Ion Transport Mechanisms Research Articles

Exploring Ionic Transport Mechanisms in Solid Conductors: A Dual Perspective on Static Structural Properties and Anion Dynamics

Exploring Ionic Transport Mechanisms in Solid Conductors: A Dual Perspective on Static Structural Properties and Anion Dynamics

Scientometric Insights into Rechargeable Solid-State Battery Developments

Solid-state batteries (SSBs) offer significant improvements in safety, energy density, and cycle life over conventional lithium-ion batteries, with promising applications in electric vehicles and grid storage due to their non-flammable electrolytes and high-capacity lithium metal anodes. However, challenges such as interfacial resistance, low ionic conductivity, and manufacturing scalability hinder their commercial viability. This study conducts a comprehensive scientometric analysis, examining 131 peer-reviewed SSB research articles from IEEE Xplore and Web of Science databases to identify key thematic areas and bibliometric patterns driving SSB advancements. Through a detailed analysis of thematic keywords and publication trends, this study uniquely identifies innovations in high-ionic-conductivity solid electrolytes and advanced cathode materials, providing actionable insights into the persistent challenges of interfacial engineering and scalable production, which are critical to SSB commercialization. The findings offer a roadmap for targeted research and strategic investments by researchers and industry stakeholders, addressing gaps in long-term stability, scalable production, and high-performance interface optimization that are currently hindering widespread SSB adoption. The study reveals key advances in electrolyte interface stability and ion transport mechanisms, identifying how solid-state electrolyte modifications and cathode coating methods improve charge cycling and reduce dendrite formation, particularly for high-energy-density applications. By mapping publication growth and clustering research themes, this study highlights high-impact areas such as cycling stability and ionic conductivity. The insights from this analysis guide researchers toward impactful areas, such as electrolyte optimization and scalable production, and provide industry leaders with strategies for accelerating SSB commercialization to extend electric vehicle range, enhance grid storage, and improve overall energy efficiency.

Comprehensive insight of charge storage and ion transport in bioinspired nanostructure electrode-patterned supercapacitors by multiscale investigation

Supercapacitors with bioinspired leaves-on-branchlet hybrid carbon nanostructure-patterned electrodes show high areal capacitance and outstanding rate capability. However, the fundamental mechanisms of charge storage and ion transport in such a bioinspired supercapacitor at multiple length scales remain little explored. Herein, we develop a multi-scale model to comprehensively explore the mechanism of charge storage and ion transport, in which the finite-element-based Nernst-Planck-Poisson calculations are used for the macro-scale understanding, and molecular dynamics simulations for the atomic-scale investigation. High-throughput simulations are conducted to quantify the effect of the bioinspired structure, thermal influence, and size effect on the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors. An in-depth analysis of the simulation and experimental results demo some design advice are concluded, (1) engineering the hierarchical ordered electrode structure with sharp edges to promote charge storage and transfer, (2) designing the channel architecture with a width of ∼4 nm for avoiding size effect and improving the ion transport and storage performance. This work explores the electrochemical performance and structure properties of the devices which probably provide the designing and optimizing bases for achieving high-performance supercapacitors.

Evaluation of an Ag/AgF Reference Electrode for Electrochemical Measurements of Molten 2LiF-BeF2

