Mobile IP Networks Research Articles

Improved Performance of 5G Based Software Defined Networks

With the growth of processed data for wireless networks and the establishment of new applications and services, mobile operators keep searching for solutions to deal with the issues raised by nextgeneration networks (NGN). The fifth generation (5G) mobile networks, for example, should enhance their performance without consuming a lot of energy. For these reasons, software-defined networks (SDN) appear to be the promising technology that will make achieving the architectural agility required for the upcoming 5G mobile networks easier. SDN is a clever solution for providing innovation and enforcing the primary drivers in 5G mobile networks, such as flexibility, dependability, service-oriented management, and cost reduction through the control and management of the 5G core network. In this paper, the integration of SDN and multiple controllers with the 5G core network is investigated to determine how these two technologies can affect mobile IP network performance. An energy model suitable for the proposed network architecture has been developed. A widely used Diamond network is being considered for the core network. Open-Flow controllers were used to improve the routing performance by considering load balancing of IP traffic. According to such a model, reduced energy consumption is experienced with SDN. The addition of an SDN controller results in a 11% reduction in consumed energy. The results also show that the use of SDN and multi-controller with NGN can improve the performance further. Using SDN reduced the average delay of the network by 14%. A great reduction in packet error rate (PER) is also achieved when SDN is used.

Efficient dynamic IP datacasting mobility management based on LRS in mobile IP networks

IP mobility support is based on terminal behavior, recognizing mobility and maintaining a continuous communication session. The existing mobile IP location registration sends a message to one or more routers during a handoff within a domain by using a multicast address to process messages continuously. This implementation requires persistent message processing among all routers to determine new multicast address assignments. To solve this problem, we propose a method that enables the mobile user to obtain a QoS guarantee when the mobile device moves to an overlapping area under the mobile IP. Therefore, dynamic mobility management includes location updates under the mobile IP, and transmission of packets from the expected access points. When a handoff occurs while the mobile device is connected, the mobile host dynamically adapts to the mobility characteristics of the mobile node and transmits missed packets. In addition, by first using a location router, handoff latency reduction and packet loss requirements between domains in the overlapping mobile network environment are resolved. Second, the proposed algorithm has low-control traffic in the mobile network, allowing quick handoffs. Although instantaneous throughput is reduced during handoffs, tunneling is reduced by 10-30%, even after a handoff, by retransmitting packets missed by the mobile host, while location-registration-update times are reduced by 20-80%.

Improvement of the Location Update Delay and Packet Transmission of MH Movement on the Mobile IP Network Mobility Management Server

Improvement of the Location Update Delay and Packet Transmission of MH Movement on the Mobile IP Network Mobility Management Server

Transmission of information in automated special purpose systems

This paper is devoted to solving the problem of optimizing the message transport service, which is one of the basic for automated special purpose systems. The NATO model of network-centric transformation of automated control and communication systems, which is presented in the form of a general plan for the development of information systems, was taken as the basis for the construction of special-purpose systems. An analysis of the development of information systems was carried out within the framework of the program of modernization and improvement of automated management systems. Under this program, large-scale work was carried out on the creation of new mobile nodes and means of communication for the perspective automated communication system at the tactical level Warfighter Information Network-Tactical. Therefore, it is proposed to use wireless, decentralized, mobile IP networks such as MANET (Mobile Ad hoc Network) for automated special purpose systems at the tactical level. Each of the mobile devices of such network can move independently in any direction, and, as a result, often break and establish connections with neighbors. For the MANET network the messaging service is considered in the context of: one automated workplace, one domain and interconnection between domains. The efficiency of information transmission systems is considered. Circular transmission algorithms for messages with the highest urgency category are defined and a control algorithm is provided for selecting the optimal message transmission channel in which the time spent on message transmission between these subscribers is minimal (dynamic programming problem with additive effect function). Bellman's functional equation for the conditional optimization stage was adapted for this problem.

A Proposed Solution for Route Reply Storm Problem to Improve DSR Protocol Performance in Wireless Sensor Networks

Due to the limited transmission range of the wireless sensor network interface, a node may need multiple network hops to exchange data with another node over networks and other issues cause an overhead and bad utilization on the network. As a consequently, if some nodes reply route request at the same time to the same destination, then these simultaneous replies from different nodes will cause collision at the destination which it can cause a problem named route reply storm. The dynamic source routing (DSR) protocol is a reactive source routing protocol for mobile IP network where nodes should sense and discover with nearby nodes. Each node acts as a router for sending and receiving the packets to/from other node. In this work, we present a new proposal as a solution for storm route reply problem in DSR; the objective of the new proposed solution is to present a way to reduce unnecessary packet flooding between source and destination nodes in order to enhance DSR protocol. Afterthought, this work proposed some case studies to verify our proposed solution for solving the problem route reply storm, our verifications proves our robustness and correctness of the proposed solution against two main WSN problems that may face any wireless sensor network including coverage problem and link failure problem. The simulation results achieved here for two routing protocols DSR protocol and proposed improved DSR protocol for energy efficiency parameters. Simulation results showed that the energy consumption of proposed approach is minimized by 25 % approximately as compared to previous standard DSR protocol while the network lifetime performance is increased by approximately 35 % as compared to standard DSR protocol. In summary, the proposed solution of DSR protocol can be energy efficient for wireless sensor networks resource management.

