IP Content Research Articles

Media Ajar Berbasis Digital dalam Pembelajaran IPS di SD/MI

The importance of utilizing digital learning resources for Social Studies (IPS) learning at Elementary School (SD) and Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) levels is discussed in this article. The utilization of digital teaching materials is expected to improve IPS learning in a more interesting, dynamic, and efficient way along with technological advances. This study identifies various digital learning media, including web-based learning platforms, educational software, and instructional videos, that can be used in the context of IPS learning. The advantages and difficulties faced by teachers and students when incorporating digital media into the classroom are also discussed in this article. It is hoped that by using a digital approach, students will be able to better understand IPS content and develop 21st-century skills needed for everyday life. In addition, this article offers suggestions for the efficient use of digital learning resources that are appropriate to the needs of MI and elementary school students.

MiR156-PvSPL2 controls culm development by transcriptional repression of switchgrass CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE4.

Culm development in grasses can be controlled by both miR156 and cytokinin. However, the crosstalk between the miR156-SPL module and the cytokinin metabolic pathway remains largely unknown. Here, we found CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE4 (PvCKX4) plays a negative regulatory role in culm development of the bioenergy grass Panicum virgatum (switchgrass). Overexpression of PvCKX4 in switchgrass reduced the internode diameter and length without affecting tiller number. Interestingly, we also found that PvCKX4 was always upregulated in miR156 overexpressing (miR156OE) transgenic switchgrass lines. Additionally, upregulation of either miR156 or PvCKX4 in switchgrass reduced the content of isopentenyl adenine (iP) without affecting trans-zeatin (tZ) accumulation. It is consistent with the evidence that the recombinant PvCKX4 protein exhibited much higher catalytic activity against iP than tZ in vitro. Furthermore, our results showed that miR156-targeted SPL2 bound directly to the promoter of PvCKX4 to repress its expression. Thus, alleviating the SPL2-mediated transcriptional repression of PvCKX4 through miR156 overexpression resulted in a significant increase in cytokinin degradation and impaired culm development in switchgrass. On the contrary, suppressing PvCKX4 in miR156OE transgenic plants restored iP content, internode diameter, and length to wild-type levels. Most strikingly, the double transgenic lines retained the same increased tiller numbers as the miR156OE transgenic line, which yielded more biomass than the wild type. These findings indicate that the miR156-SPL module can control culm development through transcriptional repression of PvCKX4 in switchgrass, which provides a promising target for precise design of shoot architecture to yield more biomass from grasses.

The conversion and migration behavior of phosphorus speciation during pyrolysis of different sludges

<abstract> <p>The study was enforced to probe the conversion and migration behavior of phosphorus speciation in sludge and the biochar received from pyrolysis of municipal sludge (MS), town sludge (TS), and slaughterhouse sludge (SS). This study creatively used fractionation of soil phosphorus to further differentiate speciation of phosphorus in three sludges (MS, TS, and SS). According to the x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and sequential extraction, the study proved the dependence of P speciation conversion on pyrolysis temperature and different types of raw sludge. The results of P-fractionation indicated that Ca-bound IP (Ca-IP) content in all biochars significantly increased at pyrolysis temperature of 350–800 ℃, and the proportion of soluble and loosely bound IP (SL-IP), aluminum-bound IP (Al-IP), and Fe-bound IP (Fe-IP) of MS and SS decreased. The difference is that the Al-IP in the TS increased slightly as the pyrolysis temperature increased. Among the three kinds of sludge, the Olsen-P of TS is the lowest because the content of Olsen-P in sludge will decrease with the decrease of pH in the process of sewage treatment after acidification. In addition, XRD patterns of three sludges and biochar further confirmed the low crystallinity of AlPO<sub>4</sub> minerals. Through in-depth research on the environmental behavior of phosphorus, this study might additionally provide essential knowledge for the recovery and utilization of phosphorus in sludge.</p> </abstract>

Analysis on Marketing Strategy of Blind Box Economy Taking POP Mart as an Example

In recent years, the blind box has triggered a consumer buying boom with its own innovative concept. Blind box consumption has developed from a product purchase behavior to a brand-new marketing model. This paper will study the POP Mart through literature review and data analysis, and deeply understand its marketing strategies and concepts. Through research, POP Marts successful marketing methods include accurately catering to consumer psychology, IP co-branding and crossover marketing, and sales channels management strategy. After the discussion, this paper will sort out the marketing strategies of POP mart, and pointedly put forward two shortcomings of POP Mart in terms of operation: the lack of IP content and the expansion of sales channels.

