Ion Remediation Research Articles

Copper hexacyanoferrate cathode as a selective adsorbent for ammonium ions in sodium-rich solutions

Abstract Ammonium ion remediation has led to innovative methods, such as Faradaic redox reaction using Prussian blue. Our approach uses an adsorption reaction that is controlled by electric current instead of potential. By sweeping the potential through current control, selective adsorption of NH4+ was achieved in solutions with high concentrations of Na+ (ca. 1:50). The use of thick electrodes enabled ammonium levels to be reduced to environmentally acceptable levels in 3 steps, even from highly concentrated solutions of NH4+ (200 mmol/L).

Arsenic and cadmium ions remediation from aqueous solution using plant-derived iron NPs

ABSTRACT Water is essential for life, ecosystems, and economic growth. Water availability and quality are essential for health, agriculture, industry, making water management essential to sustainable development. Industrial waste such toxic chemicals, dyes and heavy metals pollutes water supplies today. Arsenic (As) and Cadmium (Cd) will be removed from water using plant-derived iron NPs in this experiment. NPs were synthesised from Ocimum tenuiflorum, Margosa, and Helianthus annuus. The percentage of arsenic and cadmium biosorption determined this method’s efficacy. To maximise heavy metal biosorption (%) from aqueous solutions, the Taguchi L16 orthogonal array (4 factors at 4 levels) was used to statistically optimise process parameters like Plant NP quantity, pH values, exposure time, and initial arsenic and cadmium concentrations. Maximum As and Cd biosorption (%) was 99.92% and 98.95% under optimum circumstances.

Investigating the efficacy of 1,2,4-oxadiazole decorated cross-linked polyamidoxime-based macromolecular networks in metal ions remediation

Investigating the efficacy of 1,2,4-oxadiazole decorated cross-linked polyamidoxime-based macromolecular networks in metal ions remediation

Biochar derived from peanut husks as an adsorbent to ammonium ions remediation from aqueous solutions

Biochar derived from peanut husks as an adsorbent to ammonium ions remediation from aqueous solutions

Nanocellulose-stabilized nanocomposites for effective Hg(II) removal and detection: a comprehensive review.

Mercury pollution, with India ranked as the world's second-largest emitter, poses a critical environmental and public health challenge and underscores the need for rigorous research and effective mitigation strategies. Nanocellulose is derived from cellulose, the most abundant natural polymer on earth, and stands out as an excellent choice for mercury ion remediation due to its remarkable adsorption capacity, which is attributed to its high specific surface area and abundant functional groups, enabling efficient Hg(II) ion removal from contaminated water sources. This review paper investigates the compelling potential of nanocellulose as a scavenging tool for Hg(II) ion contamination. The comprehensive examination encompasses the fundamental attributes of nanocellulose, its diverse fabrication techniques, and the innovative development methods of nanocellulose-based nanocomposites. The paper further delves into the mechanisms that underlie Hg removal using nanocellulose, as well as the integration of nanocellulose in Hg detection methodologies, and also acknowledges the substantial challenges that lie ahead. This review aims to pave the way for sustainable solutions in mitigating Hg contamination using nanocellulose-based nanocomposites to address the global context of this environmental concern.

Hydroxyapatite@cellulose@nZVI composite: Fabrication and adsorptive removal of doxycycline, Cr(VI) and As(III) from wastewater

In this study, a biogenic nanocomposite (HAP@CL@nZVI) was successfully developed using hydroxyapatite derived from eggshell waste, cellulose, and green-synthesized nano zero-valent iron for the removal of doxycycline (DOX), Cr(VI), and As(III) from aqueous solutions. Under optimized conditions, HAP@CL@nZVI demonstrated high adsorption capacity, with pH playing a critical role in the process with peak adsorption occurring at pH 8 for DOX, pH 2 for Cr(VI), and pH 7 for As(III). Mechanisms involved electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, and π-π interactions for DOX, while electrostatic interactions and surface complexation governed Cr(VI) and As(III) adsorption. The Langmuir isotherm model indicated monolayer adsorption processes, with maximum adsorption capacities of 74.07, 111.11 and 79.37 mg/g for DOX, Cr(VI), and As(III) respectively. Kinetic studies unveiled pseudo-first-order kinetics for DOX and pseudo-second-order kinetics for Cr(VI) and As(III). The study highlights strong regeneration potential of HAP@CL@nZVI, rendering it a sustainable, eco-friendly adsorbent for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment and toxic metal ion remediation.

