IP Access Research Articles

The case for a holistic approach to IP law and access to medicines for least developed countries: an African perspective

The case for a holistic approach to IP law and access to medicines for least developed countries: an African perspective

The method of assessing the efficiency of tunneling management in trunk networks

The article deals with the method of evaluating the effectiveness of tunneling management in trunk networks with a focus on improving efficiency and optimizing data transmission. The relevance of creating a tunneling management technique in the context of growing traffic volumes and expanding the functionality of IP/MPLS networks is substantiated. It is noted that traditional control methods may be ineffective in the given environment, and the use of specialized models of network construction is a key factor for optimal use of tunnel resources. The main requirements for the trunk network technology are high bandwidth, speed of information transfer and scalability. The current state of the market and the needs of users require access to integrated network services, and the organization of virtual private networks, the provision of intelligent services. The growing demand for additional services implemented on top of simple IP access requires the development of backbone network architectures with virtually unlimited scaling capabilities, increased traffic processing speed, and unprecedented flexibility in terms of the organization of additional services. The MPLS technology allows for network integration, due to which service providers will not only be able to save the means invested in asynchronous transmission equipment, but also get additional benefits from the compatible use of protocols. It is proposed to use a specialized model to determine and optimize tunnel resources aimed at maintaining a high level of service quality. It is shown that with an increase in the load with an unchanged number of nodes, the time the packet stays in the tunnel increases, since the load served by each node increases, and therefore the total time the packet stays in the tunnel.

Non-Face-to-Face P2P (Peer-to-Peer) Real-Time Token Payment Blockchain System

With the increase in intelligent voice phishing and the increasing reliance on open banking systems, there has been a rise in cases where individuals’ personal information has been exposed, resulting in significant financial losses for the victims. Non-face-to-face transactions in the financial sector face challenges such as customer identification, ensuring transaction integrity and preventing transaction rejection. Blockchain-based distributed ledgers have been proposed as a solution but their adoption is limited due to the difficulty of managing private keys and the burden of gas fees management. This paper proposes a non-face-to-face P2P real-time token payment system that minimizes the risk of key loss by storing private keys in a keystore file and database through a server-based key management module. The proposed system simplifies token creation and management through a server-based token management module and implements an automatic gas-charging function for smooth token transactions. Transaction integrity and non-repudiation are ensured through a transaction confirmation module that uses transaction IDs without exposing personal information. Furthermore, advanced security measures such as blocking foreign IP access and DDoS defense are implemented to securely protect user data. The proposed system aims to provide a convenient, secure and accessible online payment solution to the public by implementing a self-authentication function using a web application that is not limited to smartphones or application platforms.

Raspberry Pi-Based IP Public Address, CCTV, and Access Control System for Educational Purposes

This paper presents a cooperative project developed by two technical vocational schools. The project consists of the design and implementation of a prototype of an IP Public Address, closed circuit TV (CCTV) and access control system that uses the "Raspberry Pi" single-board computer as control system and non-electronic parts made with a 3D printer. The aim of the project is training students in maintenance of Voice over IP, audio and video. The project has been funded by the regional government <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Xunta de Galicia</i> .

A comprehensive multi-topology minimum set cover link-state routing approach for emerging random all-IP access network topologies

Wireless access networks are ever-changing their setup, topologies and provisions of coverage. Forthcoming deployment trends include densification of cells and convergence of the ‘native IP’ with cellular access networks with more than best-effort expectations. Greater meshing in networks due to practical deployment requirements is inevitable and needed. This paper proposes a routing protocol to address the “randomness” of topology interconnections, routing paths and sizes in emerging IP access networks. Termed as Minimum Set Cover (MSC) approach, it is a generalization of the NP and NP complete mathematical problem. The offline component of the MSC multiplies intra-domain routing installations, called Routing Planes (RPs) modelled as graphs, to suitably cover the whole routing topology prior to the traffic injections in the online component. We introduce novel offline optimization features using a dynamic cost function that plans availability of capacities and correlation of routing paths via the chosen set of RPs. Our simulations verify effective path diversity using MSC with its modest protocol overhead and a heuristic used for RPs selection. For randomly constructed access network topologies with 7, 18 and 33 routers and various meshing levels, our results show convincing suitability and key performances gains compared with rival routing solutions.