PENINGKATAN HASIL BELAJAR TEMA 8 MELALUI MODEL PEMBELAJARAN NUMBERED HEAD TOGETHER (NHT) BERBANTUAN MEDIA TEKA-TEKI SILANG DI KELAS V SDN WIRUN

This study aims to determine the increase in learning outcomes in theme 8 through the Numbered Head Together (NHT) learning model assisted by crosswords in class V SDN Wirun. The research method used was classroom action research (PTK) conducted in 2 cycles. The research design is based on planning, action, observation, and reflection. Data obtained through documentation techniques, interviews, observations, and tests. The results showed that the Numbered Head Together (NHT) learning model assisted by crosswords media could improve student learning outcomes with the average class I cycle PPKn content reaching 70.62 while the IPS content reached 65.37. Then the learning outcomes of students in cycle II increased with the average learning outcomes for PPKn content reaching 82.37 while the IPS content reached 79.87. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the application of the Numbered Head Together (NHT) learning model assisted by crosswords media is able to improve the learning outcomes of class V SDN Wirun on PPKn and Social Studies content.

Phosphorus Fractionations and Availability in Areas under Different Management Systems in the Cerrado

The input of organic matter in the soil by the no-tillage system (NTS) increases as the system becomes established, raising the levels of organic phosphorus (P) and reducing the P soil adsorption. This study evaluated the availability of organic and inorganic P in areas under different management systems and stages of adoption in the Cerrado. The data were analyzed as a completely randomized design, corresponding to: (1) an NTS after 5 years of its implantation (NTS5); (2) an NTS after 17 years of its implantation (NTS17); (3) a conventional tillage system more than 20 years old (CTS); (4) Native Cerrado (NC). There were five repetitions for all treatments. Depths of 0–5 and 5–10 cm were evaluated for the available P (P-avail), remaining P (P-rem), organic P (oP), and inorganic P (iP) forms extracted with Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) (P-avail), Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) (moderately labile), and Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (moderately resistant). The P from the sequential extractions accumulated at a depth of 0–5 cm, mostly in the organic form in the NTS17 and NC areas, demonstrating the contribution of the NTS to the conversion of the P reserve in the soil. The CTS treatment greatly accumulated P, especially in the inorganic form, indicating the non-conservationist characteristic of this system. The oP and iP contents in the soil were not affected by age of the NTS, which was similar to the NC. Our results show that the continuous input of organic matter deposited on the soil surface in the NTS17 increased the levels of organic and inorganic P, consequently providing greater availability of P in the soil for cultivated crops.

Analisis Muatan IPS Keberagaman Budaya dalam Film"Adit dan Sopo Jarwo” Episode “Ondel-Ondel Bikin Denis Jengkel”

One of the social studies contents for grade IV SD is about Social and Cultural Diversity in Indonesia. In the midst of rapid technological developments, some traditional and hereditary activities have been replaced by activities contained in technological products such as gadgets. Therefore, cultural learning is very important to be introduced to students. One way that can attract students to know and get to know culture is by watching animated films because students are more interested in moving images that involve audio-visual activities. One of the educational animated films is the animated series 'Adit dan Sopo Jarwo' with one episode of “Ondel-Ondel Make Denis Angry” which is suitable for social and cultural content. The method used in this research is literature study and film analysis. The results of the research based on film analysis found that the animated film series "Adit & Sopo Jarwo: Ondel-Ondel Bikin Denis Jengkel" contained IPS content about social and cultural diversity in Indonesia, such as the Betawi language and Batak accent, the typical Betawi art, namely Ondel. -Ondel, and traditional games, namely Sondah and Kelereng.