Biosorptive removal of selected metal ions from simulated wastewater using highly metal-resistant bacteria

Abstract In the current scenario of the need for cost-effective remediation, our study aimed to assess the remedial potential of bacteria obtained from metal-rich wastewater. To simulate the conditions, we prepared wastewater containing five toxic metals (Cu, Cr, Ni, Fe, and Pb). Two types of metal-resistant bacteria were isolated from a prominent wastewater drain in Lahore, Pakistan. These isolated bacteria were thoroughly characterized, both phenotypically and genotypically. Subsequently, the isolated bacteria were exposed to the wastewater solution containing each of the aforementioned metals at a concentration of 250 ppm. The exposed isolates were then incubated for a duration of 15 days. After 5 days, we measured the uptake of metals by the bacterial isolates. Following the 15-day incubation period, we observed that the bacterial isolates demonstrated the maximum efficiency in removing metals, with approximately 47.5% of Fe, 77% of Ni, 75.75% of Cu, 64% of Cr, and 82.5% of Pb being removed. These findings have significant implications for the development of environmentally friendly and cost-effective strategies for metal ion remediation.

Study of synergistic effects induced by novel base composites on heavy metals removal and pathogen inactivation

The green-collar strategies for nanomaterial synthesis with novel structural competencies have received significant attention in nanotechnology owing to their potential benefits. The utilization of silica nanoparticles for wastewater treatment through heavy metal ions remediation is the focal point of the present study. With this intent, silica was extracted from bagasse ash by the sol-gel method and modified using chitosan. Chemical and physical characteristics of silica(S), silica/Chitosan (SCs), were reckoned through X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and the efficiency of synthesized biomaterials for removing heavy metal ions. Cadmium and Lead from wastewater was evaluated by conducting closed batch experiments. Isotherm and kinetics models were applied to understand the adsorption mechanism. Results of heavy metal ions removal showed that the S possesses the highest removal efficiency of 88% for cadmium. Equilibrium was established within 56 min following a Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order reaction. The synthesized biomaterials were also tested against the fungal (Aspergillus Niger) and bacterial strains (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) to determine their antimicrobial properties Maximum inhibition of 26 mm was shown by SCs for E.coli. Synthesized samples were not so effective for A.niger. The high adsorption potential of silica nanoparticles reveals their potential to treat wastewater containing inorganic pollutants like calcium and lead released from the sugar industry firsthand, thereby building a circular economy by controlling the pollution from source to sink. The synthesized silica nanoparticles and silica/chitosan biomaterials demonstrated high adsorption potential for heavy metal ions, making them promising candidates for integration into Algal Membrane Bioreactors to enhance wastewater treatment efficiency and remove toxic pollutants. Their multifunctional properties, including antimicrobial activity, also offer potential for improving microbial control within AMBRs, ensuring a more effective and sustainable wastewater treatment process.

Lead metal ions remediation in vitro, using centrifuge-assisted pectin extract a polysaccharide-based biomolecule.

Lead metal ions remediation in vitro, using centrifuge-assisted pectin extract a polysaccharide-based biomolecule.

Facile Strategy for Fabricating an Organosilica-Modified Fe3O4 (OS/Fe3O4) Hetero-nanocore and OS/Fe3O4@SiO2 Core-Shell Structure for Wastewater Treatment with Promising Recyclable Efficiency.

