IP-based Networks Research Articles

Multimedia content distribution of an online Social TV game over IP-based networks

The emergence of social activities on the Internet in conjunction with the popularization of multimedia services has facilitated the development of collaborative services for Social TV. Interactive services with multimedia contents are critical because of the high consumption of resources in the communication networks. For this reason, interactive games for the Social TV pose an important test in order to evaluate the performance of these collaborative services over IP-based networks. We have designed a multiuser interactive game based on answering questions with bidirectional data, audio and video. The traffic generated has been analyzed, statistically characterized and used to develop and validate a simulation model of the online game. Results of the simulation demonstrate the accuracy of the designed model and the high consumption of network resources of the service in massive deployments with a high number of active users. The proposed model can be used to evaluate both service performance, and resources consumption in heterogeneous networks, with different policies of content distribution in massive deployments of the online game service. The integration of the simulation model with the real TV service will also allow us to evaluate the quality of experience of the users in hybrid scenarios of emulation.

Network Degradation Effects on Different Codec Types and Characteristics of Video Streaming

Nowadays, there is a quickly growing demand for the transmission of voice, video and data over an IP based network. Multimedia, whether we are talking about broadcast, audio and video transmission and others, from a global perspective is growing exponentially with time. With incoming requests from users, new technologies for data transfer are continually developing. Data must be delivered reliably and with the fewest losses at such high speed. Video quality as part of multimedia technology has a very important role nowadays. It is influenced by several factors, where each of them can have many forms and processing. Network performance is the major degradation effect that influences the quality of resulting image. Poor network performance (lack of link capacity, high network load…) causes data packet losses or different delivery time for each packet. This work focuses exactly on these network phenomena. It examines the impact of different delays and packet losses on the quality parameters of triple play services, to evaluate the results using objective methods. The aim of this work is to bring a detailed view on the performance of video streaming over IP-based networks.

콘텐츠 중심 네트워킹에서 IGPT를 이용한 적시성 및 보안성 향상 방안

최근에 기존 IP기반과는 다른, 정보 중심 네트워킹이 부각되고 있으며 그 중의 하나인 Content-Centric Networking(CCN)은 Van Jacobson에 의해 처음 제안되어 대표적인 정보 중심 네트워킹 패러다임으로 활발히 연구되고 있다. CCN은 콘텐츠 자체에 대한 접근과 전달에 목표를 두고 라우터에서 콘텐츠의 배분이 가능토록 하여 IP 방식보다 좀 더 빠르게 콘텐츠가 전달되도록 하는 장점을 가지고 있다. 하지만, CCN은 정보요청자 기준의 통신(pull-based)으로 사전 요청패킷의 전송없이 정보를 분배하는 것이 제한된다. 또한, PIT(Pending Interest Table)의 사용으로 DDoS 공격 등을 받을 시 PIT 메모리 오버로드의 문제점이 있다. 이에 본 논문은 CCN에서 요청패킷 없이 정보를 전달하는 push-based 기법과 PIT 오버로드 상황에서 데이터 전달이 가능하도록 Interest Group Pushing Table(IGPT)을 활용한 정보전송 방법을 제안한다. 제안하는 기법은 데이터 전송의 신속성 및 보안성 향상 측면에서 기존의 기법보다 동일 시간동안 많은 양의 콘텐츠 전송이 가능하다. Recently, Information-Centric Networking(ICN), different from traditional IP-based networking, has been highlighted. Content-Centric Networking(CCN), proposed by Van Jacobson, is a representative scheme of the ICN architectures. It can deliver messages slightly faster than the IP-based networking by focusing on the access and delivery to the content itself. However, CCN is restricted to distribute the information without transmitting the request packet in advance because it is pull-based architecture by content requester. In addition, it has a problem that the Pending Interest Table(PIT) could be overloaded easily when DDoS attack happens. In this paper, we suggest an algorithm using a push-based scheme without request packets and overcoming PIT overload situation by Interest Group Push Table(IGPT). The proposed scheme enables to transmit a large amount of content than an existing scheme during the same amount of time in terms of timely-delivery and security.

