IPM Farmer Research Articles

Plant clinic in Nepal: An overview

Plant clinics play an important role in supporting farmers in growing healthy crops and achieving higher productivity in Nepal. The development and operation of plant clinics in Nepal are assessed in this study through a comprehensive analysis of the institution via literature review and interaction with key stakeholders. The plant clinic approach of the agriculture extension system started in Nepal in 2008, followed up with engagement with CABI and the Government of Nepal. Enhancement of farmers' knowledge and skill, encouraging sustainable farming methods, and ultimately increasing crop yields are the impact of plant clinics. However, there are some challenges faced during the implementation of plant clinics in the existing agricultural extension systems. In Nepal, the plant clinics are primarily operated by agricultural technicians with expertise in plant protection, as well as IPM farmer facilitators and community business facilitators after attending an intensive plant doctor's training. Plant clinics have been integrated into the agricultural extension system by agro-advisory service provider of the government of Nepal. Despite institutionalisation, policy support needs to be strengthened to ensure the sustainability of the different components of the (e.g., data management, validation, monitoring, localised content, etc.) plant clinic in Nepal.

Income Risk And Risk Management Of Rice Farming Under Landscape Integrated Pest Management Program In Klaten Regency

Landscape IPM is an extended version of IPM that implemented by the design of a wider expanse of land fields and a greater number of farmers involved. This study was aimed to determine (1) the comparative of income risk of the IPM and non-landscape IPM rice farmers and (2) factors that affect the income and income risk of the IPM and non-landscape IPM rice farm. The research location and respondents are selected by purposive sampling for 30 landscape IPM farmers and by simple random sampling for 30 Non-landscape IPM farmers chosen from four farmers groups in Klaten Regency. To determine the income risk of the IPM and non-landscape IPM rice farm, the coefficient of variation (CV) is used. To determine the factors that affect the income and risk income of the IPM and non-landscape IPM, multiple regression analysis is employed. The results showed that landscape IPM rice farm has a higher risk of income than the on-landscape IPM rice farm. The factors that positively affect income of the landscape IPM rice farm are farm size and refugia flower while it is negatively affected by seed prices. The factors that positively affect the Non-landscape IPM rice farm income is farm size, and it is negatively affected by seed prices and liquid pesticide prices. The factors that positively affect income risk of the landscape IPM rice farm is farm size and negatively affected by refugia flower. The factors that positively affect non-landscape IPM rice farm income risk are liquid pesticide prices and solid pesticide prices.

Allocative Efficiency Of Rice Farming Under Landscape Integrated Pest Management Program In Klaten District

The research aims to (1) identify the factors that influence rice production of landscape IPM and non-landscape IPM farming, (2) analyze the allocative efficiency of rice production factors use under landscape IPM and non-landscape IPM farming, (3) analyze the factors that influence rice farming income of landscape IPM and non-landscape IPM farming, and (4) analyze of IPM field school on the use of chemical pesticides. This research was conducted in December 2018 - July 2019. The basic method of this research was survey. The research location was in Klaten District as one of the landscape IPM program sites. The sample consisted of 30 landscape IPM rice farmers and 30 non-landscape IPM rice farmers who determined by simple random sampling. Data were analyzed by using multiple linear regression equation and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method with Cobb-Douglas production function. The results of the study are as follow: (1) farmers in Klaten District who applied the principle of landscape IPM had higher rice productivity and farm income, (2) the use of land size and seed on landscape IPM farmers and land use in landscape IPM has not been efficient so that it can still increase land size and seeds to increase rice production (3) increasing in seed prices and wages of hired labor can reduce rice farming income. Meanwhile, the expansion of land size can increase rice farming income, (4) IPM field school has the effect of using fewer chemical pesticides by farmers.