The development of a sustainable process for heavy metal ion remediation has become a point of interest in various fields of research, including wastewater treatment, industrial development, and health and environmental safety. In the present study, a promising sustainable adsorbent was fabricated through continuous controlled adsorption/desorption processes for heavy metal uptake. The fabrication strategy is based on a simple modification of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles with organosilica in a one-pot solvothermal process, carried out in order to insert the organosilica moieties into the Fe3O4 nanocore during their formation. The developed organosilica-modified Fe3O4 hetero-nanocores had hydrophilic citrate moieties, together with hydrophobic organosilica ones, on their surfaces, which facilitated the further surface coating procedures. To prevent the formed nanoparticles from leaching into the acidic medium, a dense silica layer was coated on the fabricated organosilica/Fe3O4 (OS/Fe3O4). In addition, the prepared OS/Fe3O4@SiO2 was utilized for the adsorption of cobalt(II), lead(II), and manganese(II) from the solutions. The data for the adsorption processes of cobalt(II), lead(II), and manganese(II) on OS/(Fe3O4)@SiO2 were found to follow the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, indicating the fast uptake of heavy metals. The Freundlich isotherm was found to be more suitable for describing the uptake of heavy metals by OS/Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles. The negative values of the ΔG° showed a spontaneous adsorption process of a physical nature. The super-regeneration and recycling capacities of the OS/Fe3O4@SiO2 were achieved, comparing the results to those of previous adsorbents, with a recyclable efficiency of 91% up to the seventh cycle, which is promising for environmental sustainability.

One-pot facile approach to design an efficient macro-porous polymeric matrix to remediate Hg(II)and Pb(II) from aqueous medium and its performance evaluation study by mathematical modelling

In the present scenario discharge of heavy-metal ions into water bodies is a global threat that is causing serious health hazards even in low concentrations. Thus, in order to remediate the heavy-metal [Hg(II) and Pb(II)] toxicity, an organic–inorganic hybrid functional porous metallo-polymeric network i. e, poly(Zirconyl methacrylate-co-1-vinyl imidazole) (pZrVIm) was fabricated via one-pot facile synthesis approach. The pZrVIm architecture has shown high removal efficiency for Hg(II) and Pb(II) aqueous medium even in extremely low quantities. Advanced instrumental techniques were used to characterize the structural and morphological characteristics of pZrVIm. Different experimental variables i.e., reaction time, pH, initial feed concentration, co-ion effects etc. were explored to examine adsorption behaviour. The maximum adsorption capacities (qmax) of pZrVIm5 were calculated as 168.06 and 162.34 mg g−1 for Hg(II) and Pb(II) respectively by the Langmuir isotherm model. Data from isotherms showed that monolayer adsorption on a homogeneous surface is the rate-limiting stage and followed pseudo-second-order kinetic process. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modelling was used to validate kinetics and isotherm data which revealed high accuracy of the model with correlation coefficient values (R = 0.99). Various types of isotherm models such as Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Temkin, Redlich-Peterson, Toth and Koble-Corigen have been studied to determine the adsorption phenomena. The pore diffusion model revealed breakthrough time of 91 h and 84 h, Hg(II) and Pb(II) with the feed concentration of 15 mg L−1 respectively. The study revealed that pZrVIm5 has great potential for heavy metal ions remediation for water treatment.

A “Zero-Cost” Adsorbing Hydroxyapatite-Based Material from Amazon Fishery Waste for Water Remediation and Nutrient Release for Agriculture

This paper puts forward the use of “low-cost/low-end” hydroxyapatite-based adsorbing materials prepared from Tambaqui fish cleaning residues (i.e., bones) by grinding and/or thermal annealing. The nature of raw materials and treatments practically resulted in a “zero-cost” adsorbent for atrazine pesticide and Co2+ ion remediation in an aqueous solution. Despite the distinctive character of the two contaminants, all adsorptions were found to follow pseudo-second order kinetics and Freundlich isotherm models. Pristine hydroxyapatite proved to be more effective in adsorbing atrazine at low concentrations due to interactions with collagen residues. Conversely, heat-treated materials demonstrated better adsorption performances for cobalt due to the removal of organic residues hindering access to the surface. On the other hand, lower adsorption affinities resulted into a faster and more efficient Co2+ release into water. The different behavior in terms of phosphate and cobalt release shown by the three hydroxyapatite-based absorbents can be exploited for differential liberation of targeted nutrients, with high seed germination rates. Considering circular economic principles, waste-derived hydroxyapatites may be potentially attractive for removing ionic species, minimizing water pollution stemming from heavy industry, and for their subsequent targeted release to edible plants, enhancing agricultural availability of mineral nutrients for soil fertilization.

Adsorption of Cr(VI) by NaOH-modified microporous activated carbons derived from the wastes of Amaranthus retroflexus, Magnolia soulangeana, and Tanacetum Vulgar L.: mechanism, isotherms, and kinetic studies.