Analytic Evaluation and Experimental Validation of a Network-Based IPv6 Distributed Mobility Management Solution

Mobile Internet traffic is growing steeply, mainly due to the deployment of new broadband wireless technologies and the ever increasing connectivity demand coming from new services being available to mobile users. Current mobile network architectures rely on centralized mobility protocols which intrinsically pose enormous burdens on the central anchors, both in terms of connectivity needs and user mobility management. In order to face these issues, a new paradigm, called Distributed Mobility Management, is being explored, based on flattening the network architecture by deploying multiple mobility anchors at the edge of the network. In this article we conduct an analytic and experimental evaluation of a network-based IP distributed mobility management solution that leverages Proxy Mobile IPv6 protocol operations. We develop an analytic model of the signaling and packet delivery costs, as well as the handover latency of both Proxy Mobile IPv6 and our distributed solution. We have also implemented a Linux-based prototype of our proposal, which has been used to experimentally assess the handover latency in a real IEEE 802.11 scenario. Finally, we use the results obtained from the analytic and experimental performance to evaluate the benefits that could be achieved by deploying a distributed mobility management solution.

Airborne network evaluation: challenges and high fidelity emulation solution

The future AN is envisioned as an IP-based hierarchical network with heterogeneous nodes and waveforms. Due to its highly dynamic nature and bandwidth constraints, new AN technologies are needed to provide reliable network operations with similar levels of mission support as in terrestrial networks. This article first identifies challenges in designing and evaluating AN technologies and then describes an ongoing effort to develop a realistic wireless testing and performance evaluation platform for ANs. A set of use cases are presented to illustrate how high fidelity emulation can be used to evaluate new architectures and protocols in AN environments.

Flow-Aware Multi-Topology Adaptive Routing

Internet routing processes currently rely on protocols that were developed more than ten years ago. Today, we have far more computational power and memory at our disposal, and it is possible to take advantage of these resources in order to greatly increase the efficiency of routing protocols. Therefore, we propose a new approach to routing packets in IP-based networks: Flow-Aware Multi-Topology Adaptive Routing, or FAMTAR. FAMTAR combines flow-aware traffic management and an adaptive routing mechanism. A standard routing protocol is used to find the optimal path between two nodes in a network. FAMTAR makes it possible to automatically create additional paths when such demand occurs. Between two endpoints, the transmission may follow n different paths, where n is limited only by the topology of the network. In this letter, we compare FAMTAR to a classic routing protocol and demonstrate FAMTAR's superiority.

HYVI: A HYbrid VIrtualization Solution Balancing Performance and Manageability

Virtualization is a building block technology of cloud computing. Software virtualization solutions, such as paravirtualized Memory Management Unit and paravirtualized I/O, provide flexible manageability, such as virtual machine migration and IP-based network packet filtering. However, it suffers from performance and scalability issues. Hardware virtualization and its advanced accelerations, such as Extended Page Table and Single Root I/O Virtualization, were introduced later to simplify virtualization implementation and improve performance. However, this solution may suffer from a manageability issue. In this paper, we describe our work on the implementation of hardware virtualization and optimizations of the advanced hardware acceleration support in Xen to improve the virtualization performance and scalability. We further propose HYVI, a hybrid virtualization solution combining the advantages of software virtualization (manageability) and hardware virtualization (performance and scalability), to address performance and manageability issues. Finally, we present performance evaluations and characterizations of these hardware accelerations and hybrid virtualization, using both OS benchmarks and a server consolidation benchmark (vConsolidate). The results show that optimized hardware acceleration can achieve an up to 77 percent and 33 percent performance improvement over software full virtualization and paravirtualization in the server consolidation benchmark, respectively. Hybrid virtualization achieves an up to 1.56 × performance, with 0.69 lower CPU core usage of paravirtualization, and maintains flexible manageability.