Information Source Utilization by the IPM and Non-IPM Farmers for Pesticide Use

Information Source Utilization by the IPM and Non-IPM Farmers for Pesticide Use

Evaluation of IPM Modules against Major Pests of Okra, (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) in Saran District, Bihar, India

Experiments were carried out at ten locations of Saran district, Bihar during kharif season 2017 with okra crop cv ‘Supper green’. The assessment reveled that module (M4) proved the most effective treatment against okra pest and diseases i.e. shoot and fruit borer, Earias vittella F., yellow vein mosaic virus, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) and red spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch in which lowest incidence was recorded as compared to other IPM modules, farmer practices and control plot during 2017. IPM Module III (shoot and fruit borer 7.02% on shoot, 9.87% on fruits, yellow vein mosaic virus 16.25% and red spider mites 3.35% infestation) was next effective against the major pest of okra crop in compression to IPM modules I (shoot and fruit borer 12.24% on shoot, 18.12% on fruits, yellow vein mosaic virus 24.42% and red spider mites 9.05% infestation), respectively. Significantly, maximum fruit yield was observed in module IV 210.10 q/ha. This was significantly superior over all other module. The impact of various IPM modules showed that net return was also higher in module IV which was Rs.76430.00/ha.

Plant protection module on management of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella and other lepidopteran pests in cabbage

The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.) is the most destructive insect pest of cruciferous crops throughout the world. The use of trap crops, pheromones, botanicals, bio-agents and safer insecticides for pest control promises to be an important integrated approach in the management of DBM and other lepidopteran pests which helps to solve major environmental and human health problems. A study was designed and carried out at Ramanagara and Bengaluru Rural district during 2017-18 and 2018-19 to understand the effectiveness of IPM module, recommended practices and farmers' practice in cabbage fields.The results revealed that 15 days prior to cabbage transplanting, sowing of Indian mustard (2 rows after 25 rows of cabbage) attracted DBM moths for oviposition, 7 days after transplanting (DAT), installation of WOTA-T traps @ 5 Nos./acre helped in monitoring and mass trapping of DBM moths. The spraying of botanicals, bioagents and safer insecticides as per the schedule, viz. neem soap (10 g/l) after 15 DAT, Spinosad 2.5 SC (1.25 ml/l) after 18 DAT, Emamectin benzoate 5SG (0.5 gm/l) after 21 DAT, Bt (Dipel) (1 g/l) after 35 DAT, Chlorfenapyr 10 SC (1.5 ml/l) after 50 DAT, Spinosad 2.5 SC (1.25 ml/l) after 65 DAT and Emamectin benzoate 5 SG (0.5 gm/l) after 80 DAT, effectively reduced the damage caused by DBM in cabbage fields. The pest incidence in IPM module was negligible resulted in fetching higher yields, quality heads and better returns compared to farmers' practice. Farmers can adopt IPM module as an alternative to insecticides as it is ecologically safe, economically viable and socially well acceptable.

A REVIEW ON CULTURAL PRACTICE AS AN EFFECTIVE PEST MANAGEMENT APPROACH UNDER INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

Integrated Pest Management is a sustainable and holistic approach based on ecological, biological, physical and chemical tactics for controlling pests in the field that, in any way, minimizes risk towards the health and environment. IPM methods involve identifying and knowing the characters of possible pests, making efforts to prevent prevalence, judgment of severity of pest-disease infestation through scouting and monitoring techniques. This paper highlights some of the already practiced strategies and experiments with interpretation of results obtained in various field conditions suggesting wider implications of IPM for managing pests in our fields. The review collects and studies some of the basic and commonly adopted cultural practices like clean and healthy crop growth, trap crop plantation, crop rotation, crop combinations etc. Cost effectiveness, ease of execution, instantly observable results etc are some unattainable aspects affecting IPM adoptions yet farmers seem somewhat encouraged towards sustainable and healthy production in recent years. It is necessary to know about crop and pest biology, ecology, phenology and their links/interaction to successfully implement cultural practices.