Application of VR Technology in Brand IP Image Design

Virtual reality (VR) refers to the computer-generated simulation of a three-dimensional image environment that can be interacted within a seemingly physical way by a person using special electronic equipment and making people interactive and immersive. VR technology is applied to communication activities, producing VR communication. VR technology is applied to news reports, giving birth to the emergence of VR news. The great significance of VR technology for news communication lies in the comprehensive intake and recording and transmission of news site materials so that news events can “reproduce” and “restore.” The most prominent feature of VR transmission is immersion. Immersivity is mainly reflected in the perceptual system and the behavioral system of the human body. The immersion of perception system includes visual immersion, auditory immersion, touch immersion, and other sensory immersion; behavioral system immersion includes the immersion of language system, direction system immersion, and expression system immersion. Immersive communication has experienced three development stages: interactive communication, invasive communication, infiltration, and audience experience. There are three hidden dangers in VR technology in the communication. One is the hidden danger of the technical operation level: the lack of security and stability of the production process may lead to the disappearance of the traditional reporter, the second is the ethical hidden danger: the degradation of “audience” to “mass,” and third is “body” weakening the authority of “addiction”: the emergence of “brain in the cylinder,” the emergence of snooping feast, and the formation of exposed carnival. There are three aspects to prevent VR hidden dangers, layout and top-level design, improve security, and communication efficiency, promote industrial application, enhance user stickiness, strengthen brand building, and create ace IP and quality content.

Integration of transcriptome and targeted metabolome profiling reveals hormone related genes involved in the growth of Bletilla striata

Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Reichb.f. (BS) is a traditional Chinese medicine with numerous beneficial effects. In our previous study, Aspergillus flavus was isolated from B. striata. To explore the physiological and molecular mechanisms of Aspergillus flavus elicitor (1-G4) that promoted Bletilla striata growth, in this study, we performed the determination of growth indexes and transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis under 5% and 10% 1-G4 conditions. Results showed that 1-G4 elicitor could significantly promote the growth and development of B. striata. With the increasing concentration of 1-G4 elicitor, the contents of SA, ICAld, and ME-IAA significantly increased while the IP and ACC contents decreased dramatically. A total of 1657 DEGs (763 up-regulated and 894 down-regulated) between the control (CK) and 5% elicitor (CK vs G5) and 2415 DEGs (1208 up-regulated and 1207 down-regulated) between the control and 10% elicitor (CK vs G10) were identified. Further, we found that 22, 38, and 2 unigenes were involved in ME-IAA, IP, and ACC, respectively. It was indicated that these unigenes might be involved in B. striata growth. Overall, the current study laid a theoretical foundation for the effective utilization of endophytic fungi and the optimization of germplasm resources of B. striata.

IMPROVING STUDENTS’ LEARNING OUTCOMES IN THE THEME OF “PERISTIWA DALAM KEHIDUPAN” THROUGH VIDEO – ASSISTED STUDENT TEAMS ACHIEVEMENT DIVISION (STAD) MODEL AT GRADE V ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

This study aimed to describe the application of student team achievement division (STAD) model assisted by instructional video media to improve students’ learning outcomes.This study utilized classroom action research (CAR) consisting of two cycles. Each cycle consisted of four stages namely planning, implementating actions, observing, and reflecting. The subjects of this study were 21 fifth grade students at SD 5 Gondoharum, Kecamatan Jekulo, Kabupaten Kudus. There were 13 male students and 8 female students in this study. Data were collected through observations, interviews, tests, and documentations. The results of observations revealed that the teacher’s skills in managing learning increased by a percentage of 76% (Good) in cycle I to 87% (Very Good) in cycle II. Meanwhile, students’ learning outcomes in pre-cycle aspects of IPS content reached the completeness for 47.6% (need guidance). It increased in cycle I to 71.4% (good) and in cycle II to 85.7% (good). Moreover, the learning outcomes in pre-cycle knowledge aspects of Bahasa Indonesia content reached the completeness for 42.9% (need guidance). Then, it increased in cycle I to 66.7% (need guidance) and in cycle 2 to 90.5% (very good). Finally, the students’ learning outcomes in the skills aspects in cycle I reached the average of 76.2% (enough) and increased in cycle II to 85.7% (good).

PERMAINAN LUDO SEBAGAI UPAYA MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KREATIF SISWA SEKOLAH DASAR

The purpose of this study iwas to analyze the ludo game as an effort to improve the creative thinking skills of elementary school students. Research conducted using classroom action research. The study was conducted in two cycles. The subject of research is the fifth grade students of SDN Jakenan with 24 students. Data colectiontechniques used are observation, interviews, evaluation test and documentation. The validity of the data used expert judgment techniques. Analysis of the data used is the analisysis of qualitative and quantitative data.Based on the aspect of creative thinking the value in the cycle I obtained an average of 76,79 in Indonesia content and IPS content an average of 79,37. Cycle II the value of Indonesian Content gained an average of 81 and the IPS content obtained an average value of 86,37. Whereas the ludo game obtained an average in cycle I of 74% and cycle II gained an average of 82%.