The study was designed to synthesize microporous activated carbons from the wastes of three medicinal herbs by NaOH as an activator followed by pyrolysis. The prepared microporous activated carbons R. Weed (Amaranthus retroflexus Redroot pigweed modified with NaOH), S. Bod Magnolia soulangeana Soul-Bod treated with NaOH) and S. TY (Tanacetum Vulgar L. (Tansy) treated with NaOH) were deployed for dangerous Cr(VI) ion remediation from the aquatic system. The synthesized modified biosorbents were described by FT-IR, SEM, EDAX, and BET. Furthermore, it was found that biosorbent made from R. Weed seems to have a surface area of 588.155 m2/g and micropore volume of 0.331Cm3/g whereas biosorbent made from S. Bod and S. TY does have a surface area of 489.613 and 445.615 m2/g respectively. The effects of several variables such as pH, temperature, and contact time were explored. The kinetic studies were accomplished and it was noticed that equilibrium was confirmed at 6min for R. Weed while at 8 and 10min for S. Bod and S. TY respectively. The pertinence of different adsorption isotherms like Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin was explored. The optimum adsorption capacity for each adsorbent material in respect of monolayer coverage (Qmax) was calculated. The Qmax of Redroot pigweed (R. Weed), Soul-Bod (S. Bod), and Tansy (S. TY) biosorbents were 326.62, 181.69, and 108.14mg/g respectively. The adsorption kinetics was described using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order equations. Furthermore, it was found that each adsorbent material followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics which affirmed the chemosorption nature of adsorption. The thermodynamic variables that include ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS were determined for each adsorbent material. Moreover, the manufactured R. Weed biosorbent seems to have high recyclability. It will remediate Cr(VI) ions with a maximum remediation efficiency of up to 81% during six cycles of regeneration.

Enhanced Nitrate Ions Remediation Using Fe0 Nanoparticles from Underground Water: Synthesis, Characterizations, and Performance under Optimizing Conditions.

The presence of nitrates in water in large amounts is one of the most dangerous health issues. The greatest risk posed by nitrates is hemoglobin oxidation, which results in Methemoglobin in the human body, resulting in Methemoglobinemia. There are many ways to eliminate nitrates from underground water. One of the most effective and selective methods is using zero-valent iron (ZVI) nanoparticles. ZVI nanoparticles can be easily synthesized by reducing ferric or ferrous ions using sodium borohydride. The prepared ZVI nanoparticles were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area, and zeta potential. We aim to eliminate or reduce the nitrates in water to be at the acceptable range, according to the world health organization (WHO), of 10.0 mg/L. Nitrate concentration in water after and before treatment is measured using the UV scanning method at 220 nm wavelength for the synthetic contaminated water and electrochemical method for the naturally contaminated water. The conditions were optimized for obtaining an efficient removing process. The removal efficiency reaches about 91% at the optimized conditions.

Exposed carboxyl functionalized MIL-101 derivatives for rapid and efficient extraction of heavy metals from aqueous solution

Exploring efficient adsorbent for heavy metals remediation from wastewater and contaminated soil is a pursuing issue. Robust functionalized metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) represent one of burgeoning scavengers because of their tunable structural topology, designable functionalities and extraordinary affinity for heavy metal ions. In this present work, we report a facile and versatile strategy to synthesize a series of carboxyl-functionalized MIL-101(Fe) derivatives by microwaving a solution of organic ligands with varying carboxyl number and Fe3+ ions. The resulting MIL-101(Fe) derivatives were characterized using various techniques including scanning electron microscope (SEM), powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transformed infrared, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller specific surface area and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The intrinsically carboxyl-rich characteristic and large surface area of MIL-101-(COOH)2 afford fast adsorption kinetics (< 15 min) and high saturation capacity (467.6 mg/g) for Pb(II). Strikingly, it can efficiently capture Pb(II) possessing impressive adsorption efficiencies (> 90%) over a wide pH range of 4.5–11.0. Moreover, the resulting MIL-101-(COOH)2 simultaneously exhibited high affinity toward different types of heavy metal ions, including borderline Lewis acid (Pb(II), Cu(II) and Ni(II)), soft Lewis acid (Cd(II) and Hg(II)) and hard Lewis acid (Eu(III) and Cr(III)). Such impressive treatment for Pb(II)-contaminated lead-acid battery industrial wastewater (more than 96.7%) can be attributed to the coordination arising from abundant carboxyl groups in the pores of MIL architecture with target heavy metal ions. Significantly, these findings validate the exceptional potential of carboxyl-functionalized MIL-101(Fe) derivatives in the application of heavy metal ions remediation.

