Ion-selective Electrode Meter Research Articles

Analysis of Fluoride Content in Alternative Milk Beverages.

Background: The dentist has a responsibility to provide nutritional counseling and fluoride consumption recommendations. The purpose of this study was to measure and compare the concentrations of fluoride in a large number of alternative milk beverages and bovine milk. Study design: Thirty-three milk alternatives, including 9 diverse types and 11 different brands, were analyzed using a fluoride ion-selective electrode (ISE) and an ISE meter. Fluoride concentrations were then compared among different types and between different brands. Results: Fluoride concentration ranged from 0.01 ppm (Malk® Pure Cashew Milk) to 0.80 ppm (Almond Breeze® Original Unsweetened Almond Milk) with a mean concentration of 0.32 ppm. When compared, bovine whole milk (0.03±0.00 ppm) was found to be significantly lower in fluoride than all samples analyzed except Malk Pure Cashew Milk, Soy Milk Vanilla, Rice Milk, and Pecan Milk. Major differences also existed between the same milk alternative types of different brands. Conclusion: The amount of fluoride varies among different types of milk alternatives and different brands. To ensure that the dental team can provide proper recommendations regarding fluoride use, manufacturers should consider placing fluoride concentrations on nutrition labels.

Evaluation of the analytical performance of a portable ion-selective electrode meter for measuring whole-blood, plasma, milk, abomasal-fluid, and urine sodium concentrations in cattle

A portable ion-selective electrode (ISE) meter (LAQUAtwin B-722; Horiba Instruments Inc., Irvine, CA) is available for measuring the sodium ion concentration ([Na]) in biological fluids. The objective of this study was to characterize the analytical performance of the ISE meter in measuring [Na] in whole-blood, plasma, milk, abomasal fluid, and urine samples from cattle. Method comparison studies were performed using whole-blood and plasma samples from 106 sick calves and 11 sick cows admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital, 80 milk and 206 urine samples from 16 lactating Holstein-Friesian cows with experimentally induced free water, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalances, and 67 abomasal fluid samples from 7 healthy male Holstein-Friesian calves fed fresh milk with or without an oral electrolyte solution. Deming regression and Bland-Altman plots were used to determine the accuracy of the meter against reference methods. The meter used in direct mode on undiluted samples measured whole-blood [Na] 9.7 mmol/L (7.3%) lower than a direct ISE reference method and plasma [Na] 16.7 mmol/L (12.7%) lower than an indirect ISE reference method. The meter run in direct mode measured milk [Na] 3.1 mmol/L lower and abomasal fluid [Na] 9.0% lower than indirect ISE reference methods. The meter run in indirect mode on diluted samples accurately measured urine [Na] compared with an indirect ISE reference method. We conclude that, after adjustment for the bias determined from Bland-Altman plots, the LAQUAtwin ISE meter provides a clinically useful and low-cost cow-side instrument for measuring [Na] in whole blood, plasma, milk, and abomasal fluid.

Effect of apigenin isolated from Aster yomena against Candida albicans: apigenin-triggered apoptotic pathway regulated by mitochondrial calcium signaling

