Ipsilateral Thrombosis Research Articles

Pharmarcomechanical thrombectomy combined with transluminal balloon angioplasty for treating transplant renal vein thrombosis

Renal vein thrombosis (RVT) is a rare vascular complication that occurs after renal transplantation and usually results in irreversible kidney damage and graft loss. We report the case of a patient who underwent right iliac fossa allogeneic kidney transplantation and developed RVT combined with ipsilateral thrombosis from the popliteal to the femoral veins, with extension to the common iliac veins, 4 months after transplantation. Under unfractionated heparin anticoagulation, an Aegisy (Life Tech Scientific Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China) vena cava filter was placed to prevent pulmonary embolism. Percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy combined with balloon angioplasty was performed to aspirate the thrombus and successfully dilate the narrow venous lumen. The patient’s renal function was restored postoperatively. Ultrasonography showed the allograft and ipsilateral lower extremity deep veins to be fluent and patent. To conclude, in patients with RVT after renal transplantation, percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy in conjunction with balloon angioplasty can be performed with desirable outcomes and no severe adverse effects. This method reduces the risk of bleeding from exposure to systemic intravenous thrombolysis and avoids surgery-associated trauma.

Long-term follow-up of the stenting across the iliocaval confluence in patients with iliac venous lesions.

Stent implantation is the common treatment method for iliac vein (IV) occlusion. IV stents usually enter into the inferior vena cava (IVC) to partially or completely cover the contralateral IV, but it is still uncertain whether this can increase the risk of thrombosis in the contralateral IV. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the stent position on the bilateral IVs patency. A total of 261 patients with symptomatic IV lesions, including 177 patients with non-thrombotic iliac vein lesions (NIVLs) and 84 patients with thrombotic iliac vein lesions (TIVLs), were implanted with IV stents between July 2007 and June 2017. The data of these patients were retrospectively studied. The follow-up time was 6-114 months, and the median time was 62 months. A total of 183 cases had stenting into the IVC for more than 5mm. The incidence of thrombosis in the contralateral IV was only 0.55% (1/183). A total of 17 short- and long-term cumulative cases had ipsilateral thrombosis on the stent side. There was no significant difference between the incidence of patients (8.79%, 7/78) with stenting into the IVC for less than 5mm and those with more than 5mm (5.46%, 10/183, P = 0.287). However, in the TIVLs group, the incidence of ipsilateral thrombosis between stenting positions less than 5mm (29.6%, 8/27) and those more than 5mm (8.77%, 5/57) was significantly different (P = 0.022). Stent implantation for NIVLs had an excellent long-term patency rate; the primary patency rate and the assisted primary patency rate were 97.7% and 100%, respectively. The entry of IV stents into the IVC was safe and had a very low incidence of thrombosis in the contralateral vein. Stenting less into the IVC increased the incidence of thrombosis in the ipsilateral vein, especially among thrombotic cases. Treatment of NIVLs using stent implantation had a better long-term patency rate. This principle plays an important guiding role in the endovascular therapy of IV lesions.

Association between Transverse Sinus Hypoplasia and Cerebral Venous Thrombosis: A Case-Control Study

Hypoplasia of the transverse sinus (TS) is a common anatomical variation. However, the relationship between TS hypoplasia and venous thrombosis has not been studied. We analyzed the hypothesis that TS hypoplasia is a predisposing factor for ipsilateral thrombosis. We retrospectively evaluated 20 confirmed cases with isolated TS thrombosis and 43 age- and sex-matched controls. TS thrombosis and hypoplasia were diagnosed using both computed tomography and magnetic resonance venography. Hypoplasia was defined as a TS diameter less than 50% of the cross-sectional diameter of the lumen of the distal superior sagittal sinus and by a bony groove ratio less than 1.02. Univariate analysis was performed to evaluate the association between TS hypoplasia and thrombosis. There were a total of 45 hypoplastic TS: 31 (49%) left hypoplastic TS (12 (60%) cases vs 19 (44%) controls (P = .24), and 14 (22%) right hypoplastic TS (9 (45%) cases vs 5 (12%) controls (P = .003). TS hypoplasia was more frequently found in cases (n = 18, 90.0%) than in controls (n = 22, 51.2%; relative risk 1.7, confidence interval [CI] 95% 1.3-2.4, P = .003). Hypoplastic TS and ipsilateral TS thrombosis showed a significant association (P = .002 for right and P = .008 for left TS hypoplasia) with relative risk of 3.8 (95% CI 1.3-10) for right and 7.5 (95% CI 1.1-48) for left hypoplasia. No significant association was found between hypoplastic TS and functional outcome at 30- or 90-day follow-up. TS hypoplasia might be a predisposing factor for ipsilateral TS thrombosis, but not for functional outcome.

