Ion Projection Research Articles

Response of Conilon coffee cultivars in the central cerrado in irrigated management pivot sprinkler

Coffee cultivation has been growing significantly, since the world demand has increased considerably in recent decades. Among the coffees, conilon coffee has been a good option for cultivation in the Cerrado, as it presents good production in areas of high altitudes, however the study of canefora coffee in irrigated system in the Cerrado is something recent. The work aimed to analyze the productive potential of superior clones of caneflower coffee cultivars through agronomic performance under irrigated conditions in the Central Cerrado and to select the outstanding clones for future use in genetic improvement programs. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of Embrapa Cerrados in Planaltina - DF, in a randomized block design with three replications. The cultivars evaluated were Diamante ES 8112, ES 8122 - Jequitibá and Centenária ES 8132, each composed of 9 clones totaling 27 conilon coffee genotypes, with different maturation times. The clones were planted with 3.5 x 0.5 m spacing in a center pivot irrigation system. The characteristics evaluated from two harvests (2018 and 2020) were: average grain yield (PMG); percentage of grains retained in sieve 16 (sieve > 16); percentage of mocha grains (GMO); average plant height (AP), crown projection (PC) and number of productive nodes (NNP). Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means were grouped by the Scott-Knott test at 5% significance level. Based on the result of the analysis of variance, there was a significant difference in all maturation cycles for the traits PMG, sieve > 16, GMO, AP, PC and NNP. The averages of grain size percentage in sieve size 16 or larger were distinct in the 3 groups analyzed. It was found that the averages of production of processed grains (PMG) were different in the two years evaluated, due to the environmental conditions imposed from one year to another. Within the clones, clone 207 presented the highest grain yield value in 2020 with 12493 kg ha-1. There was genotypic variability in the behavior of clonal varieties and their respective clones, being able to select clones and use them within breeding programs, for targeted crosses and subsequent development of new cultivars.

GDAL and PROJ Libraries Integrated with GRASS GIS for Terrain Modelling of the Georeferenced Raster Image

Libraries with pre-written codes optimize the workflow in cartography and reduce labour intensive data processing by iteratively applying scripts to implementing mapping tasks. Most existing Geographic Information System (GIS) approaches are based on traditional software with a graphical user’s interface which significantly limits their performance. Although plugins are proposed to improve the functionality of many GIS programs, they are usually ad hoc in finding specific mapping solutions, e.g., cartographic projections and data conversion. We address this limitation by applying the principled approach of Geospatial Data Abstraction Library (GDAL), library for conversions between cartographic projections (PROJ) and Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS) GIS for geospatial data processing and morphometric analysis. This research presents topographic analysis of the dataset using scripting methods which include several tools: (1) GDAL, a translator library for raster and vector geospatial data formats used for converting Earth Global Relief Model (ETOPO1) GeoTIFF in XY Cartesian coordinates into World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84) by the ‘gdalwarp’ utility; (2) PROJ projection transformation library used for converting ETOPO1 WGS84 grid to cartographic projections (Cassini–Soldner equirectangular, Equal Area Cylindrical, Two-Point Equidistant Azimuthal, and Oblique Mercator); and (3) GRASS GIS by sequential use of the following modules: r.info, d.mon, d.rast, r.colors, d.rast.leg, d.legend, d.northarrow, d.grid, d.text, g.region, and r.contour. The depth frequency was analysed by the module ‘d.histogram’. The proposed approach provided a systematic way for morphometric measuring of topographic data and combine the advantages of the GDAL, PROJ, and GRASS GIS tools that include the informativeness, effectiveness, and representativeness in spatial data processing. The morphometric analysis included the computed slope, aspect, profile, and tangential curvature of the study area. The data analysis revealed the distribution pattern in topographic data: 24% of data with elevations below 400 m, 13% of data with depths −5000 to −6000 m, 4% of depths have values −3000 to −4000 m, the least frequent data (−6000 to 7000 m) <1%, 2% of depths have values −2000 to 3000 m in the basin, while other values are distributed proportionally. Further, by incorporating the generic coordinate transformation software library PROJ, the raster grid was transformed into various cartographic projections to demonstrate distortions in shape and area. Scripting techniques of GRASS GIS are demonstrated for applications in topographic modelling and raster data processing. The GRASS GIS shows the effectiveness for mapping and visualization, compatibility with libraries (GDAL, PROJ), technical flexibility in combining Graphical User Interface (GUI), and command-line data processing. The research contributes to the technical cartographic development.

Whip-like heterophil projections: Best in show.

Whip-like heterophil projections: Best in show.

