definition of organ trafficking was derived from the United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, in which the ‘‘removal of organs’’ is included as a key purpose of human trafficking (UN Protocol 2000). However, organ trafficking has yet to receive widespread international recognition as a criminal activity in the way that human trafficking has. In 2008, the Council of Europe and the United Nations agreed to prepare a ‘‘Joint Study on trafficking in organs, tissues and cells and trafficking in human beings for the purpose of the removal of organs’’. By upholding the principle of prohibition of making financial gains with the human body or its parts, the study identified the need to distinguish clearly between trafficking in human beings for the purpose of the removal of organs and the trafficking in human organs per se (Joint Council of Europe/United Nations study 2009). It worth to note that an extension of the precedent Council of Europe activity would be for the U.S. Congress to recognize human trafficking for the removal of an organ under the rubric of the Trafficking in Persons Report annually issued by the Department of State (US Trafficking in Person Report 2012). No doubt, to solve a global problem, global collaboration is crucial. To this end, development of an international legally binding agreement to ban organ trafficking and trade and criminalization of organ trafficking is a step forward. This would not only prevent victimising the world’s poor people as the source of organs for the rich, but also will protect organ recipients from unsafe organ transplantation. In this international forum, six articles present national and international initiatives, experiences, and legislations to curb unethical practice of organ trafficking and transplant tourism. In the first piece, Bagheri and Delmonico presents a summary of international initiatives to govern organ A. Bagheri (&) Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran e-mail: bagheria@yahoo.com

Epidemiology and risk factors of needle stick injuries

Epidemiology and risk factors of needle stick injuries

MORAL DISTRESS IN IRANIAN NURSES' EXPERIENCES

Abstract Background & Aim: Ethics is an integral part of nursing practice. Nurses and other professional caregivers are increasingly recognizing the issue of moral distress. The aim of this study is to describe Iranian nurses' experiences in moral distress. Materials and Method : In this study the qualitative phenomenological approach was used. 11 nurses from teaching hospitals of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences participated in the study. The data were collected by in-depth interviews. Transcripts were analysed by constant comparative contant analysis. Result: The results sorted into 4 content areas: individual characteristics of team care (including knowledge, ability, experience, responsibility and…), mental-affective reactions (including faulty, defensive reactions, lack of motivation and…), laws and officials (including, limitation of laws and contradictory of laws with ethics, religion, knowledge and ability) and circumstances of workplace (including physical circumstances, manpower, facilities and equipments). Conclusion: It is necessary that nurses become familiar with ethical problems, nursing code of ethics and promote the skills for encounter to moral distress. Key words: Ethics, Moral distress, Nursing practice, Experience, Phenomenology Corresponding Author: Parkhideh Hasani, Faculty Lecturer, Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,Tehran, Iran Email: p_hasani@sbmu.ac.ir REFERENCES - Forum. 17 (1) 33–48. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott. - Wilkinson JM (1987). Moral distress in nursing practice: Experience and effect. Nursing Forum. 23(1) 16-29. Streubert HJ Carpenter DR (2007). Qualitative Research in Nursing Advancing the Humanistic Imperative. 3 rd Van Manen M (2001). Researching Lived Experience. Action Sensitive Pedagogy 3 rd edition. Ontario: Althouse Press. Silen Marit et al (2008). Workplace distress and ethical dilemmas in neuroscience nursing. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing. 40(4) 222-231. Pijl-Zieber EM et al (2008 ) . Moral distress: An emerging problem for nurses in long-term care. Quality in Ageing and Older Adults. 9(2) 39- 48. Oskouie F pairovi H (2005). [Qualitative Research in Nursing]. 1 st edition. Tehran: Iran University of Medical Sciences Press. (Persian). Oberle k Hughes D (2001). Doctors and nurses perceptions of ethical problems in end-of-life decisions. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 33(6) 707-715. Nathaniel A (2002). Ethics and human rights. The American Nurses Association Issues Update. 1(2) 3-8. Mitchell GJ (2002). Policy, procedure and routine: Masters of moral influence. Nursing Science Quarterly. 14(2) 109- 114 McVicar A (2003). Workplace stress in nursing: A Literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 44(6) 633-642. Mauleon AL Palo Bengtsson L Ekman SL (2005). Anaesthesia care of older patients as experienced by nurse anaesthetists. Nursing Ethics. 12(3) 263–272. Herting A et al (2004). Downsizing and reorganization: Demands, challenges and ambiguity for registered nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 45(2) 145-154. Jameton A (1993). Dilemmas of moral distress: Moral responsibility and nursing practice. AWONN’s Clinical Issues in Prenatal and Women Health Nursing. 4(4) 542-551. Gutierrez KM (2005). Critical care nurses’ perceptions of and responses to moral distress. Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing. 24(5) 229–241. Chitty Kay K Beth BP (2007). Professional Nursing Concepts. Challenge. Saunders Elsevier Ebrahimi H et al (2007). [Stress: Major reaction of nurses to the context of ethical decision making]. Journal of Iran University of Medical Sciences. 14(54) 7-15 (Persian). Cronqvist A Lutzen K Nystrom M (2006). Nurses’ lived experience of moral stress support in the intensive care context. Journal of Nursing Management. 14(5) 405-413. Corley M et al (2001). Development and evaluation of a moral distress scale. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 33(2) 250-256. Corley M (2002). Moral distress: A proposed theory and research agenda. Nursing Ethics. 9 (6) 636-650. Canadian Nursing Association (2002). Code of ethics for registered nurses. Ottawa: Author. [On line]. http://www.nurses.ab.ca/Carna-Admin/Uploads/CNAcodeofEthics.pdf Canadian Nurses Association (2003). Ethics in Practice for Registered Nurses. [On line]. http://www2.cnaaiic. ca/CNA/documents/pdf/publication/Ethics_in_Practice. Austin W et al (2005). Moral distress in healthcare practice: the situation of nurses. Health care ethics committee