Abstract WP224: Transverse Sinus Hypoplasia as a Predisposing Factor for Cerebral Venous Thrombosis

Background: Transverse sinuses (TS) are frequently asymmetric. Hypoplasia or aplasia of TS is a common anatomical variation, right TS is dominant in 61% of cases. The relationship between hypoplastic TS and cerebral venous thrombosis is not well established. Hypothesis: Transverse sinus hypoplasia is a predisposing factor for ipsilateral transverse sinus thrombosis Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 27 confirmed cases with isolated transverse sinus thrombosis and 54 age-and-sex matched controls, treated in a Neurological tertiary center from 2010 to 2015. A stroke neurologist and a neuroradiologist measured TS using an MRI sequence (Inhance 3D Inflow IR); interrater reliability was calculated using Bland-Altman plots. Hypoplasia was defined as a transverse sinus diameter less than 50% of the cross-sectional diameter of the lumen of the distal superior sagittal sinus. Univariate analysis was performed to evaluate the association between transverse sinus hypoplasia (TSh) and thrombosis. Results: There was a good inter-rater reliability (p=0.55 on the Bland-Altman plot by ANOVA test). There were a total of 45 left hypoplastic transverse sinuses (TS) (19 [70.4%] cases vs. 26 [48.1%] controls), and 16 right hypoplastic TS (11 [40.7%] cases vs. 5 [9.3%] controls). Ipsilateral thrombosis was present in 9 (33.3%) right and 15 (55.5%) left hypoplastic transverse sinuses. Transverse sinus thrombosis was more likely to be present when associated with left TSh (RR 2.57, 95% CI 1.17-5.69; p=0.001), than right TSh and ipsilateral thrombosis (RR 0.15, 95% CI 0.04-0.57; p<0.001). Conclusion: Isolated transverse sinus hypoplasia might be a predisposing factor for ipsilateral transverse sinus thrombosis.

Acute Unilateral Hearing Loss as an Early Symptom of Lateral Cerebral Sinus Venous Thrombosis

Increasing availability of neuroimaging has facilitated the diagnosis of cerebral sinus venous thrombosis(CSVT). However, CSVT may also present with unspecific or atypical symptoms, resulting in diagnostic delay.Single reports suggested otologic symptoms as such pitfalls. To screen patients with CSVT for otologic symptoms. Ten-year retrospective case series. Primary and tertiary care university clinic. Thirty-eight patients with CSVT. Of 38 patients with CSVT, 3 individuals hadacute unilateral hearing loss, 2 of which also had concomitant tinnitus and headache, and were initially treated at the ear, nose, and throat department. Magnetic resonance imaging after hospital discharge showed ipsilateral thrombosis of the lateral venous sinus. Two female patients took oral contraceptives, 1 of whom also had a heterozygous factor V Leiden mutation. Cerebral sinus venous thrombosis may present with unspecific symptoms such as acute unilateral hearing loss. If in conjunction with headache or risk factors for venous thrombosis, the suspicion of ipsilateral lateral CSVT should prompt rapid imaging including venography.

Incidence and Risk Factors of the Post-thrombotic Syndrome

Annually 1-2 in every 1000 adults will develop a deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity. A third to half of these patients will develop the post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS). However, predicting which patients will develop the PTS remains elusive. Ipsilateral thrombosis recurrence seems to be the most important risk factor. Moreover, residual venous occlusion and valvular reflux seem to predict PTS incidence to some degree. Laboratory parameters, including d-dimers and inflammatory markers, have shown promise in predicting development of the PTS in patients and are currently under investigation. Creating a model based on all combined risk factors and patient characteristics might aid in risk stratification in individual patients.