Cloud Data Security Model Using Modified Decoy Technique In Fog Computing For E-Healthcare

In recent years, the cloud provides the facility of storing the possible files to a remote database which can be retrieved on demand. Healthcare cloud infrastructure is used to store the medical records which in turn help in managing and tracking the records of the user. The primary care providers use Electronic Medical Record (EMR) for diagnosing and evaluating medical data. Big data analytics is an important technology in enormous business areas which includes banking, social media, machine sensor data and medical welfare. Healthcare cloud provides various storage facilities such as Google drive, dropbox business and one drive in which security issues like data theft attacks to be considered as the serious security breaches of the cloud. In this paper, a modified decoy technique is proposed in order to ensure more security for the user’s Medical Big Data (MBD). The tri-party authentication key uses key agreement protocol which is modelled by bilinear pairing cryptography. The proposed system detects the attacker and sends the information such as IP address, access time and date to the user. It also provides the facility to block the account from further access. Using the triple-des algorithm in bilinear pairing the parameters like throughput is increased and computational complexity is decreased.

The Hybrid Traffic Offloading Mode for Disaster‐Resilient Communication Networks Based on User Mobility

Emergency communication systems play a major role in disaster‐relief environments. In terms of the public safety research, the emergency relief communication system can provide a high system capacity for networks based on the development of Long‐Term Evolution. However, in the event of a disaster, mass traffic information can cause congestion in the core network, and communications between relief workers may be limited. Consequently, spectrum efficiency can be very weak. This paper provides a hybrid traffic offloading mechanism combining Device‐to‐Device (D2D) and Local IP Access (LIPA) modes for the disaster‐resilient network. With receiving power, the distance between relief workers and the distance between relief workers and the vehicular eNodeB (VeNB) as the LIPA/D2D switching criteria, the network can select an appropriate mode to prevent core network congestion. This paper also considers the effects of the mobility models (i.e., random walk and random direction) on the spectrum efficiency of the disaster‐resilient communication system. The proposed hybrid LIPA/D2D traffic offloading mechanism can prevent the local communication traffic from flowing into the core network and significantly improve the system spectrum efficiency when the core network is under congestion. Therefore, the proposed mechanism can effectively improve the quality of the communication between relief workers served by the same VeNB for performing rescue operations. Moreover, the hybrid LIPA/D2D traffic offloading mechanism can be applied to the smart city and smart home in the future.

A Dose-Effect Study of Cisplatin Ototoxicity in Albino Guinea Pigs.

Introduction:Cisplatin is one of the most commonly used antineoplastic drugs; nonetheless, its ototoxic dose-limiting side effects have remained a significant challenge in clinical practice. The recognition of the exact template of hearing loss induced by multiple low doses of cisplatin could be of great help in managing the treatment process. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of multiple doses of this drug on the auditory system.Material and Methods:The present study was performed using an experimental guinea pig model in four groups as follows:1- 0.9% sodium chloride solution, 2- total dose of 7.5 mg/kg Cisplatin, 3- total dose of 10 mg/kg Cisplatin, and 4- total dose of 12.5 mg/kg cisplatin. The drugs were injected as 2.5 mg/kg/daily IP access in all groups. The auditory brainstem response (ABR) test was performed before the treatment and after every injection on a daily basis up to 72 h after the last injection.Results:There was dose-dependent significant hearing loss in all evaluated frequencies in three cisplatin groups. The general template of induced hearing loss during experimental days was almost the same in groups Cis7.5 and Cis10. In Cis 12.5 group, there was a jump in the threshold shift on the 5th day of the experiment and an upward trend in the function.Conclusion:As evidenced by the obtained results, the monitoring of hearing loss after every injection in patients who receive the drug and detecting the exact dose-dependent pattern of the induced hearing loss is of great help in controlling its undesirable destructive side effects on the auditory system.

Website Content Analysis Using Clickstream Data and Apriori Algorithm

Clickstream analysis is the process of collecting, analyzing, and reporting data of visited pages by visitor at the time of mouse clicks. Clickstream data are generally stored on a web server in the access.log file including IP Address data, reference pages, and access time. This study aims to analyze clickstream data by converting into the form of a comma sparated value (csv) so that the string inside of it could be grouped and stored in a database. The important information in the database was processed and retrieved by using one of the techniques in web mining called apriori algorithm analysis. Apriori algorithm implementation was done at the time of reading the database and table query analysis on the software developed. Results of this study were the statistics describing the level of access to web pages that were very helpful for web developers to develop web sites.