Topical effectiveness of kiwifruit on burn wound healing in male rats

Backgroud & Objective: Debridment necrotic tissues then healing under tissue is one of the necessary intervention in management burn wounds. The presence of necrotic tissue is an important problem in patients with deep burns. This study compare topical effectivness of kiwifruit versus Elase pomade on removal of necrotic tissue of full-thickness burns in male rats. Material & Methods: In this experimental study, were selected 10 vistar rats. After anesthesia by ketamin and xylosine, both flanks of rats were shaved. Then full thickness burns with 3cm diameter were produced using boiling water. Rats were divided into 3 groups randomly. One side of the first was treated by elase pomade and the other side of the first was treated by elase pomade and the othere side in group was used from topical kiwifruit. Results:Findings showed that kiwifruit debridement time with 5/7days was related to elase pomade(p=0/001). also this difference was significant in elase groups(p=0/001). On the other hand there was relatively no significant difference between debridement time in two control groups. In addition neoepithelialization and healing were faster other groups. Conclusion: The result of research indicate that using topical kiwifruit not only causes no injury to healthy tissues but also can be debridement in the short time. Findings this study can open new horizons and provid a new treatment modality for burns. Key word: burn, wound healing, kiwifruit *Corresponding Author: School of Medicine, Shahroud University of medical science, Shahroud, Iran Email:Khaksari417@yahoo.co m Submitted:18 Feb 2013 Revised:30 Apr 2013 Accepted:11 June 2013 Original Article

Iranian 2012 earthquake: the importance of Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) in assessing a huge mass of injured people