Postthrombotic Syndrome

Despite considerable progress in the diagnosis and treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the lower extremities, one of every three patients will develop postthrombotic sequelae within 2 years; these sequelae are severe in approximately 20% of cases and produce considerable socioeconomic consequences. Among factors potentially related to the development of the postthrombotic syndrome (PTS) are older age, obesity, insufficient oral anticoagulant therapy, and recurrent ipsilateral thrombosis. Whether the extent and location of the initial thrombosis are associated with the development of PTS is controversial. Based on recent findings, the lack of vein recanalization within the first 6 months appears to be an important predictor of PTS, whereas the development of transpopliteal venous reflux is not. The diagnosis of PTS can be made on clinical grounds for patients with a history of DVT. The combination of a standardized clinical evaluation with the results of compression ultrasonography and Doppler ultrasound helps diagnose or exclude a previous proximal vein thrombosis. According to the results of recent clinical studies, the prompt administration of adequate compression elastic stockings in patients with symptomatic DVT has the potential to reduce the frequency of late PTS development by half. The management of this condition is demanding and often frustrating. However, when carefully supervised and instructed to wear proper elastic stockings, more than 50% of patients will either remain stable or improve during long-term follow-up. Clinical presentation helps predict the prognosis; the outcome of patients who refer with initially severe manifestations is more favorable than that of patients whose symptoms deteriorate progressively over time.

Post-thrombotic Syndrome After Primary Event of Deep Venous Thrombosis 10 to 20 Years Ago

Aims: We investigated the impact of the extent of primary deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and recurrent thrombotic events in accordance to other presumed prognostic factors for long-term clinical outcome after first DVT. Patients and methods: All consecutive in-patients, who were treated following first acute DVT between January 1, 1978 and December 31, 1988 at the Department of Angiology were identified by admission lists. Localisation, extent of primary DVT, etiology and concomitant pulmonary embolism (PE) at the time of initial presentation and occurrence of post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) at follow-up visits were assessed by chart review. The duration and quality of the compression therapy, as well as the accuracy of the oral anticoagulant (OAC) treatment were documented. Recurrence of thrombosis embolism and/or PE with respect to the intensity of OAC was analyzed. Patients were invited to participate in clinical reinvestigation. Patients' history and clinical stage of PTS were re-evaluated and patients were asked for compliance in wearing compression stockings. A survey concerning restriction in quality of life was conducted. Hemodynamic measurements by strain-gauge plethysmography (SGP) were performed. Results: One hundred and sixty-one patients were eligible for the study. Out of these 132 patients, 82% suffered from the PTS, defined as signs of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) secondary to DVT of the lower limbs: 74 patients (46%) presented with clinical stage I after Widmer, 47 patients (29%) with clinical stage II and 11 patients (7%) with clinical stage III. No sign of PTS was seen in 29 patients (18%). The mean follow-up period of 6.6 years was statistically not different between the three severity groups of PTS. The severity of clinical symptoms was significantly associated with the recurrence of ipsilateral thrombosis ( n=26/16%). Highest risk for developing severe PTS was seen after four-level DVT and deep vein thrombosis of the lower leg. Patients having had a non-sufficient OAC (Hepatoquick >25% in more than 50% of measurements) exhibited worse progradient clinical stages. Besides the high rate of bleeding complications after thrombolytic therapy, this strategy did not show more efficiency in prevention of development of severe PTS than heparin therapy alone. Conclusion: Our results show that primary four-level DVT, calf vein thrombosis, recurrence of ipsilateral DVT and a non-sufficient oral anticoagulation are of prognostic significance for developing clinically relevant PTS within 10 to 20 years after first DVT.

Long-term clinical course of proximal deep venous thrombosis and detection of recurrent thrombosis.

Symptomatic proximal deep vein thrombosis of lower extremities carries a high risk for recurrent venous thromboembolism that persists for many years. This risk is dependent on readily identifiable risk factors, being low after a trauma or a surgical intervention and higher in all the other patient categories. Moreover, postthrombotic sequelae will develop in one of every three patients, this risk being strongly related to the development of ipsilateral thrombosis. Although the optimal duration of anticoagulation in patients who experience an episode of proximal vein thrombosis is unknown, it seems reasonable to administer a short-term course of coumarin drugs to patients with thrombosis associated with transient risk factors, whereas a longer course (6 to 12 months) should be considered in patients with idiopathic thrombosis and in those with permanent risk factors. Indefinite anticoagulant therapy is a clinical judgement in the individual patient. The management of patients who develop clinical manifestations suggestive of recurrent ipsilateral venous thrombosis still represents a challenge for clinicians. Recent data suggest that these patients can be safely managed with the use of serial compression ultrasonography.

The post-thrombotic syndrome.