MO1034PHOSPHATE EQUIVALENT (PEQ) EDUCATION SYSTEM: AN EFFICIENT SELF-ADJUSTMENT PHOSPHATE BINDER DOSAGE TOOL IN DIALYSIS PATIENTS

Abstract Background and Aims Hyperphosphatemia is common in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) because of impaired renal phosphate excretion and is treated by dietary measures, dialysis techniques and the use of phosphate binder medication. It is one of the most important cardiovascular risk factors for dialysis patients. Our goal was to involve dialysis patients in the achievement of phosphate targets by self-adjusting the dose of Phosphate Binders (PB) on a meal-to-meal basis, according to the individual dietary P intake Method We conducted an interventional prospective single-arm study with a pre-post design. The inclusion criteria were patients with ESRD who had been receiving dialysis for more than three months, with dialysis schedule for four hours per session, three times per week, and who were older than 18 years of age. The primary endpoints of the study were the number of patients who reached the goal of serum phosphate before and after the training program and the weekly mean serum phosphate levels evaluated after the intervention period and compare them with the pre-intervention baseline levels. The secondary end-point was the burden of PB daily. All patients were trained in a self-administer PB program. A self-adjusted PB dose card was developed based on the phosphate food content list published by the National Technical University of Athens. The aim was to allow patients to immediately calculate the iP content of any food they consume easily. Phosphate Equivalent (PEQ) was defined as the weight of phosphorus having the same phosphate impact as a given weight of food. One PEQ corresponded in 100 mg of inorganic phosphorous and to one tablet of PB (one tablet of 800 mg of sevelamer). After 4 weeks (weeks 1-4) of washout from previous phosphate binders, eligible patients with serum phosphorus concentrations ≥ 6 mg/dl were included in the study. All patients received standard dietary phosphate counseling and a fixed dosing regimen of sevelamer PB was prescribed according to KDIGO and dialysis unit protocols for eight weeks (weeks 5-12 – pre-intervention period) In the 13th week, patients were asked to practice the self-administer PB program for eight more weeks. Results A total of 97 patients were screened for the study. 21 patients were excluded. 74 patients completed the study. The percentage of patients with uncontrolled phosphate levels reduced from 56.76% (42 out of 74) to 36.48 % (27 out of 74) in the post-intervention period. Of 9 patients who initially had a serum phosphorus level ≥9 mg/dl, 8 were reverted to phosphorus levels < 6 mg/dl at the end of the PEQ intervention period. There was a significant reduction of phosphate levels (prePEQ 7.42 ± 1.43 mg/dl vs. postPEQ 5.59 ± 1.82 mg/dL, p=0.036) and Ca × P levels (prePEQ: 67.1 ± 11.5 mg2/dL2; postPEQ: 51.9 ± 13.4 mg2/dL2, p=0.021) after patient education. There was a non-significant increase on serum calcium (pre PEQ: 8.13 ± 1.18 mg/dL; post PEQ: 8.56 ± 0.83mg/dL, p=0.515) and iPTH (prePEQ: 411 ± 376 pg/mL; postPEQ: 381 ± 321 pg/mL,p=0.13) Conclusion Our work shows that providing the patients with a relatively simple tool about the use of phosphate binders as PEQ is, we had a positive effect on the dialysis patients’ knowledge about the use of PB, phosphate content of their meals, and increase their sense of the necessity of the treatment and it was proved more effective than the standard fixed dose method. Using the PEQ education system was rewarding in an additional 20% of the patients with previous uncontrolled hyperphosphatemia. The PEQ education system is an efficient self-adjustment phosphate binder dosage tool in dialysis patients in reducing the serum phosphate level in our hemodialysis patients.

Immunoproteasome Activity and Content Determine Hematopoietic Cell Sensitivity to ONX-0914 and to the Infection of Cells with Lentiviruses.

Proteasomes are intracellular structures responsible for protein degradation. The 20S proteasome is a core catalytic element of the proteasome assembly. Variations of catalytic subunits generate different forms of 20S proteasomes including immunoproteasomes (iPs), which are present mostly in the immune cells. Certain cells of the immune system are primary targets of retroviruses. It has been shown that several viral proteins directly affect proteasome functionality, while inhibition of proteasome activity with broad specificity proteasome inhibitors stimulates viral transduction. Here we specifically addressed the role of the immunoproteasomes during early stages of viral transduction and investigated the effects of specific immunoproteasome inhibition and activation prior to infection using a panel of cell lines. Inhibition of iPs in hematopoietic cells with immunoproteasome-specific inhibitor ONX-0914 resulted in increased infection by VSV-G pseudotyped lentiviruses. Moreover, a tendency for increased infection of cloned cells with endogenously decreased proteasome activity was revealed. Conversely, activation of iPs by IFN-γ markedly reduced the viral infectivity, which was rescued upon simultaneous immunoproteasome inhibition. Our results indicate that immunoproteasome activity might be determinative for the cellular antiretroviral resistance at least for the cells with high iP content. Finally, therapeutic application of immunoproteasome inhibitors might promote retroviral infection of cells in vivo.