Ethnopharmacological relevanceAster yomena, a perennial herb that grows mainly in South Korea, has been employed in the traditional temple food for antibiotic efficacy. Recently, it was reported that apigenin isolated from A. yomena has a physical antifungal mechanism targeting membrane against Candida albicans. Aim of the studyOur study aimed to investigate the biochemical responses underlying the antifungal activity of apigenin isolated from A. yomena due to lack studies reporting the investigation of intracellular responses of apigenin in C. albicans. Materials and methodsApigenin was isolated from the aerial parts of A. yomena. To evaluate apigenin-induced inhibitory effects and membrane damages, the measurement of the cell viability assay and the flux of cytosolic components were performed with at various concentrations. Intracellular external potassium and calcium levels were assayed by an ion-selective electrode meter, Fura2-AM and Rhod2-AM, respectively. Mitochondrial dysfunctions were analyzed by using JC-1, Mitotracker Green FM, and MitoSOX Red dye. H2DCFDA, glutathione, and MDA assay were used to detect oxidative damage. Also, flow cytometry was carried out to detect apoptotic hallmarks using Annexin V-PI, TUNEL, and FITC-VAD-FMK staining. Tetraethylammoniumchloride (TEA), Ruthenium red (RR), and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) were used as a potassium channel blocker, mitochondrial calcium uptake inhibitor, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, respectively. ResultsWe confirmed that there was no decrease of cell survival percentages in crude extracts of A. yomena treatment, however, only isolated apigenin has the antifungal effect in C. albicans. Apigenin triggered a dose-dependent mitochondrial calcium uptake followed by mitochondrial dysfunction, loss of the membrane potential and an increase in the mitochondrial mass and ROS. Apigenin also induced intracellular redox imbalance as indicated by the ROS accumulation, glutathione oxidation, and lipid peroxidation. Interestingly, NAC failed the restore the mitochondrial calcium levels and thus alleviate the mitochondrial damages, however, RR reduced the apigenin-induced redox imbalance. Furthermore, apigenin induced apoptosis activation marked by the phosphatidylserine exposure, DNA fragmentation, and caspase activation. The pro-apoptotic effect of apigenin was counteracted by RR and NAC pretreatment. In particular, RR significantly reduced the pro-apoptotic responses. ConclusionsApigenin isolated from A. yomena induced mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic pathway, and mitochondrial calcium signaling is main factor in its pathway in C. albicans.

Evaluation of a portable ion-selective electrode meter for measuring potassium concentrations in whole blood and plasma of calves

An ion-selective electrode (ISE) handheld meter (LAQUAtwin B-731; Horiba) has recently become available for the measurement of potassium concentrations [K+] in biological fluids. The ISE meter has the potential to facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of potassium balance disorders of critically ill cattle. The objective of this study was to characterise the analytical performance of the ISE meter in a study sample of hospitalised calves with a broad range of plasma [K+]. For the purpose of the study, whole blood and plasma samples from 125 calves (age≤3months) were used for analysis. The accuracy of the meter against the reference method (indirect ISE, Cobas c 311, Roche) was assessed using Passing–Bablok regression and Bland–Altman plots.The [K+] in whole blood as measured by the ISE meter in direct mode ranged from 2.4 to 9.9mmol/L. The meter measured whole blood [K+] as 3.8% higher than plasma [K+]. Passing–Bablok regression for whole blood [K+] measured by the meter against plasma [K+] determined by indirect potentiometry revealed a linear relationship that was almost identical to the line of identity. However, the Bland–Altman plot indicated that the meter measured plasma [K+] 5.1% lower than the reference method. This result was consistent with analytical differences of direct and indirect ISE methods in respect to variation in the plasma protein concentration. In conclusion, the LAQUAtwin B-731 meter provides an accurate, rapid and low-cost tool for the diagnosis of potassium derangements in critically ill calves, particularly when whole blood samples are analysed.

Seawater-Washed Activated Bauxite Residue for Fluoride Removal: Waste Utilization Technique

AbstractAdsorption of fluoride on seawater-washed activated bauxite residue (SWABR) was studied by using fluoride ion analyzer (ion-selective electrode meter). Bauxite residue from the Bayer proces...