Despite the wide application of molten fluoride salts, such as 2LiF-BeF2 (FLiBe), as heat transfer fluids, fuel solvents, and fusion blanket materials in advanced nuclear power concepts, the mechanisms of ion transport, speciation, and reaction kinetics in these systems have not been comprehensively characterized. Though electrochemical methods are powerful tools for probing these properties of molten fluorides, current studies are limited by the lack of a reliable thermodynamic reference electrode (TRE) compatible with the fluoride environment. The reference electrode designs used in fluorides can be classified into three main categories: quasi-reference electrodes (qREs), dynamic reference electrodes (DREs), and thermodynamic reference electrodes. qREs and DREs are not well suited to in-line measurements of molten fluorides since the reference redox couple of the noble qRE material cannot be assumed to be constant and the time scale of the DRE’s relaxation of the transient redox system is too short. Therefore, explorations of the FLiBe system have pursued the development of a TRE which can hold a thermodynamically stable reference potential for an extended time. Current designs using the H2/HF or Ni/Ni2+ couples suffer from either difficult handling of gas electrodes at high temperatures [1] or long equilibriation times. Since pure NiF2 does not melt at reactor operating temperatures (~500-1000°C), the NiF2 used must dissolve into a reservoir of supporting FLiBe, a process which takes over 30 hours. In this study, the performance of a reference electrode using the Ag/Ag+ redox couple is assessed for long-term electrochemical stability. The Ag/AgF system was chosen to address the limitations of the Ni/Ni2+ TRE, as the low melting point of AgF (Tmelt = 435°C) allows for the direct use of the pure salt in the electrode, eliminating the time-consuming dissolution step required for NiF2. The Ag/AgF TRE was constructed by melting AgF salt into a boron-nitride crucible fitted with a LaF3 fluoride membrane and inserting a silver wire into the salt reservoir. The stability and reproducibility of the electrode potential were evaluated through long-term open circuit potential measurements against a platinum qRE in a FLiBe melt at 600°C. The reversibility of the Ag/Ag+ reaction was assessed using a linear polarization study. Finally, the location of the redox potential was found by comparing the open circuit potential of the Ag/AgF TRE against a beryllium rod electrode. The development of a reliable and easy-to-operate thermodynamic reference electrode will facilitate future studies on the thermochemical properties of molten FLiBe while laying the foundation for advancing in-line monitoring and redox control in nuclear technologies. [1] Jenkins, Howard W., "Electrochemical Measurements in Molten Fluorides. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 1969. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/3072

High-performance S cathode through a decoupled ion-transport mechanism

A high-performance sulfur (S) cathode is essential for advanced lithium-sulfur (LiS) batteries. Issues such as shuttle effect of polysulfides and low conductivity of S need to be resolved. Here, we report a S-cathode prepared via constructing unique decoupled ion-transport network formed from soy protein-based ionic conductor with well-dispersed graphene, leading to mitigated shuttle effect and excellent dual-conductive capabilities, i.e., high electronic and ionic conductivities. The decoupled ion-transport mechanism, which is unconventional in polymeric systems, is enabled by appropriately maintaining the denatured soy protein structure during the cathode preparation, facilitating polysulfide trapping and providing high adhesion for the S cathode, confirmed by the experiment and simulation results. Consequently, the LiS battery with the protein-based S cathode demonstrates excellent rate performance and long cycling stability. In specific, the LiS battery with the protein-based S cathode shows ∼70 % capacity retention (∼504 mAh g−1) after 600 cycles under the current density of 0.5 A g−1. This work will initiate new scientific studies on introducing an unconventional ion-transport mechanism into electrodes for producing high-performance batteries.

Numerical study on heat and ion transport characteristics enables optimal design of aqueous thermocells for low-grade heat recovery

As a cutting-edge heat-to-electricity technology, thermogalvanic cells (thermocells) have great prospects in low-grade heat recovery due to its high Seebeck coefficient (Se), high scalability and low cost. Most of previous studies about aqueous thermocells have been focused on the overall performance by experimentally exploring advanced electrode and electrolyte materials, while very few simulation studies were reported before, leading to the unclear mechanisms of heat and ion transport inside the thermocell. In view of these challenges, this study aims to reveal the heat and ion transport characteristics of aqueous thermocells under various critical operating parameters, providing theoretical guidelines for further design and optimization of aqueous thermocells with fixed electrode and electrolyte materials. Firstly, a multi-physical model considering the diffusion, migration and convection was established and validated. Then, the effects of hot electrode temperature, electrode spacing and electrode orientation were evaluated on the thermocell performance from the aspects of distributions of multi-physical fields, overpotentials and overall performance. Finally, a prototype aqueous thermocell was proposed based on the understandings of restrictions associated with these operating parameters. Results indicated that each operating parameter can attribute to the variation of natural convection from the intensity and forms, and then affected the ion transport flux and overpotentials, and thus determined the power density of thermocells. These findings prompted the design and optimization of new aqueous thermocells, and the proposed prototype thermocell delivered the maximum power density of 0.43 W/m2, which was 115 % higher than that of the basic rectangular thermocell.

Advancements in Battery Materials: Bio-Based and Mineral Fillers for Next-Generation Solid Polymer Electrolytes.