Adaptive Throughput Policy Algorithm with Weibull Traffic Model for Campus IP-Based Network

Adaptive Throughput Policy Algorithm with Weibull Traffic Model for Campus IP-Based Network

Analytical Approach of New Random-walk Based Mobility Management Scheme in IP-based Mobile Networks

In next-generation wireless networks, provisioning of IP-based network architecture and seamless transmission services are very important issues for mobile nodes. For this reason, a mobility management mechanism to support global roaming is highly regarded. These technologies bring a broader life by using a global roaming account through the connection of multiple devices or technology to mobile users; they also provide real-time multimedia services. This paper presents a comprehensive performance analysis of fast handover for hierarchical mobile IPv6 (F-HMIPv6), hierarchical mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6), Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), and fast Proxy Mobile IPv6 (FPMIPv6) using the fluid-flow model and random-walk model. As a result, the location update cost of the PMIPv6 and FPMIPv6 is better than that of HMIPv6 and F-HMIPv6. These results suggest that the network-based mobility management technology is superior to the hierarchical mobility management technology in the mobility environment.

On IGP link weight optimization for joint energy efficiency and load balancing improvement

The energy consumption of backbone networks has risen exponentially during the past decade with the advent of various bandwidth-hungry applications. To address this serious issue, network operators are keen to identify new energy-saving techniques to green their networks. Up to this point, the optimization of IGP link weights has only been used for load-balancing operations in IP-based networks. In this paper, we introduce a novel link weight setting algorithm, the Green Load-balancing Algorithm (GLA), which is able to jointly optimize both energy efficiency and load-balancing in backbone networks without any modification to the underlying network protocols. The distinct advantage of GLA is that it can be directly applied on top of existing link-sleeping based Energy-aware Traffic Engineering (ETE) schemes in order to achieve substantially improved energy saving gains, while at the same time maintain traditional traffic engineering objectives. In order to evaluate the performance of GLA without losing generality, we applied the scheme to a number of recently proposed but diverse ETE schemes based on link sleeping operations. Evaluation results based on the European academic network topology GÉANT and its real traffic matrices show that GLA is able to achieve significantly improved energy efficiency compared to the original standalone algorithms, while also achieving near-optimal load-balancing performance. In addition, we further consider end-to-end traffic delay requirements since the optimization of link weights for load-balancing and energy savings may introduce substantially increased traffic delay after link sleeping. In order to solve this issue, we modified the existing ETE schemes to improve their end-to-end traffic delay performance. The evaluation of the modified ETE schemes together with GLA shows that it is still possible to save a significant amount of energy while achieving substantial load-balancing within a given traffic delay constraint.

QoS-guaranteed Mobile IPTV service in heterogeneous access networks

Internet Protocol Television is defined as a multimedia service delivered over IP-based networks supporting quality of service (QoS), quality of experience (QoE), security, interactivity, and reliability. This service is rapidly expanding to both wireless and mobile networks through mobile devices. This trend demands a seamless IPTV service architecture for those mobile devices in heterogeneous access networks. This is because the convergence of the heterogeneous access networks can resolve their own service-coverage limitations, eliminating dead spots. We first briefly research on the background and trend for the seamless IPTV service for heterogeneous networks. Next we propose a new system architecture taking the relevant technical issues into account. This architecture is mainly composed of three parts, (i) information of network conditions on client, (ii) signaling for communicating between client and server with information of network conditions, and (iii) adaptive streaming based on information of network conditions. The proposed architecture can be deployed on any Internet protocol layers such as application layer, transport layer and network layer. In this paper, we evaluate two cases such as (i) RTSP in application layer and (ii) SCTP in transport layer and compare them through the performance evaluation. The results in the evaluation show that the proposed architecture meets well the requirements of the minimum IPTV service performance recommended by ITU-T international standard for the QoE over heterogeneous access networks.