Multi-criteria vertical handoff decision algorithm for overlaid heterogeneous mobile IP networks

One of the key challenges to improving the quality of service (QoS) in integrated heterogeneous mobile Internet protocol networks is the design of an intelligent decision engine for accessing various services anywhere and at any time. The multi-criteria decision making algorithm plays a significant role in ensuring universal and seamless connection. In this study, a multi-criteria vertical handoff decision algorithm plus dwell time is developed to achieve a satisfactory quality of service using the best access network selection in an integrated wireless local area network (WLAN), a worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), and a universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS). Handoffs are divided into two schemes: the UMTS originating handoff (downward) and the WLAN/WiMAX originating handoff (upward/intrasystem). The initial criteria for real-time and non-real-time services are presented. The metrics that are required to trigger a handoff are the predictive received signal strength (PRSS) of neighbor networks and the received signal strength obtained from the current network. The back propagation neural network is learned for the prediction. The dwell time is used as a counter to avoid the unnecessary handoffs that may occur in the overlapping areas. The quantitative network selection is the largest merit value and is based on the available bandwidth, cost, user preference, and the criteria to eliminate inappropriate candidate networks. The importance of using the PRSS, dwell time, and merit function is evaluated. To illustrate the QoS satisfaction, the multi-criteria vertical handoff decision algorithm outperforms the single-criteria using the hysteresis and Mamdani fuzzy method.

Multihoming Support in Mobile IP Networks: Progress, Challenges and Solutions

IP network mobility has already emerged as a key domain of wireless IP networking. The network research community has taken great interest and paid considerable attention to advance IP mobility applications. Accordingly, different advanced networking mechanisms have been considered to optimize IP network mobility. One of these mechanisms is network multi-homing which has been the focus of many IP mobility studies within the academic research and IETF communities. The combination of network mobility and multi-homing has turned into a conceivable approach to effectively deal with expanding system availability and improving the performance of mobile IP network. There are many studies proposed during the recent years to realize network multi-homing for the Network Mobility Basic Support (NEMO BS) protocol, a leading IETF IP mobility protocol. This paper studies and reviews up-to-date research works in supporting multi-homing for NEMO-based mobile IP networks. The aim is to investigate the current state of multi-homing support for NEMO networks and outline recent research directions in this regard.

SDN‐DMM for intelligent mobility management in heterogeneous mobile IP networks

SummaryMobility management applied to the traditional architecture of the Internet has become a great challenge because of the exponential growth in the number of devices that can connect to the network. This article proposes a Software‐Defined Networking (SDN)‐based architecture, called SDN‐DMM (SDN‐Distributed Mobility Management), that deals with the distributed mode of mobility management in heterogeneous access networks in a simplified and efficient way, ensuring mainly the continuity of IP sessions. Intent‐based mobility management with an IP mapping schema for mobile node identification offers optimized routing without tunneling techniques, hence, an efficient use of the network infrastructure. The simplified mobility control API reduces both signaling and handover latency costs and provides a better scalability and performance in comparison with traditional and SDN‐based DMM approaches. An analytical evaluation of such costs demonstrated the better performance of SDN‐DMM, and a proof of concept of the proposal was implemented in a real environment.

Optimized topology control in mobile IP networks using a new parametric routing algorithm

When some intermediate nodes fail or are suddenly removed in a mobile IP network, a node failure can disconnect paths and decrease network efficiency due to loss of some packets. In this case, the movement of the remaining nodes must be controlled such that to prevent further network efficiency drop. In the present research, we will study the intermediate node failure and changing foreign networks in mobile IP networks when the Mobile Node (MN) moves. Then, a new optimal routing algorithm is proposed to make up the node failure and changing Foreign Agent (FA). For this purpose, an Optimal Parametric Topology Control Routing (OPTCR) algorithm is introduced based on parametric linear programming formulation (LPF). Since OPTCR can handle the handover latency, it is supposed that both destination and intermediate nodes can move but just intermediate nodes may fail. Simulation results show that OPTCR algorithm is superior to some algorithms appeared in the recent literature.