Study of pesticide use on bitter gourd production at Jashore district

The study was designed to assess the extent of pesticide use and profitability of bitter gourd production at farm level in selected areas of Jashore district during January-May, 2019. Average farm size was 0.79 ha and average bitter gourd cultivated area per farmer was 0.07 ha. Most of the farmer cultivated local variety, which is called Gajkorola and some farmer cultivated hybrid korola such as Gonggajoli, Tia and BARI Korola-1 variety. About ninety-nine percent farmers sprayed insecticides and fungicides in their fields to protect crops from different insect pests and diseases. Thirty-nine percent farmers used pheromone trap for crop protection. A farmer averagely used 11.19 times spray in their fields and its range was 5-18 times in a season. The average yield of bitter gourd was 16.74 t ha-1 for non-IPM farmer and 16.16 t ha-1 for IPM farmer. The average total cost of production of bitter gourd was Tk. 203984 ha-1 for non-IPM farmer and Tk. 191246 ha-1 for IPM farmer. Gross return was Tk. 389705 ha-1 and net return was Tk. 185721 ha-1 for non-IPM farmer. While, gross return of IPM farmer was Tk. 360828 ha-1 and net return was Tk. 169582 ha-1. Benefit cost ratio was 1.91 and 1.89 for non-IPM and IPM farmer, respectively that means bitter gourd production was profitable. Cent percent farmer reported that IPM technology was time-consuming method and it was not only the measures to protect pests.
 Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 10(2): 110-115, December 2020

Assessment of IPM module against pod borer complex in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.)

On-farm testing of IPM module in pigeon pea against pod borer complex was carried out on farmers’ field of two villages of district Jaunpur by KVK Jaunpur- 1 during 2018 and 2019 with three components viz., IPM module, farmers’ practice, and untreated check without plant protection measures. The IPM interventions viz., growing pod borer tolerant variety, two rows of maize as a border crop, installation of pheromone traps and bird perches with the application of botanical based insecticide azadirachtin 1% at the vegetative stage as an oviposition deterrence, application of chlorantraniliprole, and flubendiamide at critical stages of pod borer appearance during bud initiation and flowering stages. The reduction in the larval population and pod damage in IPM treated plots resulted in a significant increase in grain yield (1525 kg/ha) followed by farmers’ practice (1195 kg/ha) and in untreated check (857 kg/ha) The increase in grain yield was due to an additional investment of Rs.4100/-ha towards IPM module and farmers’ practice (Rs.2600/-ha). The excess expenditure incurred resulted in the highest net return of Rs.47550/-ha in the IPM module as compared to farmers' practice and in untreated check resulted in the lowest net return of Rs.18250/-ha.

A Gender study on resource use in onion integrated pest management

Onion is one of the most important and export oriented commercial crop and grown in Western, Northern as well as in Southern India. Tamilnadu contributes significant contribution in the onion exportable production and also doing Integrated Pest Management practices in order to increase the productivity. This study made an attempt to analyse the extent of use and availability of IPM components in onion, cost and returns in the IPM practices in the major onion growing areas of Tamilnadu. Totally 90 respondents were identified and primary information were collected from 60 IPM adopters and 30 non-adopters. From the results, it was identified that majority of the IPM adopters and non-adopters were following safety measures and also was found that high cost of inputs and time consuming are main constraints among the IPM adopters. There is no difference among genders in IPM in input use. In IPM farm households, decision on crop selection was jointly taken by both the men and women whereas in non-IPM farms, male alone taking decision. Most of them have their own seed production. Both the gender was able to identify the infestation clearly due to pest and disease in case of IPM and non-IPM farmers.

Synthesis and validation IPM technology and its economic analysis for bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria)

The field experiment was conducted (2016-18) at Varanasi, Mirzapur and Deoria districts of Uttar Pradesh with a view to study the validation and economic viability of adaptable IPM technology in a farmers’ led approach. The IPM technology that synthesized comprising seed treatment with Trichoderma viride @5 g/kg of seed; installation of cue lure traps (MAT) for fruit flies @10/acre; raking of soil for exposing fruit fly pupae and removal of weeds, need based application of Bacillus thuringiensis @2 g/litre against Sphenerches caffer; need based spraying of Azadirachtin based neem insecticide @10 ml/litre and Imidacloprid 17.8SL @0.33 ml/litre of water for mirid bugs and whiteflies; fungicide Cymoxanyl 8WP+Mancozeb 64WP @2.5 g/litre against downy mildew were found effective in reducing the incidence of pests and minimizing the yield losses. The adoption of IPM technology, apart from lowering the incidence of major pests, also resulted in reducing the number of chemical sprays to 5–7 from 14–18 in non-IPM fields in a season with higher bottle gourd yields of 28, 29.5 and 21.7 tonnes/ha in IPM and 17.5, 18.1 and 10.9 tonnes/ ha in non-IPM fields and with marginally higher cost benefit ratio of 1:1.91, 1:2.05 and 1:2.41 in IPM than 1:1.14, 1:1.19 and 1:11, respectively in non-IPM. On an average, IPM farmers had an average net return of ₹ 145472/ha with C:B ratio of 1:2.09 as compared to the non-IPM farmers with net return of ₹ 20992/ha with a C:B ratio of 1:1.15.