Accurate and Efficient Measurements of IP Level Performance to Drive Interface Selection in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

Optimal interface selection is a key mobility management issue in heterogeneous wireless networks. Measuring the physical or link level performance on a given wireless access networks does not provide a reliable indication of the IP connectivity, delay, and loss on the (bidirectional) paths from the Mobile Host to the node that is handling the mobility, over different heterogeneous networks. In this paper, we propose, implement, and analyze mechanisms for connectivity check and performance (network delay and packet loss) monitoring over IP access networks. We evaluate the accuracy and timeliness of the performance estimates and provide guidelines for tuning up the parameters. From the implementation perspective, we show that using application level measurements is highly CPU intensive, while a kernel based implementation has comparably a very low CPU usage. The Linux kernel implementation results in an efficient use of batteries in Mobile Hosts and intermediate Mobility Management Nodes can scale up to monitoring thousands of flows. The proposed solutions have been implemented in the context of a specific mobility management solution, but the results are of general applicability. The Linux implementation is available as Open Source.

Electronic Information Resource Optimisation in Academic Libraries: A Comparative Study on Licensing Provision of Commercial Publisher

&lt;p&gt;Electronic information resources are increasingly become an important component of the collection-building activities of libraries. This paper attempts to understand how far the licenses of commercial publishers support resource optimisation in general and what other important issues that are usually ignored by publishers, knowingly or unknowingly, but are essential for better resource optimisation. Five international publishers namely Elsevier, EBSCO, Sage, Springer, and Taylor &amp;amp; Francis were identified and analysed their agreements that are available in public domain with some model agreements like Liblicense model and model license developed by John Cox Associate. Study indicates that core part of the negotiations still remain price, IP access, display, ILL/document supply, etc. while important issues like perpetual access, archiving, self-archiving, copy of individual articles and share the same for non-commercial use by authorised users were minor issues of the contract. Furthermore, most of the obligations of the publishers that are identified as core issues in Liblicense model are also absent in commercial publishers’ license. A greater awareness of this to library managers is essential. They must be acquainted with the clause of the license agreement of commercial publishers and must negotiate to that extent so that the access should be uninterrupted.&lt;/p&gt;

Analysis of Practical Aspects of Multi-Plane Routing-Based Load Balancing Approach for Future Link-State Convergent All-IP Access Networks

With the expected surge in the global IP traffic, service providers would need to adapt accordingly to operate disruption and loss free networks supported with the developing IP infrastructure. With the disposal of the hierarchical network structure, radio access networks are moving towards a flat-IP architecture and novel topological set-ups in the backhaul. Hence, a routing paradigm that employs suitable Traffic Engineering (TE) techniques aligned with the developing nature of future access networks must be applied. It becomes imminent that the routing considerations for IP access networks converge with the ones found in conventional intra-domain routing. In this paper, Multi-Plane Routing (MPR) that consolidates various aspects in all-IP infrastructure is extensively studied in access network structures. We propose a MPR-based TE approach considering two different scenarios to reflect the evolution in the architectural design of access network structures under a realistic traffic scenario with a varying range of internal/external traffic. Moreover, a new optimization framework for the offline and online TE mechanisms of MPR have been formulated. Accordingly, a practical performance evaluation testing the validity of the aforementioned scenarios is presented. Our simulation results demonstrate extensive analysis in terms of several performance criteria in networks. It is convincingly shown that for ranges of topologies, MPR's utilization of whole topology in building path diversity in networks, allows for significant improvement of networks capacity, performance, and support for meshing.

Expanding Canadian Medicare to include a national pharmaceutical benefit while controlling expenditures: possible lessons from Israel.