Topology-aware overlay network in mobile IP environment

An overlay network is a computer network which is built on the top of an underlying physical network. With the mobile internet access becoming the leading tool, overlay must be changing with different IP addresses, which may incur a large number of unnecessary update messages to overlay network. In recent years, mobile IP is being spread widely as one of fundamental protocols of mobile internet, which can guarantee overlay network unchangeable. However, the overlay efficiency may be affected negatively due to the mismatch between overlay and mobile IP network. In this paper, we present a topology-aware overlay network model. In the model, we proposed near-home principle applied in the joining procedure in mobile IPv4 environment and near-ROSP principle in mobile IPv6 environment. In our simulation, our proposed near-home principle and near-ROSP principle could do better to alleviate the mismatch between overlay and mobile IP network.

A multi‐anchoring approach in mobile IP networks

AbstractMany recent mobility solutions, including derivatives of the well‐known Mobile IP as well as emerging protocols employed by future Internet architectures, propose to realize mobility management by distributing anchoring nodes (Home Agents or other indirection agents) over the Internet. One of their main goals is to address triangle routing by optimizing routes between mobile nodes and correspondent nodes. Thus, a key component of such proposals is the algorithm to select proper mobility anchoring nodes for mobile nodes. However, most current solutions adopt a single‐anchoring approach, which means each mobile node attaches to a sole mobility anchor at one time. In this paper, “we argue that the single‐anchoring approach has drawbacks when facing various mobility scenarios. Then, we offer a novel multi‐anchoring approach that allows each mobile node to select an independent mobility anchor for each correspondent node. We show that in most cases our proposal gains more performance benefits with an acceptable additional cost by evaluation based on real network topologies. For the cases that lead to potential high cost, we also provide a lightweight version of our solution which aims to preserve most performance benefits while keeping a lower cost. At last, we demonstrate how our proposal can be integrated into current Mobile IP networks. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A lightweight authentication mechanism in MIP networks

AbstractNumerous vulnerabilities threat the security of Mobile IP (MIP) networks. A variety of methods have been proposed to protect the MIP networks from the attacks. However, most of these methods are heavy and require significant time and resources. MIP is an essential element within the wireless mobile communication network that provide a fixed IP address. Among the changes from the existing standard IP network to the MIP network, security is a most essential one. Handover delay has been increased because of the complicated authentication and registration process. Because the essential goals of MIP are to provide seamless connection and real‐time services, the security vulnerability became the biggest problem for the real deployment. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a new lightweight authentication mechanism for the authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) infrastructure of MIP networks. In the original AAA authentication mechanism, mobile node (MN) must wait for a nonce from an AAA server in order to generate the session key, which be used for the security associations between MN and home agent and between MN and foreign agent. This paper introduces a new mechanism, which enables the unauthenticated MN to initiate a key generation process and create a secret key in advance. This mechanism facilitates key distribution by reducing cryptographic operations (76.68% improvement) and handover time (14.15% improvement). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An Enhanced Buffer Management for Handover in WiMedia WLP-Based Mobile IP Networks

Performance of TCP can be severely degraded in WLP-based Mobile IP networks due to packet loss. It is not related to network congestion that occurs frequently during inter-subnetwork handover of user. To solve this problem, packet buffering method recovers packets dropped during handover by forwarding packets buffered at old BS to mobile nodes. But if a mobile node moves to a congested BS of a new foreign subnetwork, buffered packets will be dropped. And TCP transmission performance of the mobile node degrades severely. In this paper, we propose a buffer management with considering handover to provide a new disposal standard for handover packets. Simulation results show that the proposed buffer management provides a link utilization improvement in congested wireless links.

Mobility management solutions for current IP and future networks

Enormous progress in the design of portable electronic devices allowed them to reach a utility level comparable to desktop computers, while still retaining their mobility advantage. At the same time new multimedia services and applications are available for IP users. Unfortunately, the performance of base IP protocol is not satisfactory in mobile environments, due to lack of handover support and higher layer mobility management mechanisms. In this paper, we outline the most important current methods of handling mobility in IP networks that are expected to play an important role in the future (covering the following ISO---OSI layers: 2+, 3, 3+, 4 and 7 of mobility solutions), as well as describe the newly proposed methods.