The 2012 Iranian earthquakes took place in the cities of Ahar and Varzqan in East Azerbaijan province, on August 11, 2012, at 16:53 Tehran time. The twin earthquakes struck northwest Iran on magnitude scales of 6.4 and 6.3 Richter. The two earthquakes were separated by 11 min [1]. The earthquakes were strong enough to destroy 70–90 % of 100 villages, with 20 villages disappearing completely [2]. These twin earthquakes were disastrous events with significant medical and psychosocial consequences. At the night of the event, Imam Reza Hospital, the main referral hospital and trauma center in East Azerbaijan province, was responsible for admission and medical care of injured people [2, 3]. According to Ghabili et al. [2], about 1,000 patients were transferred to hospitals in Tabriz, the capital city of East Azerbaijan province. General surgery residents and attending physicians were responsible for triage and providing trauma care for transferred injured people [3–5]. In addition, emergency medicine residents and attending physicians and residents of neurosurgery, orthopedics, and radiology were at the hospital participating in providing trauma care. General surgery residents and attending physicians did triage of patients on the basis of being in need of emergent care or not being in need of emergent care [3]. The patients who were in need of emergent care were admitted to the emergency department to be under direct observation [3, 4]. All injured patients, even patients who were not in need of emergent care, were supposed to have a blunt abdominal trauma to some extent. The initial evaluation of injured people with respect to their abdominal trauma consisted of a physical examination and a Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) [4]. First, FAST was done by emergency physicians and general surgery residents, and then, it was repeated by radiology residents. In the cases of a positive FAST and stable vital signs, an abdominal IV contrast computed tomography (CT) scan was conducted. In the cases of unstable vital signs, diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) was done. In the cases with both negative physical examination and negative FAST, interval follow-up visits were planned. Two CT devices were available at the hospital for the management of injured people. Although both FAST and CTwere available for the trauma team, decisions were made based on hemodynamic status and physical examination rather than radiologic findings. However, nonoperative management of blunt solid organ injuries of the abdomen is of potential clinical interest and necessitates availability of CT [6]. About 350 FAST examinations were conducted, and about 330 of them were repeated by radiology residents. FAST sonographies were done over a time period of about 5–10 min. About 50 individuals had positive FAST F. Kakaei : S. Zarrintan (*) Department of General Surgery, Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht St., Tabriz 51664, Iran e-mail: s.zarrintan@yahoo.com

COMPARISON OF QUALITY OF LIFE BETWEEN HEMOPHILIC CHILDREN RECEIVING PROPHYLAXIS AND ON DEMAND THERAPY IN TEHRAN

COMPARISON OF QUALITY OF LIFE BETWEEN HEMOPHILIC CHILDREN RECEIVING PROPHYLAXIS AND ON DEMAND THERAPY IN TEHRAN

Teacher-Student Interaction in EFL Reading Comprehension Contexts at University Level: A Critical Thinking Perspective

1. M. Reza Talebinejad[1][1] 2. Zahra Matou[1][1] 1. 1Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran 1. M. Reza Talebinejad, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran Email: rtalebinezhad{at}yahoo.com In line with previous studies in English as a Foreign Language/English as a Second Language (EFL/ESL) contexts confirming the positive correlation between critical thinking and reading comprehension, this study was conducted to determine how frequently critical thinking is used in EFL reading comprehension contexts at the tertiary level in one Iranian university. To this end, all question types associated with general and Critical Reading Questions (CRQs), Vocabulary in Context (VIC), Literal Comprehension (LC), and Extended Reasoning (ER) were identified. The principal focus of the study was on ER questions leading to critical thinking. To classify the questions formulated by teachers and students for CRQs, Peterson’s model was used. To specify critical thinking question types, a framework proposed by Academic Skills Unit was used as another model. To collect the data, the researchers observed all reading comprehension courses in one of the universities in Isfahan Province. They recorded 30% of the total number of sessions using two mini-size MP4 wireless recorders during the second semester of the 2010-2011 academic year. The findings seem to suggest that teachers’ focus on each CRQ type strongly influences students’ attention when reading different passages. It was noted that students had serious problems with textually implicit information included in reading passages. Given this finding and the fact that the observations illustrated most teachers devote the bulk of their attention to other CRQs, this study highlights the need for raising teachers’ awareness of ER-based reading comprehension questions. Moreover, the findings have implications for researchers and teachers in EFL settings. [1]: #aff-1

Pulsed dye laser treatment with different onset times for new surgical scars: a single-blind randomized controlled trial