An analysis of resource use efficiency and allocative efficiency in IPM and non-IPM chilli production

Chilli is one of the most important and the largest produced spices. India is one of the largest producers, consumers and exporters of spices in the world. Indian chillies are known for their pungency and colour particularly grown in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh state. The present study was focussed on the assessment and comparing the resource use efficiency of chilli cultivation for IPM and non-IPM farmers in Andhra Pradesh. The results indicated that there was a positive relationship between IPM technology and the productivity of chilli. In case of IPM farmers the marginal value product to marginal factor cost ratio was observed to be more than one for organic manure, machine labour and chemical fertilizers which indicated that these inputs were underutilized.

Synthesis and area-wide validation of adaptable IPM technology and its economic analysis for bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) in a farmers' driven approach

Field experiment was conducted in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) during 2014-16 at Varanasi, Mirzapur and Deoria districts of eastern Uttar Pradesh with a view to study the validation, economic viability and feasibility of adaptable and rational IPM technology in a farmers led approach.The IPM technology that synthesized for bitter gourd crop comprised seed treatment with Trichoderma viride @ 5g/kg of seed; need based spraying of azadirachtin (0.03%) based neem insecticide @ 10 ml/l for hadda beetle; installation of cue lure traps (MAT) for fruit flies @ 10/acre; raking of soil for exposing fruit fly pupae to sunlight and predatory fauna and removal of associated weeds, need based application of Bacillus thuringiesnsis @ 2 g/l against cucumber moth, Diaphania indica; Imidacloprid 17.8SL @ 1 ml/l of water for whitefly; systemic fungicide Cymoxanil l8 WP+Mancozeb 64 WP @ 2.5 g/l against downymildew were found very effective in reducing the incidence of pests and minimizing the yield losses. The adoption of IPM technology during the three years, apart from lowering the incidence of major pests, resulted in reducing the number of chemical sprays to 7-9 from 21-25 in non-IPM fields in a season with higher bitter gourd yields of 18, 16.5 and 18.7 tonnes/ha in IPM and 14.4, 11.8 and 15.1 tonnes/ha in non-IPM fields and with marginally higher cost benefit (C:B) ratio of 1:2.19, 1:2.58 and 1:3.01 in IPM than 1:1.70, 1:1.78 and 1:2.30, respectively in non-IPM for the three consequitive years. There was a net income increase IPM fields over farmers' practice fields. On an average, IPM farmers had an average higher net return of Rupees 2.37 lakh/ha with C:B ratio of 1:2.59 as compared to the non-IPM farmers with net return of Rupees 1.49 lakh/ha with a B:C ratio of 1:1.93.

Economic Impact of Practicing IPM Technology on Bitter Gourd (<i>Momordica charantia</i> L.) Production in Comilla District of Bangladesh

The present study was conducted to assess the economic impact of practicing Integrated Pest Management technology on bitter gourd production in Chandina upazila under Comilla district of Bangladesh. Sample survey was carried out over 70 bitter gourd producing farms. Out of 70 farmers, 35 for IPM and 35 for Non-IPM farmers were selected. The study revealed that majority of the farmers had moderately favorable attitude towards IPM technology for producing bitter gourd as shown by farmers’ attitude index. IPM farmers earned more profit than Non-IPM farmers on bitter gourd production. The average total cost of bitter gourd production per hectare was estimated at about Tk 3,68,335 and 4,44,508 for IPM and Non-IPM farmers, respectively. The average gross returns per hectare were found at about Tk 8,60,016; 8,55,642; and 8,15,947 for marginal, small and medium IPM farmers, respectively. The same were Tk 8,22,654; 7,53,373 and 7,48,255 for marginal, small, and medium Non-IPM farmers, respectively. The estimated BCR was higher for IPM farmers (2.29) than Non-IPM farmers (1.69). Partial budget analysis showed that IPM technology was more profitable and net benefit was Tk 1,61,557. Although bitter gourd production was profitable, farmers faced several problems such as lack of training and technical knowledge, inadequate extension services, lack of marketing facilities etc. in using IPM technology.The Agriculturists 2017; 15(2) 11-23