Fabrication of novel eco-friendly hybrid biocomposites based on carboxymethyl chitosan /polypropylene glycol @ activated carbon for the efficient removal of Cr (III) from the aquatic medium

ABSTRACT Different nonionic biocomposite frameworks were prepared by supporting carboxymethylated chitosan polypropylene glycol on active carbon and characterized using FTIR, XRD, and SEM. The prepared biocomposites comprised different modified chitosan to active carbon ratios. The biocomposites were achieved during the remediation of chromium (III) ions from an aqueous medium. The influences of pH, chromium (III) ions concentration, time, and weight used in the remediation process were extensively studied to point out the optimized process conditions. The assigned optimum conditions of chromium (III) ions remediation were as follows: 25°C, using 0.5 g sorbents, and 100 ppm of ions concentration for 300 min at semi-neutral to neutral pH range of 6–7 to attain removal efficiency of 98.1%. The process was followed by Freundlich adsorption isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics. The accumulation of ions onto biocomposites was regulated according to the intraparticle diffusion model. Increasing the active carbon-modified chitosan ratio in the biocomposites from 1:4 to 4:1, enhanced the remediation effectiveness of carboxymethylated chitosan in terms of equilibrium adsorption capacities increase from 67.93 to 70.25 mg/g. An opposing attitude was achieved by increasing the incorporated active carbon in the biocomposites during their antimicrobial efficiencies’ assessments. The study presents a low-cost, eco-friendly, highly effective eliminator for highly contaminated aqueous media with Cr3+ ions. Furthermore, the prepared adsorbents exhibited high elimination efficiency in the presence of a high abundance of Cr3+ in the medium.

Metal-organic frameworks: A new generation potential material for aqueous environmental remediation

• Metal ion contamination is a major cause of water pollution. • MOFs displayed excellent adsorption performance towards metal ion decontamination. • Brief discussion on types, synthesis and characterisation of MOF materials. • Review of MOF-based nanoadsorbents for metal ion removal from aqueous medium. • Engineering advances and future perspective were highlighted. With the rapid increase in the human population, freshwater availability is decreasing at an alarming rate. A large amount of wastewater is generated every year due to rapid industrialization and agricultural development. Among the various organic and inorganic pollutants, metal ion contamination is a significant contributor to water pollution, which requires immediate and substantial remediation due to its high toxicity and detrimental effect on the environment and human health. Adsorption techniqueshave shown promising scope and are commonly used for water remediation and removal of metal ion pollutants. Recently, metal–organic framework (MOF), a novel three-dimensional porous and crystalline organic–inorganic cluster complex, has attracted increased attention for the adsorption of metal ion contaminants from an aqueous solution. These materials show unique properties such as high specific surface area (SSA), high and tunable porosity, flexible topology, and chemical functionality. This article compiles and reviews the recent progress in MOF-based materials as superior adsorbent materials for metal ion removal. A brief discussion of the various synthesis methods, characterization techniques, and a comparative study of the different MOF-based adsorbents and nanoadsorbents (NAs) for metal ion removal from water bodies are summarized. The effect of pH on the adsorption performance of the various MOFs and their selectivity towards specific metal ions in the presence of other metal ions in water has been discussed. The adsorption properties of the MOF-based materials are compared with those of other commonly used adsorbent materials. Finally, the review gives insight into the research gap and limitations of these MOF adsorbents in practical applications and the possible remediation techniques that can be employed for future research opportunities for advanced designing and development of cost-effective and efficient MOF for metal ion remediation.

