Ionic Flotation Research Articles

ALKYLBENZENESULFONIC ACID AS A REAGENT FOR FLOTATION EXTRACTION OF LANTHANUM (III), SAMARIUM (III) AND TERBIUM (III) IONS

The anionogenic surfactant alkylbenzenesulfonic acid is proposed as a collector for ionic flotation of rare-earth elements. Stability of foams at various concentrations of alkylbenzenesulfonic acid has been preliminarily studied. Shaking 5 mL of solutions with 0.1 or 0.01 mol/L reagent containing for 30 s produces 15 mL of foam. This volume persists for up to 10 min, after which it degrades within 1.5 h. At the alkylbenzenesulfonic acid concentration of 0.001 mol/L, close to the critical micelle concentration, the volume of the formed foam is half as much and its destruction is slower. Further reduction of the alkylbenzenesulfonic acid content leads to the formation of scanty and unstable foams. The possibility of flotation recovery of three-charged ions of rare earth elements (lanthanum, samarium and terbium) with alkylbenzenesulfonic acid from their aqueous solutions with 0.001 mol/L concentration was considered. The influence of the molar ratio of lanthanide ions and alkylbenzenesulfonic acid, as well as the flotation time on the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the flotation process has been studied. Determination of rare earth elements recovery rate was carried out by their residual content in the solution after flotation. Alkylbenzenesulfonic acid predominantly acts as a precipitant in the studied processes. The surfactant ions remaining in the solution contribute to foaming. During flotation for 5 minutes the maximum recovery of lanthanum (III) was 97.21% at the metal vs. reagent ratio 1:3.5. For samarium (III) and terbium (III) a threefold excess of alkylbenzenesulfonic acid is optimal. The extraction of terbium (III) in this case reaches 91.72% for 5 min, samarium (III) – 86.84% for 10 min. For citation: Zabolotnykh S.A., Denisova S.A., Nagovitsyn R.R., Vaulina V.N. Alkylbenzenesulfonic acid as a reagent for flotation extraction of lanthanum (III), samarium (III) and terbium (III) ions. ChemChemTech [Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol.]. 2023. V. 66. N 3. P. 45-51. DOI: 10.6060/ivkkt.20236603.6651.

The Selection of Reagents for Ionic Flotation of Non-Ferrous Metals in the Series of N-Acyl-N'-Mezylhydrazines

A series of new ligands — N-acyl-N'-mesylhydrazines (MSH) — of the general formula RC(O)NHNHSO2CH3 has been obtained and considered as reagents for ionic flotation (IF) of non-ferrous metals (M(II). Reagents with a radical length of C6H13 and above form hardly soluble complexes with M(II) so it is possible to implement a kind of the ionic flotation techniques — “precipitate flotation”. The ranges of pH values of the most complete precipitation of cations from solutions have been determined. Precipitates of the metal complexes were isolated; their composition was confirmed by IR spectroscopy and elemental anal-ysis. The conditional values of the solubility product (SP) of the complexes [M(HL)2] were calculated. The dependence –lg SP = 11.8 + 0.61N is fulfilled for the MSH series and Cu(II) ions. The surface-active proper-ties of compounds with R > C6H13 were established. The reagents with optimal radical length for ionic flota-tion were selected. The ionic flotation of non-ferrous metals with N-nonanoyl-N'-mesylhydrazine was carried out. The up to 95–99 % recovery of metal ions, separation of copper and associated metal ions in diapason of pH 5–6.5 was shown to be possible.