Assessment of IPM modules against major pest of brinjal in Saran district of Bihar

Experiments were carried out at ten locations of surrounding area of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Manjhi, Saran district, Bihar during kharif season 2014 and 2015 with brinjal crop cv ‘Pant Rituraj’. The assessment reveled that module (M4) proved the most effective treatment against brinjal pest and diseses i.e. brinjal shoot and fruit borer, little leaf of brinjal, white fly and red spider mites, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd) in which lowest incidence was recorded as compared to other IPM modules, farmer practices and control plot during 2014 and 2015. Module (M3) was next effective treatment against the major pest of brinjal crop in both years. Significantly, maximum fruit yield was observed in module (M4) 214.03 and 210.10 q/ha during 2014 and 2015, respectively. This was significantly superior over all other treatments. The impact of various IPM modules showed that mean net return was also higher in module (M4) which was Rs 91897.00/ha. Application of neonicotioids or chloronicotinyl insecticides in module (M4) along with other IPM strategies gave effective management from shoot and fruit borer, little leaf of brinjal and red spider mites and received higher yield as compared to other insecticides like quinalphos and fenvalerate.

Comparative profitability analysis of IPM and non-IPM technology on vegetable cultivation in selected areas of Kishoreganj District in Bangladesh

The present study is an attempt to examine the socioeconomic characteristics and compared profitability analysis of both IPM and Non-IPM vegetable growers, and to identify the problems faced by vegetables growers in use of IPM practices in some selected areas of Kishoreganj district. A total of 45 farmers were purposively selected where three different IPM practices were taken into consideration. To get a more complete picture of vegetable production using both IPM and non-IPM technology, the socio-economic profile of farmers was examined and compared. The study found that IPM farmers were in better-off condition than that of non-IPM farmers in all types of socioeconomic characteristics. The major findings of the study revealed that production of all the selected vegetables were profitable for both IPM and non-IPM farmers. But, IPM based cultivation was more profitable than that of non-IPM based cultivation. Average total costs were Tk. 86352.8 and Tk. 100061.5 for IPM and non-IPM farmers, respectively. Average gross returns were Tk. 257293.3 and Tk.235788.8 for IPM and non-IPM farmers, respectively. The average net return for IPM farmers was Tk.170940.5 and for non-IPM farmers it was estimated at Tk. 135727.3. The average benefit cost ratio for IPM farmers was 2.9 and for non-IPM farmers it was estimated at 2.3. Most of the farmers were in the categories of low to medium problem confrontation in using IPM practices. The first ranked constraint is lack of training facility. Thus, massive extension facility including training is needed in the study areas to increase the extent of use of IPM technology.Progressive Agriculture 27 (3): 311-319, 2016

Evaluation of IPM module for management of giant African snail, Achatina fulica (Bowdich) in grape vine