Geolocation of covert communication entity on the Internet for post-steganalysis

Geolocation of covert communication entity is significantly important for the forensics of the crime but has significant challenges when the steganalyst locks the guilty actor IP and wants to know the physical location of the actor. This kind of post-steganalysis involves not only the stegos transmitted on the Internet but the IP package head and content. This paper presents a geolocation method for the location of the covert communication entity based on hop-hot path coding. The method estimates the location of the covert communication entity by combining the path and delay between probes and the covert communication entity IP, which improves the deficiency that similar delays do not necessarily mean close geographical locations of the IPs. Moreover, the similarity between the IPs’ paths can be measured by coding the paths between IPs and probes. The results of a series of experiments show that the median error of the proposed method is within 6.16 km using different thresholds.

Novel Features of 9‐Methylene‐9H‐thioxanthene (MTAE) in Living Anionic Polymerization

AbstractFor this study, a new epithio‐1,1‐diphenylethylene (DPE) derivative, namely, 9‐Methylene‐9H‐thioxanthene (MTAE), is synthesized, and its copolymerization reactions are investigated, showing distinctive features in living anionic copolymerization. At room temperature and hydrocarbon solvents, MTAE cannot be copolymerized with styrene (St) but can be copolymerized with 1,4‐divinylbenzene (DVB), forming a linear alternating copolymer. Based on this finding, ter‐polymerization of MTAE, DVB and St is conducted to generate a special alternating structure. Additionally, MTAE is found to exhibit fairly high reactivity in copolymerization with Isoprene (Ip) under the same conditions. An alternating sequence of alt‐MTAE/Ip containing high trans‐geometric Ip content (76% of trans‐1,4) and a di‐block sequence of alt‐MTAE/Ip‐b‐Ip are easily obtained. Its experimental reactivity ratio with Ip is investigated via the in situ 1H NMR method (rIp = 0.28), and the corresponding kinetic behaviors and sequence structure are elucidated. Finally, the origin of the effect of MTAE on the isomerism of Ip during chain propagation is investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and it is found that the bridge sulfur atom in MTAE interacts strongly with living species. This special finding provides a novel approach for the sequence regulation, precise functionalization, and stereo‐structure control in living anionic polymerization originating from monomer structure design.

Trans‐1,4‐stereospecific copolymerization of ethylene and isoprene catalyzed by MgCl2‐supported Ziegler–Natta catalyst

ABSTRACTCopolymerization of ethylene and isoprene (Ip) catalyzed by TiCl4/MgCl2‐Al(i‐C4H9)3 catalyst was systematically studied. Homopolymer of ethylene and Ip were synthesized under the same conditions for making comparisons. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance was employed to characterize chain structure of the copolymer. Influences of Ip concentration, molar ratio of cocatalyst to Ti and reaction temperature on the copolymerization activity and copolymer chain structure were investigated. The copolymerization activity was evidently lowered by increasing Ip concentration, and the Ip content in copolymer was rather low under reaction conditions leading to higher activity. Insertions of Ip in polymer chain showed rather high regioselectivity for 1,4‐connections (>85%) and medium to high stereoselectivity for trans‐1,4‐isomer (>70%) under typical conditions, but the regio and stereoselectivities tended to decrease with decrease in Ip concentration and increase in Al/Ti ratio. Melting temperature of the copolymer decreased with increase of Ip content, indicating incorporation of Ip units in most of the copolymer chains. This work has proved feasibility of introducing small amount of Ip units with high trans‐1,4‐stereoselectivity into ethylene/isoprene copolymer chains by catalyzed copolymerization with MgCl2‐supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts. The copolymer is expected to be a promising candidate of easily degradable film or packaging materials. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 2715–2722

Composition of Extracellular and Intracellular Polymeric Substances Produced by Scenedesmus and Microcystis