In humans, regeneration of wounds is limited and the wound repair process leads to a nonfunctioning mass of fibrotic tissue known as a scar, which can be more or less visible [1]. The final appearance of a surgical incision is an important concern for patients and physicians. Scarring can cause discomfort and psychological stress for patients. Surgical scars can be flat, hypertrophic or atrophic. The etiology and mechanism of scarring are not fully understood. Scars are thought to be difficult to treat and almost impossible to prevent. Several nonsurgical (pressure garments, topical and systemic corticosteroids, silicone gel sheeting, 5-fluorouracil, radiotherapy, interferon, bleomycin, topical retinoic acid, colchicine, D-penicillamine) and surgical interventions (laser, cryosurgery, skin grafting, scar revision, dermatography) have been investigated for the treatment of scars [2–6]. Laser treatment may provide an alternative to the long list of current treatment options. Different laser systems have been used to prevent or treat scars. The argon laser was introduced in 1978 [7]. Abergel et al. showed the effectiveness of the 1,064 nm Nd:YAG laser in the treatment of scars [8]. Castro et al. [9] found that the effect of the Nd:YAG laser (at an energy level of 1.7×10 J/cm) could be due to selective inhibition of collagen production with no effect on DNA synthesis or cell viability. The diode laser has also been used for the treatment of scars. A preliminary study has suggested that treatment with the diode at 810 nm in the early phases can change the physiology of wound healing significantly, and thus prevent scar formation [10]. In 1993, Alster reported that the flashlamp pulsed dye laser (PDL) at 585 nm significantly improves erythematous and hypertrophic scars [11]. PDL is currently the laser of choice for the treatment of scars. The exact mechanism by which PDL exerts antiscarring effect remains unclear. The majority of the lasers including PDL emit light energy that is absorbed by hemoglobin, generating heat and resulting in damage to the microvasculature [12]. It has been reported that the 585-nm PDL can decrease fibroblast proliferation and collagen type III deposition [13]. McCraw et al. were the first to describe the use of laser therapy of postsurgical scars. In an uncontrolled study they found that early laser therapy was safe and effective [14]. Nouri et al. in a controlled study found that the 585-nm PDL on the day of suture removal is effective and safe in the treatment of fresh surgical scars [15]. This finding was confirmed again in another study using a cryogen-cooled 595-nm PDL laser [16]. On the other hand it seems that one single pass of the PDL on the day of suture removal does not improve the appearance of surgical scars and more than one pass is recommended [17]. In a trial comparing the 585-nm with the 595-nm PDL, Nouri et al. found that 585 nm was the preferred wavelength, as it markedly normalized the height, vascularity and elasticity of scars [18]. Additionally, Nouri et al. reported that both shortand long-pulse PDL started on the day of suture removal effectively and safely improve the quality and cosmetic appearance of surgical scars [19]. Although laser treatment on the day of suture Clinical trial registration number: NCT00506363 P. Davari : F. Gorouhi : P. Hashemi : F. Behnia : M. Nasiri-Kashani :A. Firooz (*) Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 415 Taleghani Ave, Tehran 14166, Iran e-mail: firozali@sina.tums.ac.ir

Dermatophytic contaminations in sport centres of Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran

Received: 06.09.2010 – Accepted: 12.11.2010 1 Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 2 Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Correspondence: AAli Zarei MAHMOUDABADI, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Research Centre and Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran E-mail: zarei40@hotmail.com Fungi are found in diff erent environments with variable distribution patterns depending on various factors. Dermatophytic contamination of sport centres and equipments, which are used by athletes, such as wrestling mats and gymnastic mattresses, may pose a potential health risk to personnel who service, repair, and handle the equipment (1,2). Th e studies showed that swimming pools can be a source of fungi and environmental surfaces may be contaminated by many species of fungi (3,4). In addition, swimming pools can be a good carrier for transmission of fungal, parasitical, and bacterial diseases (3,4). Several studies also showed that the incidence rates of tinea pedis and tinea corporis have increased in relation with some sports (5,6). Th e aim of this study was to evaluate dermatophytic contamination in sport centres, swimming pools, and equipment used by athletes.

Stewart Lockie and David Carpenter: agriculture, biodiversity and markets: livelihoods and agroecology in comparative perspective