In Canada, there is an ongoing debate about whether to expand Medicare to include a national pharmaceutical benefit on a universal basis. The potential health benefits are understood to be significant, but there are ongoing concerns about affordability. In Israel, the National Health Insurance benefits package includes a comprehensive pharmaceutical benefit. Nonetheless, per capita pharmaceutical spending is well below that of Canada and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development average. This paper highlights seven strategies that Israel has employed to constrain pharmaceutical spending: (1) prioritizing new technologies, subject to a global budget constraint; (2) using regulations and market power to secure fair and reasonable prices; (3) establishing an efficient pharmaceutical distribution system; (4) promoting effective prescribing behavior; (5) avoiding artificial inflation of consumer demand; (6) striking an appropriate balance between respect for IP rights, access and cost containment; and (7) developing a shared societal understanding about the value and limits of pharmaceutical spending. Some of these strategies are already in place in some parts of Canada. Others could be introduced into Canada, and might contribute to the affordability of a national pharmaceutical benefit, but substantial adaptation would be needed. For example, in Israel the health maintenance organizations (HMOs) play a central role in promoting effective prescribing behavior, whereas in HMO-free Canada other mechanisms are needed to advance this important goal.

A subjective scheduler for subjective dedicated networks

Multiple access technique is one of important techniques within medium access layer in TCP/IP protocol stack. Each network technology implements the selected access method. Priority can be implemented in those methods to differentiate services. Some internet networks are dedicated for specific purpose. Education browsing or tutorial video accesses are preferred in a library hotspot, while entertainment and sport contents could be subjects of limitation. Current solution may use IP address filter or access list. This paper proposes subjective properties of users or applications are used for priority determination in multiple access techniques. The NS-2 simulator is employed to evaluate the method. A video surveillance network using WiMAX is chosen as the object. Subjective priority is implemented on WiMAX scheduler based on traffic properties. Three different traffic sources from monitoring video: palace, park, and market are evaluated. The proposed subjective scheduler prioritizes palace monitoring video that results better quality, xx dB than the later monitoring spots.

Reducing Costs of LIPA Handover Through Bearer Reservation With Preemption

In long-term evolution-advanced (LTE-Advanced) networks, a local IP access (LIPA) mechanism allows packets to be routed locally between home eNodeBs (HeNBs) without being passed back to the core network. When a user equipment (UE) communicates with another UE through LIPA and hands over to an eNodeB (eNB), lots of unnecessary message exchanges are required to release and reestablish bearers between HeNB and eNB. To reduce the handover costs, we propose a bearer reservation with preemption (BRP) scheme to reserve bearers instead of releasing bearers for handover sessions. To ensure that normal sessions are not affected by the reserved bearers, the reserved bearers are preemptible by normal sessions. Results of performance evaluation show that, in most cases, more than $50 \%$ of message exchanges can be reduced by the BRP scheme.

Traffic Offloading 3-Tiered SDN Architecture for DenseNets

Fifth generation (5G) cellular networks demand high throughput with low levels of delay and congestion within the core network. Excessive throughput demands at the core network with the exponential increase in the number of mobile users and devices have become major challenges for 5G. Several techniques have been developed for offloading traffic at the front line of cellular networks. For example, Local IP access (LIPA) and selective IP traffic offload (SIPTO) are current data offloading technologies. In this article, we propose femtocell IP access (FIPA) and selective local controller traffic offloading (SLCTO) technique to offload traffic at the edge of the cellular network without forwarding it through the core network. Our proposed FIPA and SLCTO technologies rely on our previously proposed 3-Tiered software defined networking (SDN) architecture for dense networks (DenseNets). According to our simulations, FIPA and SLCTO over a 3-Tiered SDN architecture outperform existing offloading techniques with low delay, high throughput, and low cost.