Humic acid and nano-zeolite NaX as low cost and eco-friendly adsorbents for removal of Pb (II) and Cd (II) from water: characterization, kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamic studies

Humic acid as a green-sorbent was synthesized from marine sediments. While kaolin was modified to nano-zeolite NaX. Different tools such as FT-IR, SEM, EDX and XRD were applied to confirm the characteristics of the generated green-sorbents. Different factors such as pH, contact time, sorbent dosage, initial metal ion concentration, temperature and interfering ions were carefully examined and used to optimize the batch adsorption process for Cd2+ and Pb2+. A small dose of nano-zeolite of 100 mg was required to attain the maximum adsorption of Pb2+ at pH about 7, shacking time at 60 min and Pb2+ concentration at 30 ppm. Also, the maximum sorption capacity of Cd2+ ions on nano-zeolite was achieved in a neutral medium and very short contact time implying the economic feasibility of the adsorption process. In the case of humic acid, the maximum removal capacity for Pb2+ and Cd2+ was operated at acidic medium and shacking time was 40 min. Metal ions remediation results were evaluated by some adsorption isotherm models at different temperatures. The kinetic and thermodynamic variables were also computed. The data fitted very well with the linear Langmuir and the pseudo-second-order model implying a favourable adsorption process. The sorption of Cd2+ and Pb2+ was regulated by both external mass transfer and intraparticle diffusion steps over the whole range of concentrations, as shown by the results. The metal ions removal percentage from four real water samples by green sorbents were applied and provides good evidence of two sorbents as promising eco-sorbent for removal of heavy metal ions.

Polypyrrole-based adsorbents for Cr(VI) ions remediation from aqueous solution: a review.

Anthropogenic activities are principally responsible for the manifestation of toxic and carcinogenic hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) triggering water pollution that threatens the environment and human health. The World Health Organisation (WHO) restricts Cr(VI) ion concentration to 0.1 and 0.05 mg/L in inland surface water and drinking water, respectively. The available technologies for Cr(VI) ion removal from water were highlighted with an emphasis on the adsorption technology. Furthermore, the characteristics of several polypyrrole-based adsorbents were scrutinized including amino-containing compounds, biosorbents, graphene/graphene oxide, clay materials and many other additives with reported effective Cr(VI) ion uptake. This efficiency in Cr(VI) ions adsorption is attributed to enhanced redox properties, increased number of functional groups as well as the synergistic behaviour of the materials making up the composites. The Langmuir isotherm best described the adsorption processes with maximum adsorption capacities ranging from 3.40-961.50 mg/g. The regeneration of Cr(VI) ion-laden adsorbents was studied. Ion exchange, electrostatic attractions, complexation, chelation reactions with protonated sites and reduction were the mechanisms of adsorption. Nevertheless, there are limited details on comprehensive adsorbent regeneration studies to prolong robustness in adsorption-desorption cycles and utilization of the Cr(VI) ion-laden adsorbent in other areas of research to limit the threat of secondary pollution.

Application of oil palm lignocellulosic derived material as an efficient anode to boost the toxic metal remediation trend and energy generation through microbial fuel cells

Among the limiting factors for the application of MFCs at an industrial scale are low electron transfer rates and poor bacterial activity. The fabrication of advanced electrode material for microbial fuel cells (MFCs) is the most promising topic at present to overcome the said factors. The electrode modification with different metal oxides is the most effective method to improve electrode performance in terms of electron transference. Therefore, in the present work, green synthesized metal oxide (ZnO and TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) were introduced to lignocellulosic derived graphene oxide (GO) as nanocomposite anodes. The GO/metal oxide nanocomposite anodes provide attractive energy efficiency and metal ions remediation. The chromium and nickel supplemented wastewater was used in the present study to assess the MFCs' performance. The GO/ZnO and GO/TiO2 nanocomposite anodes offered higher power density (912 × 10−3 mW/m2: 608 × 10−3 mW/m2) and current density (70.17 mA/m2 and 65.78 mA/m2) than the GO (power density = 292 × 10−3 mW/m2 and current density = 35.08 mA/m2). Similarly, the remediation efficiency was found to be higher for GO/ZnO (Cr3+ = 98.50% and Ni2+ = 99%) and GO/TiO2 (Cr3+ = 92.40% and Ni2+ = 95.30%) nanocomposite anodes than the GO (Cr3+ = 85% and Ni2+ = 88.30%). Additionally, several electrochemical, biological, and multiple parameter optimizations studies were carried out and presented in this paper.