IPO Activity Research Articles

Anti-collusion leniency legislations and IPO activity: Worldwide evidence

We study the impact of the staggered adoption of anti-collusion leniency legislations around the world on IPO activity. We document that the passage of leniency legislations prompts IPO activity. The effect is amplified in more concentrated industries, while it is mitigated in countries with more stringent competition laws in place and countries in which investors have a lower ability to diversify risk in the financial market. Collectively, these findings are consistent with the view that, by enhancing product market competition, leniency legislations increase the benefits for firms from going public, resulting in higher IPO activity. The results of supplemental analyses suggest that the passage of leniency legislations leads to less underpriced IPOs and a more efficient use of IPO proceeds, and prompts firms with less proprietary information to go public.

Local IPOs and Household Stock Market Participation

Abstract The decrease in companies going public has received widespread attention, and the associated costs are widely debated. We document high local IPO activity leads to increases in stock market participation of 5–6%. This is striking given that such participation represents a key factor toward building wealth. Local IPOs increase both households’ propensity to own stock and their percent equity holdings. The attention channel drives effects: local IPOs attract attention to the market, through increased information production and publicity. The wealth channel has little influence, consistent with local IPOs not generating wealth shocks for most households.

The EU prospectus regulation and its impact on SME listings

This study analyses the “regulatory overreach hypothesis”, which asserts regulatory complexity as the cause for the IPO decline in Western countries, by focusing on the novel EU growth prospectus for SMEs introduced by the Prospectus Regulation. Using a hand-collected database of initial offerings at EU exchanges (2016–2022), we find the EU growth prospectus successfully streamlined SME IPOs without jeopardising investor protection. Despite being less complex in terms of word counts, it remains informative. SMEs are more likely to use it unless the offering becomes relatively large. We do not substantiate that fixed listing costs were reduced. Using a triple difference analysis, we do not find robust evidence of an increase in IPO activity. While questioning the regulatory overreach hypothesis, our findings show that IPO regulation can be simplified and made less burdensome without curtailing investor protection.

IPO subscription dynamics: A comprehensive inquiry into the Indian stock market

The Indian IPO market showcased resilience during the global stock market downturn in 2022, emerging as a notable bright spot in regions such as Europe, the Middle East, India, and Africa. As the bullish rally of 2022 persists, Indian stock markets remain enticing for foreign institutional investors in 2023. A resurgence in IPO activity is anticipated, driven by increasing momentum and larger deals that are poised to overcome the constraints of subdued global sentiments and liquidity pressures, addressing the challenges posed by these factors. The study offers insights into factors influencing IPO subscriptions, capitalizing on the context of heightened stock market volatility and optimistic trends in the Indian stock market. A total of 132 IPOs listed on the Indian stock market between April 2019 and March 2023 were analyzed in this study. Multiple Linear Regression was used to assess the strength of the association between several factors outlined in the literature, and the overall subscription. Among the ten variables investigated in the study, it was observed that three variables under the external factors, specifically Grey Market Premium, IPO Rating, and Broker Recommendations, exerted a significant influence on the overall subscription. While other factors such as allocation proportion and issue attributes, were found to have no discernible influence on the overall subscription. The results indicate that the Indian IPO market demonstrates a prevalence of speculative behavior and a stronger reliance on expert recommendations, rather than being primarily driven by IPO characteristics. Acknowledgment Authors acknowledge that the publication fee is funded by Kingdom University, Bahrain.

How does uncertainty impact IPO activity? International evidence

This paper examines the impact of economic uncertainty on IPO activity in 52 countries. Using a dataset of 70,760 IPOs from 1990 to 2021, we find that economic uncertainty (proxied by the World Uncertainty Index) has a negative effect on IPO activity (both IPO count and proceeds). Additionally, we show that a country's institutional quality, characterized using the World Governance Indicators, alleviates the negative effect of uncertainty on IPO activity. These findings are robust to alternative model specifications. Relevant policy implications are also provided.