The state-of-the-art all-solid-state batteries are expected to surpass conventional flammable Li-ion batteries, offering high energy density and safety in an ultrathin and lightweight solvent-free polymeric electrolyte (SPE). Nevertheless, there is an urgent need to boost the room-temperature ionic conductivity and interfacial charge transport of the SPEs to approach practical all-solid-state devices. Accordingly, loading filler grains into SPEs has been well-documented as a versatile strategy, promoting the overall electrochemical performance. In this era, using natural resources to extract filler additives has attracted tremendous attention to curb fossil fuel dependency. Also, there is a growing preference for materials that impose minimal environmental harm, are sustainable, and exhibit environmentally friendly characteristics. Therefore, mineral and biobased fillers, as natural-based additives, are strong candidates to replace traditional petroleum-based synthetic materials. Herein, we conduct a systematic investigation into the ion-transport mechanisms and fundamental properties of the filler-loaded SPEs. Additionally, recent advances in SPE architectures through embedding mineral and biobased fillers, as well as their hybrid compositions, are focused. Finally, the downsides and future directions are highlighted to facilitate further development and research toward revitalizing rechargeable battery-related technology. Overall, efficient methods for modifying SPEs through the use of natural resource organic and inorganic fillers are discussed, and technological advancements and related challenges are emphasized. Following the provided rational solutions to overcome major obstacles faced by SPEs, we hope to meet the demands of a greener future.

A near-single-ion conducting polymer-in-ceramic electrolyte for solid-state lithium metal batteries with superior cycle stability and rate capability

Composite solid-state electrolytes (CSE) represent a promising alternative to conventional porous separators and organic liquid electrolyte systems in commercialized lithium metal battery (LMBs), offering effective dendrite suppression, high interfacial compatibility and enhanced cycle life. This study introduces a polymer-in-ceramic electrolyte, which is synthesized by blending perovskite-type inorganic electrolyte Li1.5La1.5TeO6 (LLTeO) with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), denoted as PMMA/PVDF-LLTeO. The resulting CSE features a dense, non-porous structure, high mechanical strength, excellent thermal stability, and a broad electrochemical window. Notably, with the incorporation of a high ceramic filler content (up to 70 %), the CSE promotes a hybrid ion transport mechanism, yielding a near-single-ion conducting behavior with an ion transference number of 0.833, and a high elastic modulus of approximately 1 GPa. These attributes collectively contribute to the suppression of dendrite growth, as analyzed through multiphysics-based simulations. Li//Li symmetric cells using PMMA/PVDF-LLTeO-70 exhibit robust lithium stripping-plating stability, with a critical current density of 0.45 mA cm−2. Furthermore, the corresponding Li//LiFePO4 cells exhibit superior rate performance and cyclic stability, achieving over 150 cycles with a capacity retention rate of 92.2 % at high temperatures (60 °C). This research highlights the potential of the proposed CSE with high-temperature applications, significantly improving the safety and performance of LMBs

Solvation structures in weakly solvating solvents lead to hybrid vehicular/structural ion transport

Despite the reported benefits of weakly solvating electrolytes (WSEs), investigations on the solvation structures and ion transport mechanisms present in WSEs are limited. This is particularly the case for electrolytes containing the weakly solvating 1,2-diethoxyethane (DEE), which has shown great promise recently. It is for this purpose, we employ molecular dynamics simulations and quantum mechanical calculations to investigate the solvation structure and Li+ transport for lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) in DEE. From the results reported herein, it was found that at lower concentrations, solvent separated ion pairs are particularly stable, primarily due to the presence of FSI– in the second solvation shell of Li+. As the salt concentration increases, cation–anion complexes appear and form large aggregates. The presence of these large aggregates promotes a hybrid/structural diffusion mechanism at high concentrations, where Li+ ions readily exchange ligands with FSI– anions but remains coordinated with DEE molecules. Hence, the results reported herein investigate how the solvation structure influences transport properties in weakly solvating solvents and provides insights that can be used to optimize electrolytes for energy storage applications.

Solid‐State Revolution: Assessing the Potential of Solid Polymer Electrolytes in Lithium‐Ion Batteries

AbstractLithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) are crucial for achieving sustainable energy goals due to their high energy density and long cycle life. They dominate markets like consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and stationary energy storage systems. However, current LIBs use liquid electrolytes, which are toxic, flammable, and their liquid state does not resist dendrite growth, causing battery capacity decline and failure. Additionally, the limited availability of lithium and other metals makes liquid‐based LIBs less sustainable. On the other hand, solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) offer a safer alternative as they are non‐volatile and can resist dendrite growth. However, ion transport in solids is much more restricted than in liquids, while imperfect solid‐solid interfaces contribute to interfacial resistance leading to lower ionic conductivity and increasing Ohmic losses or requiring battery operation at elevated temperatures. Chemical and mechanical degradation of these interfaces can also result in battery capacity fade, and poorer cyclic performance compared to liquid electrolytes. Understanding the ionic transport mechanisms in SPEs is critical for designing and optimizing the nanostructure of polymers and polymer/electrode interfaces to overcome these limitations. In this review, the fundamental mechanisms of ion transport in SPEs will first be explored. Various state‐of‐the‐art approaches for addressing the key challenges in SPEs and their solutions are then discussed. Furthermore, the current status of SPEs is analyzed to determine their potential for replacing liquid electrolytes in the future.

Elucidating organic and nutrient transport mechanisms in polyelectrolyte modified membranes for selective nutrient recovery

This work focuses on understanding and analyzing the transport mechanisms of organics and nutrient ions (NH4+, K+) through polyelectrolyte-based membranes, aimed at the selective recovery of nutrients from nutrient-rich resources such as anaerobic digestate. In this study, commercial nanofiltration (NF) membranes were modified by the layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes, utilizing a wide range of parameters such as polyelectrolyte type, deposition pH, salt (NaCl) concentration, polymer cross-linking, etc. Such modifications resulted in membranes exhibiting characteristics that indicate a trade-off relationship between nutrient passage and nutrients/organics selectivity. Our findings suggest that nutrient passage is primarily facilitated by surface charge, while size-exclusion plays a vital role in retaining the organics. Ionically crosslinked polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) membranes exhibit superior nutrient passage (up to ∼30 % higher) compared to commercial NF membranes, while covalently crosslinked PEM membranes achieve higher (∼12 % higher) organics rejection. In addition, membranes with such covalent crosslinking exhibit intra-nutrient (NH4+/K+) selectivity of ∼1.8, when tested with binary NH4+/K+ mixtures – a rather surprising membrane property, since both ions have similar hydrated radii. This study provides a fundamental framework of membrane design for selectively recovering nutrients from a variety of nutrient-rich sources.

From grass to yeast; functional insights from heterologous expression of LfHKT2;1 in ion regulation

Saccharomyces cervisceae mutants lacking the major potassium trasnporters trk1 and trk2 show hypersensitivity to aminoglycoside antibiotic hygromycin (hyg). This study demonstrates that expression of the inward K+ transporter LfHKT2;1 can suppress this hygromycin sensitivity in the trk1, trk2 double mutant strain. Growth complementation was performed on solid yeast peptone dextrose (YPD) media supplemented with hygromycin B. Both, wild type and trk1 trk2 yeast strains exhibited growth inhibition in the presence of hygromycin. However the potassium uptake-deficient trk1 trk2 strain (control) showed complete growth arrest when exposed to hygromycin, while expression of LfHKT2;1 resulted in growth recovery. Increased sodium concentrations caused cellular toxicity in the trk1 trk2 strain, which was exacerbated by the addition of hygromycin to the media. The hypersensitivity of trk1 trk2 mutant yeast cells expressing LfHKT2;1 to sodium suggested the presence of an additional sodium uptake system on the membrane, which was further confirmed by transient GFP expression assays. These results provide conclusive evidence that heterologous expression of LfHKT2;1 confers both sodium and K+ uptake capabilities in hygromycin supplemented YPD media, thereby rescuing the growth of K+ transport-deficient S. cerevisiae mutants. This highlights the potential of plant gene expression in yeast as a valuable tool for studying ion transport mechanisms and gene function under stress conditions.

Electronic structure and chemical bonding in Ruddlesden - Popper phase BaLa2In2O7

Hydrogen energy is one of the ways to ensure environmentally friendly and sustainable development of human society. Solid oxide fuel cells are designed to produce energy using hydrogen as fuel. One of the most important components of solid oxide fuel cells is the electrolyte. New promising electrolyte materials are compositions with Ruddlesden-Popper structure, in particular BaLa2In2O7. However, the mechanism of ionic transport has not been studied. In this paper, the electronic structure and chemical bonding were examined using a combination of experimental methods and theoretical calculations. This article is the first step towards understanding the nature of the ion transport mechanism in the composition BaLa2In2O7 with Ruddlesden-Popper structure.

Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of Gas Crossover in an Alkaline Electrolyzer Using a Multifluid Model

A comprehensive three-dimensional, two-phase isothermal model is developed for an alkaline water electrolyzer, aimed to accurately simulate complex interactions at gas-liquid interfaces, ion transport mechanisms, and electrochemical reactions. The present model accounts for the local volume fraction of gas, the species spatial distributions and both electrical and electrolyte potentials. The crossover of the product gases is a result of diffusion of the dissolved species in the liquid phase. This work explores the role of parameters such as mass transfer coefficients and supersaturation within the cell. Despite the model demonstrating trends that are consistent with anticipated physical behaviors, it currently tends to underestimate the crossover effect.

Transport Mechanism of Hydroxide Ions Focused on the Vehicle Mechanism Near the Cation Sites in Anion Exchange Membranes

We investigated the transport factors of hydroxide ions in anion exchange membrane (AEM). We used partially fluorinated quaternized QPAF-4 polymer with trimethylammonium groups as the AEM material and analyzed it using classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Analysis of the dependence of density on water content (λ) suggested that the voids in the QPAF-4 polymer are fully filled with water molecules under high λ conditions (λ = 15), and as the polymer absorbs additional water molecules, it expands, resulting in a decrease in density. Furthermore, radial distribution function analysis and existence ratio analysis of hydroxide ions in the solvation shells of trimethylammonium groups indicated that increasing λ reduces the overlap of the first solvation shells and causes hydroxide ions to migrate from the first to the second solvation shell. This result indicates that these structural factors contribute to the enhanced diffusivity of hydroxide ions under high λ conditions.

Hypoxia Modulates Sodium Chloride Co-transporter via CaMKII-β Pathway: An In Vitro Study with mDCT15 Cells.

Hypoxia plays a crucial role in regulating various cellular functions, including ion-transport mechanisms in the kidney. The sodium-chloride co-transporter (NCC) is essential for sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT). However, the effects of hypoxia on NCC expression and its regulatory pathways remain unclear. We aimed to explore the effects and potential mechanisms of hypoxia on NCC in vitro. mDCT15 cells were treated with cobalt chloride (CoCl2) at a concentration of 300 μmol/L to induce hypoxia. The cells were harvested at different time points, namely 30 min, 1 h, 6 h, and 24 h, and the expression of NCC and CaMKII-β was analyzed using Western blot. A time-dependent upregulation of NCC and CaMKII-β expression in response to CoCl2-induced hypoxia. KN93 reversed the effect of CoCl2 on NCC and phosphorylated NCC expression. Hypoxia, mediated through cobalt chloride treatment, upregulates NCC expression via the CaMKII-β pathway in mDCT15 cells.

Advanced membrane contactor coupled with electrodialysis metathesis for efficient carbon dioxide capture and waste salt remediation

Rapid development of society has led to significant increases in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, primarily driven by intensified industrial activities and urbanization. Capture and utilization of CO2 not only mitigate greenhouse gas emissions but also support the transition towards a circular economy by recycling CO2 into high-value products. This study proposed a membrane contactor and electrodialysis metathesis (MC-EDM) for CO2 capture, NH4HCO3 generation, and NaHCO3 conversion. The MC facilitated the selective capture of CO2 from gas streams. Concurrently, EDM enhanced the NaHCO3/NH4Cl conversion from NH4HCO3/NaCl through selective ion transport mechanisms. The key influencing factors (e.g., gas flow rate, liquid flow rate, and ammonia concentration) for the MC process were optimized to achieve 1.014 mol/L NH4HCO3 concentration with 88.73 % yield and 78.94 % CO2 removal efficiency. Moreover, the parameters (e.g., solid-liquid ratio, membrane type, operating voltage, and salt component ratio) for the EDM process were optimized to achieve NaHCO3 with a 90.9 % yield and 97.80 % purity. Economic analysis indicated the overall process for NaHCO3 recovery was approximately 0.3267 $/kg. The cyclic experiments demonstrated the stability of MC-EDM for high-value NaHCO3 recovery. Thus, the MC-EDM pathways contribute significantly to reducing greenhouse gas emissions from industrial processes while promoting resource efficiency and economic sustainability.

Drying-Wetting Correlation Analysis of Chloride Transport Behavior and Mechanism in Calcium Sulphoaluminate Cement Concrete.