Applying the Extension Model to Management of Smart Objects

Considering the management problem for Internet of Things, existing IP-based network management protocols such as Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) and the Network Configuration (NETCONF) protocol may possibly be utilized to manage smart objects (the main components in Internet of Things). Based on the thinking of extension indicated by some network management standardizations, this paper tries to introduce Extenics into the study on management of smart objects. This paper proposes a simplified formalization for management of smart objects based on the extension model, and formalizes information, knowledge and policy related to Manager, Agent and Management Information Base (MIB) for management of smart objects by making use of basic-elements, compositeelements, extension transformations, dependent functions and extension sets. The case study of this paper shows that, the proposed formalized framework of Manager, Agent and MIB in the form of information-knowledge-policy for management of smart objects based on the extension model is feasible.

Unequal error protection for data partitioned H.264/AVC video broadcasting

Application Layer Forward Error Correction (AL-FEC) is becoming a popular addition to protocols for real-time video delivery over IP-based wireless networks. In particular, rateless codes are identified as suitable solution for AL-FEC due to their flexibility and capacity-approaching performance. Since each part of video data is not equally important for video reconstruction, it is beneficial to group it based on its importance, and then provide different degree of protection using Unequal Error Protection (UEP). Data partitioning (DP) is one such low-cost feature in H.264/AVC enabling partitioning of video data based on its importance. We propose schemes for the DP H.264/AVC video transmission using Raptor and Random Linear Codes (RLC) and investigate their performance as AL-FEC solutions in Digital Video Broadcasting. We provide comparisons between optimized Non-Overlapping Window RLC and Expanding Window (EW) RLC, which are two effective UEP RLC strategies. The results using realistic channel traces show viability of the EW RLC as a promising solution for multimedia broadcast applications.

Theoretical Analysis and Algorithm Design of High-Performance Packet Classification Algorithms

With the evolution of IP-based network architecture and the increase of network services,high-performance packet classification becomes a fundamental technology for high-speed network devices.In this survey,we introduce recent development of high-performance packet classification algorithms from theory to practice.First,we provide theoretical basis of the packet classification problem.Then we categorize and analyze existing packet classification algorithms according to different research directions.To evaluate system-level performance,we implement typical algorithms on both multi-core network processor and FPGA hardware platforms,and use real-life data sets for performance evaluation.Finally,we state our conclusion and discuss the future work on high-performance packet classification algorithms.

User-friendly Establishment of Trust in Distributed Home Automation Networks

Current wireless technologies use a variety of methods to locally exchange and verify credentials between devices to establish trusted relationships. Scenarios in home automation networks also require this capability over the Internet, but the necessary involvement of non-expert users to setup these relationships can lead to misconfiguration or breaches of security. We outline a security system for Home Automation called Trusted Domain that can establish and maintain cryptographically secure relationships between devices connected via IP-based networks and the Internet. Trust establishment is presented in a simple and meaningful way that allows non-expert users to make the correct security decisions when enrolling new devices. We propose a social remote mutual authentication method called the PictogramDB Hash designed to easily and accurately verify certificate hash values by visualizing them with sequences of pre-defined pictograms. This method is designed to scale from smartphones and tablets down to low-resource embedded systems. The presented approach is supported by an extensive literature study, and the ease of use and feasibility of the method has been investigated via user study and implementation.

Mobile flow-aware networks for mobility and QoS support in the IP-based wireless networks

As the volume of mobile traffic consisting of video, voice, and data is rapidly expanding, a challenge remains with the mobile transport network, which must deliver data traffic to mobile devices without degrading the service quality. Since every Internet service holds its own service quality requirements, the flow-aware traffic management in fine granularity has been widely investigated to guarantee Quality of Service (QoS) in the IP networks. However, the mobile flow-aware management has not been sufficiently developed yet because of the inherent constraints of flow routing in the mobile networks regarding flow-aware mobility and QoS support. In this paper, we propose a flow-aware mobility and QoS support scheme called mobile flow-aware network (MFAN) for IP-based wireless mobile networks. The proposed scheme consists of dynamic handoff mechanisms based on QoS requirements per flow to reduce the processing overhead of the flow router while ensuring QoS guarantee to mobile flows. The performance analyses of the proposed scheme demonstrate that MFAN successfully supports the mobile flow traffic delivery while satisfying the QoS requirement of flows in the wireless mobile IP networks.