Relationship between water, urine and serum fluoride and fluorosis in school children of Jhajjar District, Haryana, India

The present study was undertaken to determine the relationship between fluoride in water, urine and serum and dental fluorosis. The fluoride level in water and urine were measured spectrophotometrically by using acid zirconyl and SPADNS reagents, while the fluoride level in serum was determined by ion selective electrode meter. Dental fluorosis survey was conducted with the help of Performa prescribed by Rajiv Gandhi Drinking Water Mission and the use of Tooth Surface Index for Fluorosis. Mean fluoride values in water samples of Jhajjar City and Dadanpur and Dariyapur villages of Jhajjar District were measured to be 2.17 (range from 1.92 to 2.60 mg/L), 2.81 (range from 2.53 to 3.14 mg/L) and 2.22 mg/L (range from 1.63 to 3.33 mg/L), respectively. The mean fluoride values in the urine samples of children were found to be 1.51 (range from 0.05 to 2.64 mg/L), 1.71 (range from 0.69 to 2.80 mg/L) and 1.45 mg/L (range from 0.31 to 2.50 mg/L) at Jhajjar City and Dadanpur and Dariyapur sites, respectively. Serum fluoride was detected in the blood samples of children, who have high urinary fluoride at these three sites. The mean serum fluoride level was reported to be 0.15, 0.34 and 0.17 mg/L, respectively. A total of 842 children were also analyzed for dental fluorosis. The mean values of fluorosis-affected children in Jhajjar, Dadanpur and Dariyapur were 51.90, 94.63 and 36.84 %, respectively. A significantly positive correlation between water, urine, serum fluoride concentration and fluorosis was seen.

Antifungal activity of the cationic antimicrobial polymer-polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride and its mode of action

The antifungal activity of polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMGH) was studied against various pathogenic fungi. PHMGH had more potent antifungal activity than amphotericin B, which is a commonly used antifungal drug, and also showed no hemolytic and lactate dehydrogenase release activities in the range of 1.25–40.0 μg mL−1. PHMGH is a cationic polymer containing an amino group and a polymeric guanidine group. Based on its characteristics such as the cationic charge and hydrophobicity, the antifungal mechanism of PHMGH was investigated using Candida albicans, as a model organism. Flow cytometric contour-plot analysis and microscopy showed changes in the size and granularity of the cells after treatment with PHMGH. A membrane study using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene labelling indicated a great loss of phospholipid area in the plasma membrane following PHMGH treatment. To investigate the extent of the damage, fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled dextran leakage from large unilamellar vesicles was observed, indicating that PHMGH acts on the fungal membranes by inducing pore formation, with the majority of pore size being between 2.3 and 3.3 nm. This mechanism was confirmed with ion transition assays using 3,3′-dipropylthiacarbocyanine iodide and an ion-selective electrode meter, which indicated that membrane depolarization involving K+ leakage was induced. Taken together, these results show that PHMGH exerts its fungicidal effect by forming pores in the cell membrane.

Evaluation of 2 portable ion-selective electrode meters for determining whole blood, plasma, urine, milk, and abomasal fluid potassium concentrations in dairy cattle

Two low-cost ion-selective electrode (ISE) handheld meters (CARDY C-131, LAQUAtwin B-731; Horiba Ltd., Albany, NY) have recently become available for measuring the potassium concentration ([K+]) in biological fluids. The primary objective of this study was to characterize the analytical performance of the ISE meters in measuring [K+] in bovine whole blood, plasma, urine, milk, and abomasal fluid. We completed 6 method comparison studies using 369 whole blood and plasma samples from 106 healthy periparturient Holstein-Friesian cows, 138 plasma samples from 27 periparturient Holstein-Friesian cows, 92 milk samples and 204 urine samples from 16 lactating Holstein-Friesian cows, and 94 abomasal fluid samples from 6 male Holstein-Friesian calves. Deming regression and Bland-Altman plots were used to characterize meter performance against reference methods (indirect ISE, Hitachi 911 and 917; inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy). The CARDY ISE meter applied directly in plasma measured [K+] as being 7.3% lower than the indirect ISE reference method, consistent with the recommended adjustment of +7.5% when indirect ISE methods are used to analyze plasma. The LAQUAtwin ISE meter run in direct mode measured fat-free milk [K+] as being 3.6% lower than the indirect ISE reference method, consistent with a herd milk protein percentage of 3.4%. The LAQUAtwin ISE meter accurately measured abomasal fluid [K+] compared to the indirect ISE reference method. The LAQUAtwin ISE meter accurately measured urine [K+] compared to the indirect ISE reference method, but the median measured value for urine [K+] was 83% of the true value measured by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. We conclude that the CARDY and LAQUAtwin ISE meters are practical, low-cost, rapid, accurate point-of-care instruments suitable for measuring [K+] in whole blood, plasma, milk, and abomasal fluid samples from cattle. Ion-selective electrode methodology is not suitable for measuring [K+] in bovine urine.