PGE Prospecting Features by Results of SP and Geoelectrochemistry Methods

Platinum-group elements (PGE) prospecting can be carried out with use of geochemical or geophysical methods. Geochemical methods can study objects located at the surface only, and geophysical methods are not always effective because of too low concentrations of PGE in the host rocks do not change the ores physical properties. Geoelectrochemical methods are suitable for deep-lying ores prospecting. Problem of movable forms creation of passive PGE can be fixed takin into account natural electrical processes. It is shown by laboratory experiment and tested during field works. Laboratory data confirmed the influence of electric current on the transition of PGE dozens presents in the dissolved form. The complex geophysical and geoelectrochemical surveys was carried out on the territory of Aganozerskiy (South Karelia), Svetloborskiy and Kachkanar (Middle Urals) massifs containing PGE mineralization. Preconditions for the creation of self-potential (SP) anomalies of redox nature are allocated within these massifs and characteristics of self-potential anomalies are investigated. SP sources are prerequisite for the mobile PGE forms halos creation if they are close to platinum mineralization zones. Moving up in the jet halos by natural ionic flotation mechanism and capillary rise in a circle of meteoric water evaporation and seepage can form zones of elevated concentrations of PGE secondary fixed forms near the surface, which can be detected by different geoelectrochemical methods. It can be concluded that geoelectrochemical methods are not always effective, but in the presence of sources of SP in a geological environment. The interpretation of the geoelectrochemistry anomaly for noble metals should take into account the effect of activators of the mobile forms formation.

Froth Flotation of Iron Ores

With the depleting reserves of high-grade iron ore in the world, froth flotation has become increasingly important to process intermediate- and low-grade iron ore in an attempt to meet the rapidly growing demand on the international market. In over half a century's practice in the iron ore industry, froth flotation has been established as an efficient method to remove impurities fro m iron ore. In this chapter, the industrial practice and fundamental research activities of iron ore flotation are reviewed. The latest innovations in iron ore flotation at major iron ore operations around the world are introduced. The development of flotation routes fro m direct an ionic flotation to reverse cationic flotation, and the rising of reverse anionic flotation in China in recent years is discussed. Although direct anionic flotation was the first flotation route employed in the iron ore industry, it was later largely replaced by the more efficient reverse cationic flotation route. The application of reverse anionic flotation in Ch ina in recent years effectively overcomes some flaws of reverse cationic flotation such as high reagent cost and high metal loss in desliming. The reagents used in iron ore flotation, including starch, amines and fatty acids, and the mechanisms of their interactions with the minerals in iron ore are examined. The p resence of some specific impurities other than quartz in iron ore, such as alu mina containing minerals, i.e. kaolinite and gibbsite, and phosphorous, is detrimental and attracts penalties. The removal of these specific impurit ies has received increasing attention in the iron ore industry. The industrial pract ice and latest research activities in this area are closely reviewed.

Concentration and recovery of halide complexes of aluminum subgroup metals by ionic flotation

The adsorption of chloride, bromide, and iodide complexes of aluminum, gallium, and indium on the liquid/gas interface activated by cetylpyridinium chloride, a cationic surfactant, was studied. The thermodynamic constants of the exchange of halide complexes with the chloride ion and the changes of thermodynamic functions for the ion-exchange adsorption on a floating air bubble surface activated by a cationic surfactant were calculated. The selectivity of exchange adsorption was found to grow with a decrease in the energy of the hydration of anionic complexes. The possibility of the selective flotation recovery of gallium and indium halide complexes from diluted solutions was shown.

Effect of chlorides on cerium(III) and samarium(III) ionic flotation

The ionic flotation of cerium(III) and samarium(III) from nitrate solutions with sodium dodecylsulfate as a collector and sodium chloride addition was studied. Dependences of distribution coefficients and a separation factor on the aqueous phase pH at various concentrations of chloride ions were determined.

Asymmetric 1,2-diacylhydrazines as reagents for ionic flotation

The physicochemical properties (solubility, acidic-basic equilibria, stability to hydrolysis and oxidation, and kinetics of foam formation) of asymmetric 1,2-diacylhydrazines with the general formula C6H5C(O)NHNHC(O)R1 (where R1 = CH3, C2H5, and C3H7) and CH3C(O)NHNHC(O)R2 (where R2 = C7H15, C9H19, and C10H21), which are necessary to their evaluation as potential reagents, are investigated. By the example of 1-acetyl-2-octanoylhydrazine, it is shown that the reagents can be used for the removal of ions of Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) ammonia solutions with low metal contents by the ion flotation method. The maximum degree of recovery at pH 9.8 was Cu(II) 88.0, Co(II) 98.0, Ni(II) 99.5, and Zn(II) 95.0. The residual concentration of metal ions corresponds to the regulations for the maximum permissible concentrations of tap water.