IP 기반 네트워크에서 빠르고 확장성이 용이한 플로우 이동성 관리 방법

본 논문에서는 IP 기반의 이동 네트워크에서 빠르고 확장성이 용이한 상태 보존형 (Stateful) 플로우 라우팅을 포함하는 플로우 이동성 관리 방법을 제안하였다. 제안된 방식은 단말의 이동성을 고려하여 플로우 라우팅을 수행하는 크로스오버 플로우 라우터를 도입하여 분산적으로 플로우 이동성을 관리하도록 하였고, 이로써 기존의 IP 패킷 라우팅에 의한 기존의 이동성 지원 방법의 문제점인 긴 지연 시간과 이동성 관리 오버헤드 문제를 완화시킬수 있도록 하였다. 제안된 방식의 성능 분석을 수행하여 기존의 IP 기반 이동성 지원 방식들과 비교하였으며, 이를 통해 제안된 방식의 우수성을 증명하였다. In this paper, we propose a fast and scalable flow mobility management scheme based on the flow-based stateful routing for the IP-based mobile networks. The proposed scheme employees the crossover flow routers as mobility anchors to perform the distributed flow-based mobility management of the moving terminals, while aims to reduce the long handoff delay and the processing overhead of the existing IP packet routing. We evaluated the performance of the proposed scheme and verified the superior performance of the proposed scheme by comparing with the results of IP-based mobility management schemes.

An IPv4/IPv6 Traversal Scheme with Seamless Mobility Support over Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

This paper proposes a new IPv4/IPv6 traversal scheme based on a scalable network-based IP mobility management system, called Access Independent Mobile Service (AIMS), which can provide MNs with high-quality mobility services over various wireless access networks. The proposed AIMS with IPv4/IPv6 Dual Stack Support (AIMS-DS) scheme can support an MN moving continuously across the IPv4/IPv6 coexisting networks by IPv4/IPv6 address binding and dynamic transport control based on the IP-in-IP tunnel method. It inherits the novel features of the AIMS system including complete separation control and data planes in the core network and cross-layer (layer2 and 3) interworking method for handover control optimization. The performance evaluation results from our simulation study show that the proposed scheme properly handles a dual stack MN’s handovers across IPv4/IPv6 coexisting networks. It is also shown that the proposed scheme outperforms the existing approach in some performance factors including packet delivery latency and handover latency.

A service-oriented ZigBee gateway for Smart Environments

In the recent past Smart Environments, and in particular Smart Homes, have attracted the attention of many researchers and industrial vendors. In such environments, according to the Ambient Intelligence paradigm, heterogeneous devices may operate collectively using context information and intelligence that is usually hidden in the home networks. The networks of ZigBee devices play an important role in this scenario. However they require an easier interaction model with IP-based networks. This work presents an open source platform that seamlessly integrates ZigBee devices with applications running on smart phones and other connected devices available at home. It can be deployed on low-cost devices, such as Plug-PC, and it exploits the OSGi execution environment to discover devices and to notify the smart home of new available services.

TETRA Backhauling via Satellite: Improving Call Setup Times and Saving Bandwidth

In disaster management scenarios with seriously damaged, not existing, or saturated communication infrastructures satellite communications can be an ideal means to provide connectivity with unaffected remote terrestrial trunked radio (TETRA) core networks. However, the propagation delay imposed by the satellite link affects the signalling protocols. This paper discusses the suitability of using a satellite link for TETRA backhauling, introducing two different architectures. In order to cope with the signal delay of the satellite link, the paper proposes and analyzes a suitable solution based on the use of a performance enhancing proxy (PEP). Additionally, robust header compression (ROHC) is discussed as suitable technology to transmit TETRA voice via IP-based satellite networks.