Quick extraction and determination of potassium in fresh leaf sap and its use as a guide to potassium fertilization of canola, chickpea, and dwarf sunflower

Abstract Two simple methods to extract potassium (K) from fresh plant tissues for use as possible quick K tests: i) freeze/squeeze in which the tissue is frozen, thawed and extracted by placement in a syringe, and ii) press in which the sap is extracted by crushing fresh leaves in a garlic press, were evaluated. The K concentration in the leaf sap extracted using the two methods was determined using a hand‐held ion selective electrode meter. Two separate growth chamber experiments were conducted to evaluate method performance. In the first experiment, the relationships of fresh leaf sap K with total plant K and with K availability in the soil were determined using canola (Brassica campestris var. Profit) and wheat (Triticium aestivum var. Biggar). In the second experiment, canola (Brassica campestris var. Profit), chickpea (Cicer arientinum), and dwarf sunflower (Helianthus) were grown on two soils low in available K with six rates of added K. The fresh leaf K extracted by the two methods and measured usi...

Asymptomatic hyperbromidaemia detected as pseudohyperchloridaemia measured with an ion selective electrode meter

Six patients were found to have increased serum chloride concentrations when these concentrations were determined with an ion-selective electrode, but not when determined by continuous flow mercuric thiocyanate colorimetry or amperometric-coulometric titration. Their serum bromide levels of 1.8-8.0 mmol/l were much higher than those of 0.07-0.13 mmol/l in normal controls. The urinary bromide excretion, measured in two of these patients, was higher than that in normal subjects. No common symptoms or abnormalities in laboratory findings except hyperbromidaemia were found in these patients, who claimed not to have taken any drugs containing bromide. For determination of the incidence of subclinical hyperbromidaemia, the serum bromide concentrations were measured in sera of 1,323 outpatients sent to Tokushima University Hospital for routine measurements of blood chemistry over a one-month period. Five samples showed abnormally high bromide levels. It is concluded that subclinical hyperbromidaemia is not as rare as generally thought, though the aetiology of this state is unknown. Chloride determination with an ion-selective electrode can be used to screen for hyperbromidaemia, since increased levels of bromide ion result in apparently high chloride values.

Asymptomatic hyperbromidaemia detected as pseudohyperchloridaemia measured with an ion selective electrode meter.

Six patients were found to have increased serum chloride concentrations when these concentrations were determined with an ion-selective electrode, but not when determined by continuous flow mercuric thiocyanate colorimetry or amperometric-coulometric titration. Their serum bromide levels of 1.8-8.0 mmol/l were much higher than those of 0.07-0.13 mmol/l in normal controls. The urinary bromide excretion, measured in two of these patients, was higher than that in normal subjects. No common symptoms or abnormalities in laboratory findings except hyperbromidaemia were found in these patients, who claimed not to have taken any drugs containing bromide. For determination of the incidence of subclinical hyperbromidaemia, the serum bromide concentrations were measured in sera of 1,323 outpatients sent to Tokushima University Hospital for routine measurements of blood chemistry over a one-month period. Five samples showed abnormally high bromide levels. It is concluded that subclinical hyperbromidaemia is not as rare as generally thought, though the aetiology of this state is unknown. Chloride determination with an ion-selective electrode can be used to screen for hyperbromidaemia, since increased levels of bromide ion result in apparently high chloride values.