Sulfur Containing Reagent for Ion Flotation and Spectrophotometric Determination of Palladium(II)

Abstract The recovery of palladium(II) from acidic aqueous solutions and sea water using 4-phenylthiosemicarbazide (HPTS) and oleic acid surfactant (HOL) has been studied by ionic flotation. Hydrogen ion concentration, foreign ions, temperature and reagent concentrations have been investigated for attaining the maximum efficiency of palladium(II) flotation. HPTS is used to develop a rapid and sensitive method for the spectrophotometric microdetermination of Pd(II). Various analytical parameters have been evaluated. Beer's law is obeyed over 2.0–14.5 ppm concentration range. The molar absorptivity of the formed 1:1 species is 0.49 x 104 L mol−1 cm−1 at 300 nm. The ligand protonation constant and the stability constants of its complexes with Pd(II) have been determined potentiometrically. The method is successfully applied to determine directly the added Pd(II) to sea water without flotation. Square-planar geometry was proposed for the isolated solid complex. Also, the flotation mechanism is suggested.

Silver Recycling from Photographic Bleach-Fix Baths by Ionic Flotation and Thermal Decomposition and Reuse of the Baths

Abstract Silver was recovered selectively by ionic flotation from photographic bleach-fix solutions containing Fe-EDTA. The collector chosen was sodium di-isobutyldithiophosphinate (Aerophine 3418A), which gives a well flocculated precipitate containing 34% Ag and floats in less than 5 minutes. For a collector concentration ranging between once and twice the silver concentration, the recovery rates reach 99% and they are not significantly affected by a pH variation from 4 to 8 and a temperature increase between 20 and 40°C. The desilvered solutions can be recycled in photographic processing, and pure metallic silver at 99.9% Ag is easily obtained from the precipitate phase by thermal decomposition at 900°C.

4844873 Separation and recovery of solids from liquids containing them using the ionic flotation process: Marc Lebon, vost Michgra/e/ le Prgra/e/, El Jdid, Pierre Blazy, Etampes, France assigned to Institut National de Recherche Chimique Applique

4844873 Separation and recovery of solids from liquids containing them using the ionic flotation process: Marc Lebon, vost Michgra/e/ le Prgra/e/, El Jdid, Pierre Blazy, Etampes, France assigned to Institut National de Recherche Chimique Applique

Solvation properties in iso-acidic media involving phosphoric acid

Concentrated solutions of mineral acids (phosphoric, hydrochloric, perchloric, sulfuric) are characterized, for an equal value of their water activity, by an equal R0(H) acidity level (iso-acidic solutions). By mixing them, we prepare what we call iso-acidic mixtures which keep the same acidity level as the constitutive solutions whatever the proportions; their redox and solvating properties depend both on the nature and on the ratio of the constitutive solutions. Reactivity variations for ionic species: Cl−, Br−,I−, diethyldithiophosphate (LET−), Si(W3Ol0)44−, Si(W3O10)45−, Cu2+, Cu+, Pb2+, Sn2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, Ag+, Fe3+, Fe2+, UO22+, U4+ in the iso-acidic mixtures are characterized by their ƒ solvation-transfer activity coefficients. Relations between ƒ coefficient values and complexation properties are established and it is shown that phosphoric acid has comparatively weak solvating properties toward most species. The possibility for anticipating reaction changes with the iso-acidic mixture composition by using the ƒ coefficients is demonstrated in the case of cadmium ionic flotation with diethyldithiophosphate and silver extraction with dithizone in carbon tetrachloride.

Flottation ionique du cadmium et de l'arsenic par un dithiophosphate dans les solutions concentrées en acide phosphorique

Ionic flotation of cadmium and arsenic III by sodium diethyldithiophosphate (CH 3CH 2O) 2PS 2Na is examined in concentrated solutions of phosphoric acid whose contents vary from 1 to 7 M/l. The flotation recovery rate of Cd and As is directly related to their degree of precipitation by the collector. It increases with the colligend concentration, the excess of the collector and the increasing level of H +. In both cases, the formed entities correspond to associated covalent compounds. Then, the charge of the colligand is not determinant. The preliminary analysis of the reactivity of ionic species in phosphoric acid solutions permits to interpret the results as above.

The relation between the solubility product of the compounds formed and the technological indices of ionic flotation

The relation between the solubility product of the compounds formed and the technological indices of ionic flotation