One of every three patients with deep-vein thrombosis of the lower extremities will develop, within 5 years, post-thrombotic sequelae that vary from minor signs to severe manifestations such as chronic pain, intractable edema, and leg ulceration. The post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) develops as a result of the combination of venous hypertension due to persistent outflow obstruction or valvular incompetence and abnormal microvasculature or lymphatic function. Among factors potentially related to the development of PTS, recurrent ipsilateral thrombosis plays a major role. Whether the extent and the location of the initial thrombosis are associated with the development of PTS is still controversial. The diagnosis of PTS can be accepted on clinical grounds for patients with a history of venous thrombosis. The combination of a standardized clinical evaluation with the results of compression ultrasonography and Doppler ultrasonography helps diagnose or exclude a previous proximal-vein thrombosis. Prevention of recurrent thrombosis and use of compression elastic stockings are the cornerstones of PTS prevention. The management of this condition is demanding and often frustrating. Although several surgical procedures have been tested, conservative treatment is largely preferable, as more than 50% of patients either remain stable or improve during long-term follow-up, if carefully supervised and instructed to wear proper elastic stockings. Clinical presentation helps predict the prognosis, being the outcome of patients who refer with initially severe manifestations more favorable than that of patients whose symptoms progressively deteriorate over time.

Clinical Course of Deep Venous Thrombosis

Letters1 May 1997Clinical Course of Deep Venous ThrombosisAnthonie W.A. Lensing, MD, PhD, Martin H. Prins, MD, PhD, and Paolo Prandoni, MD, PhDAnthonie W.A. Lensing, MD, PhDAcademic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the NetherlandsUniversity of Padua, Padua, ItalySearch for more papers by this author, Martin H. Prins, MD, PhDAcademic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the NetherlandsUniversity of Padua, Padua, ItalySearch for more papers by this author, and Paolo Prandoni, MD, PhDAcademic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the NetherlandsUniversity of Padua, Padua, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-126-9-199705010-00028 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail IN RESPONSE:Drs. Cattaneo and Mannucci hypothesize that a subclinical post-thrombotic syndrome increases the risk for ipsilateral thrombotic recurrence. Their hypothesis is not supported by our data. First, the risk for recurrent deep venous thrombosis depended on the presence or absence of risk factors, whereas the occurrence of post-thrombotic sequelae was most strongly related to recurrent ipsilateral thrombosis. Second, among the 63 patients with recurrent deep venous thrombosis, 35 cases (56%) involved the ipsilateral leg and 28 (44%) involved the contralateral leg. If a subclinical post-thrombotic syndrome would be a major risk factor for recurrence, one should expect that this ...REFERENCE1. Simioni P, Prandoni P, Lensing AW, Scudeller A, Sardella C, Prins MH, et al. The risk of recurrent thromboembolism in patients with an Arg506→Gln mutation in the gene for factor V (factor V Leiden). N Engl J Med. 1997; 336:399-403. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the NetherlandsUniversity of Padua, Padua, Italy PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1997Volume 126, Issue 9Page: 743-744KeywordsDeep vein thrombosisFactor V LeidenHazard ratioMedical risk factors Issue Published: 1 May 1997 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1997 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...

Deep-vein thrombosis following total knee replacement. An analysis of six hundred and thirty-eight arthroplasties.

For this study on the incidence and prevention of deep-vein thrombosis, we examined the data on 517 patients with 638 total knee replacements. All of the patients had postoperative venograms and 475 had postoperative perfusion lung scans. We collected data on known risk factors, tourniquet time, knee deformity, postoperative rehabilitation, and methods of prophylaxis, and performed extensive statistical evaluation. Forty-nine patients inadvertently did not receive prophylaxis, and in forty-one (84 per cent) of them ipsilateral deep-vein thrombosis developed. The incidence of ipsilateral thrombosis was 57 per cent in the 468 patients who did receive some form of prophylaxis. Ipsilateral thrombosis in the popliteal veins or thigh was seen in 11 per cent of the patients with unilateral total knee replacement, and contralateral thrombosis was noted in 3 per cent. Bilateral total knee replacement was associated with a 58 per cent incidence of ipsilateral deep-vein thrombosis in the calf and a 14 per cent incidence in the thigh. Pulmonary embolism was diagnosed clinically in nine patients (1.7 per cent), but was suggested on perfusion lung scans in thirty-nine patients (7 per cent). Twelve patients (2.3 per cent) received formal anticoagulant therapy. In no patient was the pulmonary embolism fatal. No specific high-risk population was identified. While no one prophylactic regimen was proved to be more effective than another in our series, we think that prophylactic measures should be part of the management of patients undergoing total knee replacement.