IoT Protocol Stack Research Articles

Investigation of Data Quality Assurance across IoT Protocol Stack for V2I Interactions

Networking protocols have undergone significant developments and adaptations to cater for unique communication needs within the IoT paradigm. However, meeting these requirements in the context of vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications becomes a multidimensional problem due to factors like high mobility, intermittent connectivity, rapidly changing topologies, and an increased number of nodes. Thus, examining these protocols based on their characteristics and comparative analyses from the literature has shown that there is still room for improvement, particularly in ensuring efficiency in V2I interactions. This study aims to investigate the most viable network protocols for V2I communications, focusing on ensuring data quality (DQ) across the first three layers of the IoT protocol stack. This presents an improved understanding of the performance of network protocols in V2I communication. The findings of this paper showed that although each protocol offers unique strengths when evaluated against the identified dimensions of DQ, a cross-layer protocol fusion may be necessary to meet specific DQ dimensions. With the complexities and specific demands of V2I communications, it’s clear that no single protocol from our tri-layered perspective can solely fulfil all IP-based communication requirements given that the V2I communication landscape is teeming with heterogeneity, where a mixture of protocols is required to address unique communication demands.

IoT concepts, characteristics, enabling technologies, applications, and protocol stack: issues and imperatives

IoT concepts, characteristics, enabling technologies, applications, and protocol stack: issues and imperatives

IoT concepts, characteristics, enabling technologies, applications and protocol stack: issues and imperatives

IoT concepts, characteristics, enabling technologies, applications and protocol stack: issues and imperatives

QuickCal: Assisted Calibration for Crystal-Free Micromotes

The single-chip micro mote (SC <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) is a crystal-free single-chip mote that brings us one step closer to the Smart Dust vision, in particular, as it can communicate with off-the-shelf IEEE802.15.4 and Bluetooth low energy devices. However, before it can be part of such networks, the crystal-free SC <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> chip needs to be able to accurately tune its communication frequency to synchronize to the network. This is a challenge since its onboard RC and LC-based resonating circuits have a drift rate that can be three orders of magnitude worse than crystal-based oscillators typically used in today’s radios. This article introduces QuickCal, a solution that allows an SC <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> chip to self-calibrate against off-the-shelf devices dedicated to assisting with its calibration. We show that an SC <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> chip can self-calibrate against this QuickCal Box in fewer than 3 min. We further validate that once it has self-calibrated, an SC <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> chip can reliably communicate with off-the-shelf IEEE802.15.4 devices. Finally, we demonstrate a heterogeneous network—composed of an SC <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> chip and an OpenMote device—implementing a full 6TiSCH Industrial IoT protocol stack, which uses time synchronization and channel hopping. This is the first time that a crystal-free radio is participating in a channel-hopping-enabled TSCH network.

A survey of security and privacy issues in the Internet of Things from the layered context

SummaryInternet of Things (IoT) is a novel paradigm, which not only facilitates a large number of devices to be ubiquitously connected over the Internet but also provides a mechanism to remotely control these devices. The IoT is pervasive and is almost an integral part of our daily life. These connected devices often obtain user's personal data and store it online. The security of collected data is a big concern in recent times. As devices are becoming increasingly connected, privacy and security issues become more and more critical and these need to be addressed on an urgent basis. IoT implementations and devices are eminently prone to threats that could compromise the security and privacy of the consumers, which, in turn, could influence its practical deployment. In recent past, some research has been carried out to secure IoT devices with an intention to alleviate the security concerns of users. There have been research on blockchain technologies to tackle the privacy and security issues of the collected data in IoT. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the security and privacy issues in IoT systems. To this effect, the paper examines the security issues at each layer in the IoT protocol stack, identifies the under‐lying challenges and key security requirements and provides a brief overview of existing security solutions to safeguard the IoT from the layered context.