Underpricing and aftermarket performance of IPOs during the Covid-19 period: Evidence from Istanbul stock exchange

The effect of uncertainty on IPO underpricing, short-term performance after IPO, and hot-and-cold-IPO market cycles have received a great deal of attention in the literature. This study revisits these issues of IPO activities under the Covid-19 pandemic with a focus on the Turkish IPO market. Measuring the underpricing and aftermarket performance of IPOs based on the cumulative abnormal returns of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, tenth, and twenty-first days, we examine how underpricing and aftermarket performances are influenced by Covid-19 and some uncertainty proxies, such as some company characteristics (age, total assets), offering characteristics (gross proceeds, IPO price risk), and aftermarket variables (first-day trading volume, standard deviation of stock prices after the IPO) after controlling for firm, industry and market level variables (first-day trading value, the portion of the firm offered to public, price-earnings ratio, dummy variables for technology, manufacturing, and financial institutions sectors, standard deviation of a market index, moving average return of a market index). The study documents that while an IPO launched during the Covid-19 period has larger underpricing, an average IPO firm that is older, has more assets, generates larger proceeds, trades more on its first day of trading, is expected to fluctuate less after the IPO has a smaller underpricing at its initial public offering. Empirical results show that short-term market-adjusted abnormal returns of IPO firms during the pandemic are much larger than those before the pandemic.

Macroeconomic Variables and IPO Activities: An Empirical investigation in Indian Market

Macroeconomic Variables and IPO Activities: An Empirical investigation in Indian Market

Anti-Collusion Leniency Legislations and IPO Activity: Worldwide Evidence

Anti-Collusion Leniency Legislations and IPO Activity: Worldwide Evidence

Macroeconomic variables and IPO activities: an empirical investigation in Indian market

Macroeconomic variables and IPO activities: an empirical investigation in Indian market

IPO Activity in Selected European Capital Markets Between 2012 And 2022

This research paper analyses the IPO activity across 8 European countries after the financial crisis from 2012 to 2022. The research focused on individual stock exchanges, rather than conglomerates, with the possibility to link it to the macroeconomic and country-specific indicators. This paper sets grounds for broader research on IPO determinants in the context of analysing capital markets developments and the triggers for capital demand. As the primary role of capital markets is to channel funds between investors and companies or entities seeking financing, understanding the demand for capital is essential in further research on the role of capital markets within national economies. The driver of the research is the European Commission Study in 2020 showcasing the decline of public markets, mainly in Europe, and a negative trend of listings in Europe.

Social progress, business formation, and access to investment capital

The rate of business formation is higher in countries that rank better on dimensions of social progress. This creates a need for investment capital and helps drive a positive relation between social progress and IPO activity. For example, my results suggest that a one standard deviation improvement in a country's Social Progress Index is associated with an additional 0.372 IPOs and a $69.416 increase in cumulative IPO proceeds raised per million people. The relation is stronger for emerging markets than for developed markets. Social progress is also positively correlated with the proportion of IPO firms that receive venture capital funding.

Political power, local policy uncertainty and IPO pricing

Greater partisan alignment among lawmakers enhances their ability to respond rapidly to adverse shocks, but it also undermines the quality of checks and balances and encourages excessive governmental intervention in local areas aligned with the ruling party. We investigate how this form of local policy risk affects IPO underpricing. One standard-deviation increase in political alignment between local politicians and the federal government translates into an extra $1.58 million being left on the table, which corresponds to 5.39% of the average valuation discount. This effect is concentrated in firms that are vulnerable to legislative interventions and has important long-term implications. Our robustness analysis also shows that our baseline results are not sensitive to the inclusion/exclusion of influential states and years with high IPO activity.

Why local banking market concentration hinders IPOs and how it can work to issuers’ advantage

General sample evidence conceals the influence of banking market structure on a fraction of IPO issuers with limited financing options: small non-venture-capital-backed firms (SNVC). Using U.S. county-level data, we reveal that concentrated banking markets contract IPO activity, as they cause SNVCs to incur high underpricing at listing. However, when the size of the local banks is small, both the time to IPO and underpricing decrease. Our evidence infers that, unless banks are organizationally capable of tapping into soft information, they generally use market power for rent extraction, which has important spillover effects on the IPO market.