Comparison of MIROC5 and MIROC6 projections for precipitation over South Korea

Comparison of MIROC5 and MIROC6 projections for precipitation over South Korea

Feelers projection of the toe

Feelers projection of the toe

Virginia Crisp and Gabriel Menotti, Practices of Projection: Histories and Technologies

Virginia Crisp and Gabriel Menotti, <i>Practices of Projection: Histories and Technologies</i>

Revisiting the Structure of the Extended Nominal Projection in Korean and Cyclic Linearization

Revisiting the Structure of the Extended Nominal Projection in Korean and Cyclic Linearization

FOROS CHINA-CELAC E CHINA-CEEC (17+1): IDEIAS DAS TEORIAS DO REGIONALISMO

O regionalismo tornou-se um fenomeno global apos a Guerra Fria, devido a um grande aumento de acordos regionais em todo o sistema internacional. Nesse contexto, a China se tornou um defensor da cooperacao multilateral com seus vizinhos. No entanto, no inicio do seculo XXI, a China focou em regioes distantes de seu territorio. O objetivo deste artigo e explorar por que a China cria esses foruns com regioes geograficamente distantes? Que desenho e caracteristicas institucionais eles tem? Quais efeitos eles geram? Para isso, serao analisados ​​os principais argumentos levantados pela literatura regionalista e aqueles que observam a projecao internacional da China. Atraves de uma analise do Forum China-CELAC (America Latina e Caribe) e do Forum China-CEEC (Europa Oriental e Central), serao propostas possiveis explicacoes para entender a genese, o design e os efeitos dessas instituicoes intergovernamentais criadas pela China no inicio do seculo XXI.

A V-Raising Approach to the Focus Projection of the Operator –Man 'Only’

A V-Raising Approach to the Focus Projection of the Operator –Man 'Only’

Quick assessment of chicken spoilage based on hyperspectral NIR spectra combined with partial least squares regression

Pseudomonas spp. and Enterobacteriaceae are dominant spoilage bacteria in chicken during cold storage (0°C-4°C). In this study, high resolution spectra in the range of 900-1700 nm were acquired and preprocessed using Savitzky-Golay convolution smoothing (SGCS), standard normal variate (SNV) and multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), respectively, and then mined using partial least squares (PLS) algorithm to relate to the total counts of Pseudomonas spp. and Enterobacteriaceae (PEC) of fresh chicken breasts to predict PEC rapidly. The results showed that with full 900-1700 nm range wavelength, MSC-PLS model built with MSC spectra performed better than PLS models with other spectra (RAW-PLS, SGCS-PLS, SNV-PLS), with correlation coefficient (RP) of 0.954, root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.396 log10 CFU/g and residual predictive deviation (RPD) of 3.33 in prediction set. Based on the 12 optimal wavelengths (902.2 nm, 905.5 nm, 923.6 nm, 938.4 nm, 946.7 nm, 1025.7 nm, 1124.4 nm, 1211.6 nm, 1269.2 nm, 1653.7 nm, 1691.8 nm and 1693.4 nm) selected from MSC spectra by successive projections algorithm (SPA), SPA-MSC-PLS model had RP of 0.954, RMSEP of 0.397 log10 CFU/g and RPD of 3.32, similar to MSC-PLS model. The overall study indicated that NIR spectra combined with PLS algorithm could be used to detect the PEC of chicken flesh in a rapid and non-destructive way. Keywords: hyperspectral NIR spectra, chicken, dominant spoilage, partial least squares regression, quick assessment DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20211401.5726 Citation: Jiang S Q, He H J, Ma H J, Chen F S, Xu B C, Liu H, et al. Quick assessment of chicken spoilage based on hyperspectral NIR spectra combined with partial least squares regression. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2021; 14(1): 243–250.

Study of an optimal heating command law for structures with non-negligible thermal inertia in varying outdoor conditions

In this numerical study, an optimal energetic control model applied to local heating sources to prevent black-ice occurrence at transport infrastructure surface is addressed. The heat transfer Finite Element Model developed and boundary conditions hypothesis considered are firstly presented. Several heat powering strategies, in time and space, are then introduced. Secondly, control laws are presented with the objective of preventing ice formation while avoiding excessive energy consumption by taking also into account weather forecast information. In particular, the adjoint state method is adapted for the case of an operation without some continuous properties (discontinuous time heat sources). In such case, a projection from the space of continuous time functions to a piecewise constant one is proposed. To perform optimal control, the adjoint state method is addressed and discussed for the different powering solutions. To preserve some specific technical components and maintain their lifetime, operational constraints are considered and different formulations for the control law are proposed. Time dependent convecto-radiative boundary conditions are introduced in the model by extracting information from existing weather databases. Extension to updated inline weather forecast services is also presented and discussed. The final minimization problem considered has to act on both energy consumption and non-freezing surface temperature by integrating these specific constraints. As a consequence, the final optimal solution is estimated by an algorithm relying on the combination of adjoint state method and gradient descent that fits mathematical constraints. Results obtained by numerical simulations for different operative conditions with various weather conditions are presented and discussed. Finally, conclusion and perspectives are proposed.