Field experiment was conducted by the Agricultural Research Station, Niphad on farmer’s field at Songaon, Tal. Niphad Dist. Nasik (M.S.) during Kharif 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2011-12 to assess the performance of IPM module against snails in grape vineyard in comparison to non IPM (farmer’s practice). Result revealed that the IPM module comprising of various components viz ., Clean cultivation i.e. cleaning and burning of waste pruned material, Removal of weeds from bunds and make it clean, Eliminate, all places where snails can hide, Collection and destruction of snails before sunrise and after sunset in solution of 5% copper sulphate or lime solution, Collection and destruction of eggs laid by snails in field/garden near the root zone of the grape vine, Use of different traps as dry grass or waste material of vegetables heap or wetted gunny bags or old PVC pipe of 6 inch length at 20 to 25’ distance in field/garden during evening hrs., Use of poison bait of Methomyl 40 SP : Wheat or rice bran or straw 50 kg + 2 per cent jaggery solution +25 g yeast + 50 g Methomyl 40 SP /ha. (Soaking wheat straw in water and 2 per cent jaggery solution and 25g yeast and at the time of application mix 50g methomyl 40SP. Application of this mixture in field/garden at various locations and near the bund by spreading during 15 days interval at 5 time or need based), Application of 5 per cent Metaldehyde @5 kg/ha at two times at 15 to 20 days interval as need based application in field/garden at the time of evening, Application of tobacco dust around the field i.e. 5 feet from bund as 5cm wide band in field/garden and also between two rows @ 50kg/ha at 3 times of 20 days interval afford excellent control of snails with higher yield (18.63 t/ha), monetary benefit (Rs. 327267/ha), net income (Rs. 230257/ha) and B:C ratio (3.36).

Comparative evaluation of IPM module and farmer's practices in Mungbean, Vigna Radiata (L.) Wilczek against major insect pests

Results indicated that IPM module proved comparatively economical against major insect pests of mungbean over farmer's practices. The results revealed that, IPM module i.e., Mungbean with seed treatment of Imidacloprid 600 FS (5ml kg-1) followed by one spray of NSKE (5%) at 30 days after sowing (DAS) and chemical insecticide Triazophos 40 EC 0.04 per cent of the crop, were effective in reducing the incidence of White fly, MYMV, Jassids and Thrips and gave higher grain yield than farmer's practices. Present study indicates that IPM is definitely better over non-IPM practices under different pest population numbers. IPM implies the rational integration of various methods of insect pests control to suppress the pest population below ETL. Therefore, farmers should be made aware of its benefits and motivated to critically analyze and make decisions regarding pest management practices.

Assessing the Impact of Farmer Field School Participation on IPM Adoption in Uganda

The Integrated Pest Management Collaborative Research Support Program (IPM CRSP) has been implementing IPM farmer field schools (FFS) with small scale farmers in Eastern Uganda since 2001. This study assesses the impact of cowpea-specific IPM FFS on IPM knowledge and the theoretical link between increased knowledge on the adoption of IPM strategies. The assessment was conducted to evaluate the impact of IPM FFS on adoption of IPM strategies. Comparison groups consisting of FFS participants and non participants were used to evaluate the impact of FFS on IPM knowledge and cowpea specific IPM strategies. A summated ratings scale consisting of five attributes was used to measure farmers’ knowledge of IPM and another summated scale consisting of five IPM strategies for cowpea was used to measure adoption. The results indicate that participation in FFS leads to more knowledge of IPM and knowledge of IPM is the most important variable in explaining adoption of IPM strategies. These results provide a confirmation of the adoption decision making process and a validation of FFS as an effective mechanism for increasing both knowledge of IPM and the adoption of cowpea specific IPM strategies. Farmers were more likely to adopt component strategies rather than the entire IPM package. The diffusion of IPM knowledge and strategies to farmers who did not participate in the FFS appears to have been limited.

Impacts of transgenic Bt cotton and integrated pest management education on smallholder cotton farmers

Comparative field research on transgenic Bt cotton and conventional cotton under different conditions (fields without pesticide inputs, fields managed by farmers with IPM education, fields managed by farmers lacking IPM education) were carried out in Hubei province of China in 2002. The amount of pesticide used on Bt cotton by non-IPM farmers was found to be around three times that used by IPM farmers. IPM farmers made significantly higher net profits from cultivating transgenic Bt cotton in comparison with non-IPM farmers. Other pest management practices had more significant influences on the population dynamics of predatory natural enemies and major insect pests than did the adoption of transgenic Bt cotton in the cotton ecosystem. Our study showed that IPM education, by increasing farmer capacity to critically evaluate inputs and their effects, monitor their fields and make informed decisions on pest management, enabled farmers to reduce pesticide use significantly, so resulting in improved production and profit margin. IPM farmer education thus, contributed to maximising the value of planting transgenic Bt cotton.