펨토셀 네트워크에서 LIPA를 이용한 모바일 데이터 트래픽 오프로드 성능 분석

본 논문에서는 먼저 최근 급격히 증가하는 모바일 데이터 트래픽을 오프로드(Offload)시키는 Local IP Access(LIPA) 기술을 펨토셀 네트워크와 함께 소개한다. 이후, 전형적인 이동통신 시스템, 펨토셀 기반 시스템, 그리고 펨토셀과 LIPA를 함께 이용하는 시스템에서 댁내 모바일 데이터 트래픽을 전송할 때, 트래픽 전송시간과 이동통신 사업자망으로 전송되는 모바일 데이터 트래픽 확률에 대한 성능을 분석한다. 분석결과를 통해 차세대 이동통신 시스템에서 펨토셀과 LIPA를 함께 이용하면 이동통신 사업자망으로 전송되는 모바일 데이터 트래픽 부하를 감소시킬 뿐만 아니라 댁내 모바일 트래픽의 전송시간을 크게 줄이는 효과도 얻을 수 있음을 보인다. 즉, 전형적인 이동통신 시스템과 펨토셀 기반 시스템은 펨토셀과 LIPA를 함께 이용하는 시스템보다 인터넷 지연시간이 10ms에서 약 3배와 4배 정도 길었고, 인터넷 지연시간이 100ms에서 약 14배와 26배 정도 긴 결과를 보였다. In this paper, we first introduce a mobile data traffic offload method called Local IP Access (LIPA) with femtocell networks. Then, we evaluate the traffic transmission time and probability of mobile data traffic that is transmitted to the core network (CN) when mobile devices transmit the mobile data traffic to indoor devices in three different scenarios, i.e., conventional systems, femtocell based systems, and femtocell and LIPA based systems. Through performance results, it is shown that the next generation mobile network with the femtocell and LIPA not only decrease the density of the mobile data traffic in CNs but also reduce the total transmission time of the mobile data traffic in indoor environments. That is, for the traffic transmission time, the conventional systems and femtocell based systems have 3 and 4 times higher than the femtocell and LIPA based systems, respectively, when the Internet delay is 10ms while 14 and 26 times higher than that, respectively, when the Internet delay is 100ms.

A Performance Evaluation Programmable Architecture for Choice of Switching Paradigm in Hybrid Optical Networks

This article proposes an performance evaluation on architecture of hybrid optical network. The proposed architecture enables the definition of rules for classifying traffic flows of IP access networks. Furthermore, signals to hybrid optical network the most appropriate paradigm, Optical Circuit Switching (OCS) or Optical Burst Switching (OBS), to be used. The metrics used for the evaluation process were effective network usage and data delivery percentage. The performance evaluation results showed that hybrid architecture made programmable hybrid network and able to handle different types of traffic in order to make efficient use of network resources when compared to non-hybrid networks.

Traffic offloading techniques for 5G cellular: a three-tiered SDN architecture

There is an exponential growth in the Internet traffic and the Internet access from mobile users due to high traffic demands at core networks. The current core network capacity limits have become a major issue. Therefore, 5G will demand cellular networks with ultra low delay, high throughput and low congestion at the core network. To cope with aforementioned problems traffic at the frontline of the cellular networks are offloaded with improved mobility management for mobile users in such dense networks, which are called DenseNets by using User Rate-Perceived (URP) algorithm. Local IP Access (LIPA) and Selective IP Traffic Offloading (SIPTO) are currently used as data offloading techniques at the core network. In this paper, we propose two novel data offloading mechanisms: Femtocell IP Access (FIPA) and Selective Local Controller Traffic Offload (SLCTO) to offload traffic at the edge of the cellular network without passing through cellular core networks with decoupled control, as well as seamless handoff using URP algorithm. Also, we propose a Terrorism Prevention Control System (TPCS) to detect terrorist activities. These proposals such as FIPA, SLCTO, and URP for 3-Tiered SDN architecture achieve low delay, high throughput, and low cost over other data offloading technologies.

QoS-aware multi-plane routing method for OSPF-based IP access networks

This paper presents a study of a method termed, multi-plane routing, that maximizes path diversity in IP routing and is targeted for IP access networks (AN). The motivation for the work is in the specific shortcomings of the conventional intra-domain IP routing principles such as “shortest-path” and “best-effort” when applied in IP ANs. We generalize these networks as the transit between the access routers and gateway and they range from a simple tree to meshed tree topologies. The method uses Multi-Topology OSPF standardized by the IETF and instantiates multiple OSPF installations in networks, each installation utilizing a portion of the topology in the conventional manner, i.e. routing plane (RP). Hence, all links are utilized by having at least one standard OSPF routing installation including them in the paths between access router and gateway. The method functions on extensions in routers and simple packet tagging allowing the routers to install and separate between paths of each RP. Routing is facilitated by the proposed method’s algorithms for network planning and traffic engineering. The former is called the offline algorithm rendering the optimum number of RPs in an arbitrary topology by independently setting link weights for each plane. The latter is called the online algorithm that applies a policy-based routing scheme for dynamically selecting the best RP based on the introduced QoS-aware cost function. The paper concludes by significant improvements in throughput, packet loss rate, session blocking and delays for numerous cases of topologies differing in numbers of networks nodes and degrees of meshing.