Comparison between resource reservation protocol and next steps in signalling in mobile IP networks

Providing an acceptable level of quality of service (QoS) for critical applications is one of the interesting topics in next generation wireless networks. Confronting the major criticisms of resource reservation protocol (RSVP), the next steps in signalling (NSIS) was introduced as a general framework to include not only the resource reservation protocol but other signalling services in IP based networks. It attempts to address the RSVP shortcomings and to offer additional features. It is widely believed that NSIS can be considered as a suitable alternative for RSVP. However, it worsens the scalability issue in the RSVP operation, inherits the RSVP problem in mobile environments and its appealing features come with a significant cost. This paper develops an analytical framework to evaluate the RSVP and NSIS performances in proxy mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) environment. The results obtained showed a significant increase in network signalling cost, more bandwidth consumption by resource reservation signalling messages and a high resource re-establishment latency in NSIS operations. We believe these outcomes raise doubts over the NSIS eligibility as a suitable replacement for RSVP.

Optimized performance data transmission in Mobile IP networks

In a Mobile IP network (MIPN), nodes move. When a node moves, it may go away from other nodes and this decreases available bandwidth and data rate and increases the propagation delay of links. Therefore, nodes' movement can decrease data delivery and handoff latency; these will reduce network efficiency. Suppose that an MIPN uses an optimal routing algorithm and transmits data from a source node to a destination node optimally. Nodes' movement can violate the optimality of the data transmission and this will waste bandwidth and network resources. In this paper we present a new parametric optimal unicast multichannel routing algorithm that computes a domain for a mobile node and this domain will hold the optimality of data transmission and prevent network efficiency failure. Our new method determines an optimal domain for each mobile node and does not allow nodes to exit from that optimal domain. Simulation results show that our new method increases data rate and network efficiency.

Implementation of MHMIP and Comparing the Performance With MIP and DHMIP in Mobile Networks

Managing the mobility efficiently in wireless networks causes critical issue, in order to support mobile users. To support global mobility in IP networks The Mobile Internet Protocol (MIP) has been proposed. The Hierarchical MIP (HMIP) and Dynamic HMIP (DHMIP) strategies are also proposed for providing high signaling delay. Our proposal approach “Multicast HMIP strategy” limits the registration processes in the GFAs. For high-mobility MTs, MHMIP provides lowest mobility signaling delay compared to the HMIP and DHMIP approaches. However, it is resource consuming strategy unless for frequent MT mobility. Hence, we propose an analytic model to evaluate the mean signaling delay and the mean bandwidth per call according to the type of MT mobility. In our analysis, the MHMIP gives the best performance among the DHMIP and MIP strategies in almost all the studied cases. The main contribution of this paper is to implement the MHMIP and provide the analytic model that allows the comparison of MIP, DHMIP and MHMIP mobility management approaches.

Mobile flow-aware networks for mobility and QoS support in the IP-based wireless networks

As the volume of mobile traffic consisting of video, voice, and data is rapidly expanding, a challenge remains with the mobile transport network, which must deliver data traffic to mobile devices without degrading the service quality. Since every Internet service holds its own service quality requirements, the flow-aware traffic management in fine granularity has been widely investigated to guarantee Quality of Service (QoS) in the IP networks. However, the mobile flow-aware management has not been sufficiently developed yet because of the inherent constraints of flow routing in the mobile networks regarding flow-aware mobility and QoS support. In this paper, we propose a flow-aware mobility and QoS support scheme called mobile flow-aware network (MFAN) for IP-based wireless mobile networks. The proposed scheme consists of dynamic handoff mechanisms based on QoS requirements per flow to reduce the processing overhead of the flow router while ensuring QoS guarantee to mobile flows. The performance analyses of the proposed scheme demonstrate that MFAN successfully supports the mobile flow traffic delivery while satisfying the QoS requirement of flows in the wireless mobile IP networks.

DM3: distributed mobility management in MPLS‐based access networks

SUMMARYOver the last few years, mobility management in the Internet has been one of the most active fields in communications. The recent increasing mobile traffic demand is having an important impact on the design of mobile networks and some limitations are arising from traditional network deployments. In order to deal with this new scenario, mobility management network architectures are being redesigned towards a more distributed operation. In this paper, we introduce DM3 (distributed mobility management MPLS), a fully distributed architecture designed to track efficiently the mobility of users in the current paradigm of evolving mobile IP networks. In DM3 architecture, several nodes are distributed in the MPLS‐based access network and the mobile nodes are served by a close‐by mobility anchor. With this operation, we reduce the routing and registration update costs, and provide a low handoff latency with a minimal packet loss rate. Analytical and experimental results are presented to justify the benefits of our proposed architecture. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Distributed mobility management: A standards landscape

In this article, we introduce distributed mobility management (DMM) - a new architectural paradigm for evolving mobile IP networks. We discuss the technology trends that are driving a move toward DMM and what the relevant standards development organizations (IETF and 3GPP) are doing to address these new needs. We conclude with a discussion of how 3GPP's evolved packet core can evolve toward a DMM-based architecture.