Abstract Algal extracellular and intracellular polymeric substances (EPS and IPS) are widely applied in fields such as food, cosmetics, and wastewater treatment. Algal IPS content was much higher than EPS and thus extracting IPS from algal biomass may greatly improve the commercial value of algal cultivation. This study was to provide a basis for development of algal IPS by comparing composition of algal IPS and EPS. EPS and IPS produced by Scenedesmus and Microcystis, which commonly dominates the freshwater ecosystems, were analyzed using fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy combined with parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC). The IPS concentration of Scenedesmus obliquus and Microcystis aeruginosa was 1.2 to 2.1 times higher than EPS concentration. The maximum EPS concentration was 145.7 mg C/L but the maximum IPS concentration reached 206.1 mg C/L. Seven components including five humic-like components (C1, C2, C3, C4, and C7) and two tryptophan-like component (C5 and C6) were identifie...

Using Scan Side Channel to Detect IP Theft

In the growing heterogeneous Internet of Things market, which embraces a plurality of vendors and service providers, IP protection plays a central role. This paper proposes a process for the detection of IP theft in VLSI devices that exploits the internal test scan chains, designed for production test automation. The scan chains supply direct access to the internal registers in the device, enabling combinational analysis of the device logic. By using Boolean function learning methods, the learner creates a partial dependence graph of the internal flip-flops. The graph is further partitioned using the shared nearest neighbors graph clustering method, and individual blocks of combinational logic are isolated. These blocks can be matched with known building blocks that compose the original function. This enables reconstruction of the function implementation to the level of pipeline structure. The IP owner can compare the resulting structure with his own implementation to confirm whether an IP violation has occurred. We demonstrate the power of the presented approach with a test case of an open source Bitcoin SHA-256 accelerator, containing more than 80 000 registers. With the presented method, we discover the microarchitecture of the module, locate all the main components of the SHA-256 algorithm, and learn the module's flow control. In addition to the direct recognition of the IP content, we also demonstrate a combination of reverse engineering and watermark methods. We define a new watermark structure-pipeline-associated watermark (PAW), combined with pipeline stages that can be detected with the scan-based reverse engineering method.

The Theft of Ideas as a Cybercrime: Downloading and Changes in the Business Model of the Creative Arts

This paper focuses on copyright and critically explores some of the arguments that are used to justify intellectual property law in this digital and networked age and some of the tactics used to protect them. More specifically, this paper explores the theft of creative ideas as a cybercrime and focuses upon the contradictory intellectual property issues raised by the digital and networked technologies of downloading via file sharing. Technologies, which, like each previous new form of communications technology has ‘disrupted’ predominant business models and challenged the assumptions behind them. In the case of the creative arts, the ‘intellectual land grab’ for control over the ideas domain remains as contentious as ever. In this case, digital forms of music, film and, for that matter many other expressions of the creative arts. On the one hand, there has been as there still is, a distinct move to restrict and disincentivise downloading via file sharing by criminalizing what was otherwise a civil space - arguably making it even more attractive as a form of deviance. On the other hand technologies are being developed to automatically censor IP content in live streams, reaffirming downloading via file sharing as a form of deviance. Furthermore, there is the simultaneous irony that technologised and legally unstable income stream collection practices, such as ‘speculative invoicing’ - the sending of invoices to alleged copyright infringers demanding payment else face further legal action - are corrupting the very process that they seek to protect. All, against the background of the curious paradox of circulation and control which appears to demand that successful management of IP has to achieve a critical balance between restricting it enough to prevent it from becoming too diluted and losing its public appeal and value, and letting it roam free enough for consumers to buy into it and creators incorporate the themes into the next generation of popular culture - itself a contradiction to existing intellectual property ‘central origin myths’.

Sistemas de control para redes ópticas actuales basadas en el protocolo GMPLS epurations

Optical transport systems have evolved in many senses with the pass of years. A first advance can be seen on the transport network, which at the beginning used TDM protocol for transport. PDH was the first used protocol, but due to its equipment complexity was replaced for SDH which gives to the optical network a better management. Later, optical networks use WDM to transport data and its improvement, DWDM is currently used providing to transport networks velocities over 100Gbps.On the other hand, a new control plane protocol was development, MPLS and its improvement for optical networks GMPLS, which is based on the forwarding of information separated from header IP content and the label swapping between MPLS routers, allowing a faster processing of packets or optical signals over the network, this due to the use of labels on packets which contains its own routing information. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.21017/rimci.2017.v4.n7.a26