Performance Analysis of Internet of Things using Visible Light Communication

Internet of Things enables seamless interaction between connected devices. The growing popularity of IoT will increase the number of sensors and devices to be connected with Internet enormously, resulting in generation of Trillions of GBs of data. Most of the IoT devices have very less storage capacity and hence data generated are to be transmitted to IoT node head which takes care of processing. Data generated from ECG devices, Video surveillance systems are very large requiring a physical medium with high bandwidth for the connection between device and IoT node head. Further the objects plugged into Internet are most of the times powered by batteries requiring low power communication. Visible Light Communication (VLC) is one such technology that provides wide bandwidth up to 10Gbps with energy efficiency and thus it can be a potential solution for the above problem. In this paper we propose NS3 based IoT implementation using existing IoT protocol stack with Visible Light Communication as the physical medium considering error model. We achieve a throughput of 416 Mbps which is a significant improvement over Wireless Fidelity based IoT implementation which has a throughput of 91.2 Mbps under the same condition.

Coap Based Congestion Control Mechanism For Low Power Iot Networks

Internet of Things has billions of connected devices into internet. CoAP is a Constrained Protocol used in application layer of IoT Protocol Stack. CoAP is running on top of User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which means that, there is no possibility of congestion control in it, so CoAP is responsible for Congestion control mechanism. UDP has no knowledge on congestion control. IoT has significant resource constraint, due to this there are lots of design challenges in IoT network. This paper proposes a simple change in the CoAP protocol named CoCoA (CoAP Simple Congestion Control / Advance). CoCoA introduces novel Round Trip Time (RTT), VBF (Variable Back off Factor) and aging mechanism to calculate the dynamic and controlled Retransmission Time Out (RTO) for IoT Networks. This paper compared with the existing all the congestion control mechanism and the implementation result shows that the proposed mechanism is better than the existing mechanism in terms of throughput, power consumption, memory foot print and fairness index.

A survey on the Internet of Things security

PurposeInternet of Things (IoT) is a challenging and promising system concept and requires new types of architectures and protocols compared to traditional networks. Security is an extremely critical issue for IoT that needs to be addressed efficiently. Heterogeneity being an inherent characteristic of IoT gives rise to many security issues that need to be addressed from the perspective of new architectures such as software defined networking, cryptographic algorithms, federated cloud and edge computing.Design/methodology/approachThe paper analyzes the IoT security from three perspectives: three-layer security architecture, security issues at each layer and security countermeasures. The paper reviews the current state of the art, protocols and technologies used at each layer of security architecture. The paper focuses on various types of attacks that occur at each layer and provides the various approaches used to countermeasure such type of attacks.FindingsThe data exchanged between the different devices or applications in the IoT environment are quite sensitive; thus, the security aspect plays a key role and needs to be addressed efficiently. This indicates the urgent needs of developing general security policy and standards for IoT products. The efficient security architecture needs to be imposed but not at the cost of efficiency and scalability. The paper provides empirical insights about how the different security threats at each layer can be mitigated.Originality/valueThe paper fulfills the need of having an extensive and elaborated survey in the field of IoT security, along with suggesting the countermeasures to mitigate the threats occurring at each level of IoT protocol stack.

Time and Energy Efficient Relay Transmission for Multi-Hop Wireless Sensor Networks.

The IEEE 802.15.4 standard is widely recognized as one of the most successful enabling technologies for short range low rate wireless communications and it is used in IoT applications. It covers all the details related to the MAC and PHY layers of the IoT protocol stack. Due to the nature of IoT, the wireless sensor networks are autonomously self-organized networks without infrastructure support. One of the issues in IoT is the network scalability. To address this issue, it is necessary to support the multi-hop topology. The IEEE 802.15.4 network can support a star, peer-to-peer, or cluster-tree topology. One of the IEEE 802.15.4 topologies suited for the high predictability of performance guarantees and energy efficient behavior is a cluster-tree topology where sensor nodes can switch off their transceivers and go into a sleep state to save energy. However, the IEEE 802.15.4 cluster-tree topology may not be able to provide sufficient bandwidth for the increased traffic load and the additional information may not be delivered successfully. The common drawback of the existing approaches is that they do not address the poor bandwidth utilization problem in IEEE 802.15.4 cluster-tree networks, so it is difficult to increase the network performance. Therefore, to solve this problem in this paper we study a relay transmission protocol based on the standard protocol in the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC. In the proposed scheme, the coordinators can relay data frames to their parent devices or their children devices without contention and can provide bandwidth for the increased traffic load or the number of devices. We also evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme through simulation. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can improve the reliability, the end-to-end delay, and the energy consumption.