This book represents collaborative teamwork on agriculture, biodiversity and markets by a number of concerned researchers and contributors. It gives an extensive and unique overview of livelihoods and agroecology from a comparative perspective and envisions a related future. In striving to stimulate attention to this topic, the authors do an excellent job of bringing together a rich diversity of empirical material from around the world to analyze the complex interdependencies between biodiversity protection and agricultural livelihoods. The book provides new and better insights into whether, why and how biodiversity values should be given pride of place in agroecosystems. Biodiversity plays a pivotal role in determining agricultural production and shaping the livelihoods of agricultural communities. This volume examines the relationships among agricultural biodiversity, livelihoods and markets effectively. These authors argue that no single disciplinary position does justice to the range of strategies that farmers use to manage agrobiodiversity and other livelihood assets as they adapt to changing social, economic and environmental circumstances. Chapters explore relationships among the exploitation and conservation of agricultural biodiversity and the livelihoods of agricultural communities; and evaluate the capacity of national and multilateral institutions and policy settings to support the protection and capture by communities of agrobiodiversity values. The place of ecosystem services in valuing biodiversity in the marketplace is emphasized. A number of authors in this book assess the potential for market-based instruments and initiatives to encourage the protection of biodiversity. Others compare agrobiodiversity/community relationships, and the effectiveness of instruments designed to enhance these across international boundaries. In four parts, the editors and chapter authors emphasize the need for new approaches to biological diversity and the sustainability of the global ecosystem in general and of agriculture in particular. In the opening section, the editors and contributors attempt to introduce two seemingly contradictory things. On the one hand, they problematize the notion of biodiversity as it is applied to agricultural systems and their sustainability; on the other, they seek to restore some clarity by highlighting the conceptual issues, research questions and policy dilemmas of significant importance for biodiversity and agricultural communities’ sustainability. Part 2 effectively addresses agro-biodiversity and modernization, while emphasizing their contribution to intensive farming systems. This section argues that when farmers and farming businesses are well informed about the benefits of conservation, they are able to integrate conservation goals into decision making through agricultural production practices. Part 3 examines how certification systems affect farm and forest level biodiversity, and clarifies the specific impacts of the international standardization of environmental certification procedures and related markets. Part 4 brings out the conservation values resulting from eco-agriculture systems and discusses the rationale behind payments for ecosystem services schemes as they apply to different stakeholder groups. The book chapters draw on empirical case studies from across the developed and developing worlds. In so doing, the book not only points to similarities and differences in the experience of rural communities. It also shows how F. Mirzaei (&) Department of Livestock Production and Management, Animal Science Research Institute, 31585 Karaj, Iran e-mail: farmir2003203@yahoo.com

Evaluation of the impact of industrial sewage pollution on marine benthic communities

Research Article| September 01 2011 Evaluation of the impact of industrial sewage pollution on marine benthic communities T. Tabatabaie; T. Tabatabaie 1Department of Engineering, Group of Natural Resources and Environmental, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr Branch, Iran E-mail: ttabatabaie@iaubushehr.ac.ir Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar F. Amiri F. Amiri 2Department of Engineering, Group of Natural Resources, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr Branch, Iran Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua (2011) 60 (6): 364–374. https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2011.058 Article history Received: September 19 2010 Accepted: June 27 2011 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Cite Icon Cite Permissions Search Site Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsThis Journal Search Advanced Search Citation T. Tabatabaie, F. Amiri; Evaluation of the impact of industrial sewage pollution on marine benthic communities. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 1 September 2011; 60 (6): 364–374. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2011.058 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex A survey was performed to assess organic pollution, water properties and the marine benthic community. The need to assess the environmental status of marine and coastal waters encouraged the design of specific biotic indices to evaluate the response of benthic communities to human-induced changes in water quality. In this study of the benthic community structure in Ghanam Creek surrounding an industrial sewage discharge, water and sediment samples were collected at eight sites in the warm season and cold season. Environmental data on physical and chemical variables were also collected from each site and a multivariate analysis was carried out to determine the effect of environmental factors on the biodiversity distribution. The results indicated that the station furthest from the petrochemical industries (station located in Ghanam Creek) had higher species diversity and consequently a higher value for the Shannon-Weaver diversity index. The present study also showed that polychaetes were more abundant. Although polychaetes were also recorded at all the other stations, these stations had greater biodiversity with different numerically dominant species such as: Isopoda, Decapoda, Gastropoda, Copepoda, Bivalvia, Pennatulacea and Crustacea. Consequently, it was established that macrobenthic biodiversity was related to dissolved oxygen and the percentage of organic matter in the sediment. benthic community, biotic indices, human activity, macrobenthos, pollution This content is only available as a PDF. © IWA Publishing 2011 You do not currently have access to this content.

Tyrosine phosphorylation pattern in sperm proteins isolated from fertile and infertile teratospermic men

Poster — [A-10-1259-1] Tyrosine phosphorylation pattern in sperm proteins isolated from fertile and infertile teratospermic men Jabbari Sepideh, Motevallyzadeh Ardekani Ali, Sadeghi Mohammad Reza, Akhondi Mohammad Mahdi, Ebrahim Habibi Azadeh Young Researcher Club, Islamic Azad University, Astra Branch—Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran Avicenna Research Institute, Tehran, Iran E-mail addresses: Jabbari487@yahoo.com (J. Sepideh), Iranhealth@hotmail.com (M.A. Ali)