In response to rising CO2 emissions in the cement industry and the growing demand for durable offshore engineering materials, calcium sulphoaluminate (CSA) cement concrete, known for its lower carbon footprint and enhanced corrosion resistance compared to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), is increasingly important. However, the chloride transport behavior of CSA concrete in both laboratory and marine environments remains underexplored and controversial. Accordingly, the chloride ion transport behaviors and mechanisms of CSA concrete in laboratory-accelerated drying-wetting cyclic environments using NaCl solution and seawater, as well as in marine tidal environments, were characterized using the rapid chloride test (RCT), X-ray diffraction (XRD), mercury infiltration porosimetry (MIP), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results reveal that CSA concrete accumulates more chloride ions in NaCl solution than in seawater, with concentrations 2-3.5 times higher at the same water-cement ratio. Microscopic analysis indicates that calcium and sulfate ions present in seawater facilitate the regeneration of ettringite, thereby increasing the density of the surface pore structure. The hydration and repair mechanisms of CSA concrete under laboratory conditions closely resemble those in marine tidal conditions when exposed to seawater. Additionally, this study found that lower chloride ion concentrations and pH levels inhibit the formation of Friedel's salt. Therefore, laboratory experiments with seawater can effectively simulate CSA concrete's chloride transport properties in marine tidal environments, whereas NaCl solution does not accurately reflect actual marine conditions.

Ion Transport at Polymer-Argyrodite Interfaces.

Solid-state electrolytes, particularly polymer/ceramic composite electrolytes, are emerging as promising candidates for lithium-ion batteries due to their high ionic conductivity and mechanical flexibility. The interfaces that arise between the inorganic and organic materials in these composites play a crucial role in ion transport mechanisms. While lithium ions are proposed to diffuse across or parallel to the interface, few studies have directly examined the quantitative impact of these pathways on ion transport and little is known about how they affect the overall conductivity. Here, we present an atomistic study of lithium-ion (Li+) transport across well-defined polymer-argyrodite interfaces. We present a force field for polymer-argyrodite interfacial systems, and we carry out molecular dynamics and enhanced sampling simulations of several composite systems, including poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)/Li6PS5Cl, hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR)/Li6PS5Cl, and poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP)/Li6PS5Cl. For the materials considered here, Li-ion exhibits a preference for the ceramic material, as revealed by free energy differences for Li-ion between the inorganic and the organic polymer phase in excess of 13 kBT. The relative free energy profiles of Li-ion for different polymeric materials exhibit similar shapes, but their magnitude depends on the strength of interaction between the polymers and Li-ion: the greater the interaction between the polymer and Li-ions, the smaller the free energy difference between the inorganic and organic materials. The influence of the interface is felt over a range of approximately 1.5 nm, after which the behavior of Li-ion in the polymer is comparable to that in the bulk. Near the interface, Li-ion transport primarily occurs parallel to the interfacial plane, and ion mobility is considerably slower near the interface itself, consistent with the reduced segmental mobility of the polymer in the vicinity of the ceramic material. These findings provide insights into ionic complexation and transport mechanisms in composite systems, and will help improve design of improved solid electrolyte systems.

Progress in Researching the Ability of Geopolymer Concrete to Withstand a Penetration of Chloride Ions

Geopolymer concrete is an innovative environmentally friendly construction material, and the transportation of chloride ions plays a crucial role in determining its durability. This study provides a summary of the characteristics and limitations of the test techniques used to measure the resistance of geopolymer concrete to the permeability of chloride ions, based on the introduction of the chloride ion transport mechanism in geopolymer concrete. This text provides an overview of the features and constraints of the test techniques used to assess the resistance of geopolymer concrete to chloride ion permeability. It also explores the connections between the mechanism of chloride ion transport and the resistance of geopolymer concrete to chloride ion permeability. This paper provides a concise overview of the properties and constraints of the test methods used to measure the resistance of geopolymer concrete to chloride ion permeability. It also discusses the factors that can affect the chloride ion permeability resistance of geopolymer concrete and presents a comparison between different methods. The article continues by highlighting that the chloride transport model of geopolymer concrete is complex. The essay continues by highlighting the chloride transport model of geopolymer concrete, specifically focusing on the impact of individual parameters such as high temperature, freezing-thaw cycles, and the resistance of geopolymer concrete to chloride ion permeability. The study investigates the impact of freeze-thaw cycles, alkali admixture, and water glass modulus on the resistance of geopolymer concrete to chloride penetration. The infiltration of chloride, as well as the precision of determining the concentration border of chloride ions for colour rendering, require further in-depth investigation.