The conventional and informational impacts of monetary policy on the IPO market

This paper provides the first investigation of the exogenous monetary shocks’ impact on the IPO market by using a high-frequency identification strategy. Contractionary shocks in the conventional sense trigger a decline in IPO activity. In contrast, contractionary shocks that convey positive economic information trigger a rise in IPO activity. Separating conventional monetary shocks from central bank information shocks allows a richer assessment of the monetary policy’s influence on the IPO market.

Institutional Settings and their Impact on the IPO Activity: An Exploratory Study Based on Qualitative Modelling

Institutional Settings and their Impact on the IPO Activity: An Exploratory Study Based on Qualitative Modelling

PRICING AND PERFORMANCE OF INDIAN IPOs IN THE FREE-PRICING ERA: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

After the scrapping of Capital Issues (Control) Act, 1947 putting an end to the regime of Controller of Capital Issue (CCI) and allowing free pricing of public issues, capital market in India witnessed IPO activities from different sectors of the economy which was hitherto restricted by the CCI. The present paper tries to study two of the widely researched IPO anomalies in India during the free-pricing era: initial underpricing and long run underperformance. Consistent with the extant work, we find that IPOs in India belonging to the period 1992-2011 are also significantly underpriced. However, contrary to most of the international findings, the long run performance of these IPOs is also found to be positive and significant.

Factors Influencing IPO Underpricing in Poland

We review the theory and evidence on IPO activity and underpricing focusing on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. Although the topic has been under investigation in the past, we believe that the recent decade of low interest rates deserves inquiry. We research the extent of underpricing during this period and further conclude that three factors had a statistically significant influence on initial public offering underpricing during this period: the year of IPO, risk-free rate and WIG close value.

The Variability of IPO Issuance: Evidence from Pakistan Stock Exchange

The present study intends to explore the inducing factors for going public in the emerging market of Pakistan from 2000 to 2018. This study used ordinary least square (OLS), stepwise regression, robust regression and quadratic model to achieve the objectives. The findings revealed that inflation, gross domestic product (GDP) and political stability were positively significant, whereas lending interest rate and underpricing were negatively significant in explaining the number of initial public offerings in Pakistan, as supported by the empirical evidence. Furthermore, the weak macroeconomic factors indicated unfavourable development in the capital market of Pakistan. Concurrently, low confidence for both potential issuers and investors could be seen in fewer IPO activities due to the country’s weak macroeconomic indicators.

Politician as venture capitalist: Politically-connected VCs and IPO activity in China

This study examines the impact of venture capitalists' (VC) political connections on their portfolio companies. Specifically, we use a manually-collected dataset of VCs' political connection to investigate the potential benefits and costs that politically-connected VCs bring to their portfolio companies. On the benefit side, we find that companies backed by politically-connected VCs are more likely to obtain IPO approval from the Chinese Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC, China's counterpart to the SEC in the US). On the other hand, these VCs are more likely to acquire equity in the company at a significant discount and to invest shortly before the IPO application. In addition, we find that politically-connected VC-backed companies do not experience greater improvements in financial performance, corporate governance, or innovation output subsequent to receiving venture financing. Our results further show that companies backed by VCs with political connections are less mature and experience more underpricing at their IPO than non-politically-connected VC-backed companies. Finally, we find that, compared to non-politically-connected VCs, politically-connected VCs exit earlier after a company's IPO and that their portfolio companies experience greater post-IPO underperformance and performance volatility.

Pengaruh Informasi Akuntansi dan Permintaan Investor terhadap Underpricing

Underpricing is a phenomenon that often occurs from IPO activities on the IDX. Underpricing is the difference in stock prices that occur in the primary .market’ and secondary’ market, where the bid price is lower than the closing price of the first trading day. The purpose of this research is to find out the effect of accounting information and investor demand on underpricing.This research was conducted’.at companies whose IPO on .the’ Stock .Exchange in 2016-2018. Data collection was obtained from the collection of prospectuses and company financial statements. The total sample of 81 companies using a purposive sampling method. The analysis technique used is multiple linear regression analysis. This study proves that profitability and firm size negatively affect underpricing, while financial leverage and investor demand have no effect on underpricing.
 Keywords: Underpricing; Profitability; Company Size; Investor Demand.