Approximate calculation of the static analysis of a lifted stay cable in super-long span cable-stayed bridges

The sag effect of long stay cables is one of the key factors restricting further increase in the span of cable-stayed bridges. Based on the formerly proposed concept of long stay cables lifted by an auxiliary suspension cable in cross-strait cable-stayed bridges, corresponding static approximate calculations and analytical theory based on catenary and parabolic cable configurations are established. Taking a main span 1400 m cable-stayed bridge as the research object, three typical lifting conditions and the whole process of auxiliary cable lifting are analyzed and discussed. The results show that the sag effect is effectively reduced. The support efficiency is only improved when the cables are lifted above the original cable chord. Reduction of the horizontal component force of the cable is limited. The equivalent elastic modulus and the vertical support stiffness of the lifted cables are significantly increased with increased horizontal projection length and not sensitive to the change of the lifting point position. The scheme of lifting the cable to the chord midpoint is more economical because of the less steel required for the auxiliary suspension cable, but its effect on improving the vertical support efficiency is limited. The support efficiency is better when the cable is lifted to the cable end tangential to the original cable chord, but the lifting force and the cross-sectional area of the auxiliary suspension cable are doubled. The approximate calculation results of the lifted cables are very close to the numerical analysis results, which verifies the applicability of the approximation method proposed in this study. The results of parabolic approximation calculations are approximately equal to that of catenary cable geometry. As the parabolic approximation analysis theory of lifted cables is more convenient in mathematical processing, it is feasible to use parabolic approximation analysis theory as the analytical method for the conceptual design of lifted cables of super-long span cable-stayed bridges.

Simulation and projection of climate change using CMIP6 Muti-models in the Belt and Road Region

Simulation and projection of climate change using CMIP6 Muti-models in the Belt and Road Region

Проектирование однодетерминантных решений спин-поляризованных уравнений самосогласованного поля в базисе парных орбиталей

Представлена новая схема получения чистого спинового состояния для однодетерминантной волновой функции, построенной на орбиталях Хартри—Фока или Кона—Шэма. В основе лежит разложение неограниченного детерминанта по ограниченным детерминантам, построенным в базисе парных орбиталей. Проектирование позволяет выделить компоненты спиновой плотности, соответствующие чистым спиновым состояниям, и оценить вес спиновых контаминантов в спиновой плотности. Эффективность нового подхода продемонстрирована на примере реакции окисления метана. Показано, что самосогласованные решения уравнений Хартри—Фока или Кона—Шэма с нарушенной спиновой симметрией (broken spin symmetry) — это не артефакт однодетерминантного приближения, уравнения отражают реальную спиновую поляризацию, приводящую к появлению отрицательной спиновой плотности в некоторых частях молекулярной системы.

A new relaxed projection and its applications

A new relaxed projection and its applications

CT image reconstruction from ultra-sparse projection data

CT image reconstruction from ultra-sparse projection data

DE HOBBES A APPADURAI

Ao longo da construção do pensamento filosófico e político modernos, diversos teóricos desenvolveram a concepção de que, com o escopo de constituírem Estados organizados, harmônicos e pautados na segurança jurídica, as sociedades primevas estabeleceram termos e organizaram-se sob a égide de um pacto social. Tal preceito foi, nessa perspectiva, responsável pelo retardamento do processo natural de produção do inimigo, bem como pela garantia do desenvolvimento do corpo social. Entretanto, a análise do cenário contemporâneo, sugere a existência de Estados que não apresentam interesse em assegurar a essência do pacto aos sujeitos diretamente tutelados, seja por ações contrárias a essa premissa, seja por incapacidade do Estado ou pela omissão deliberada, o que se identifica com destaque na condição do refugiado. Nessa direção, o presente artigo, que utiliza como método a revisão de literatura, tem como objetivo evidenciar a crise do contrato social a partir da ótica do instituto do refúgio, estabelecendo conexões na ciência política moderna, por meio da leitura do conceito de geografia da raiva. A principal contribuição deste texto é o embasamento de uma percepção humanitária, na qual o instituto do refúgio – tão necessário como é -, em si, representa uma ruptura nefasta dos parâmetros mais básicos da sociabilidade. Denota-se, ao final, que o entendimento do refugiado como personagem de uma pactuação violada é noção elementar para a projeção de políticas e estratégias de inclusão e de promoção dos direitos humanos.

Desafíos de la responsabilidad administrativa ambiental en Cuba

En el presente trabajo se realiza un análisis de los desafíos que en materia de responsabilidad administrativa ambiental se le presentan a Cuba hoy, teniendo en cuenta las nuevas proyecciones en materia de desarrollo económico y social. En este sentido se aborda lo relativo a la actuación de la Administración en materia ambiental y el papel que le corresponde a la misma en el logro de una protección efectiva del ambiente. Igualmente, se realiza un breve recorrido por las cuestiones teóricas de trascendencia en el ámbito de la responsabilidad ambiental en sentido general, con referencias al plano internacional y nacional. En un segundo momento el trabajo se centra en el caso específico de la responsabilidad administrativa ambiental, con énfasis en el contenido del Decreto Ley 200/1999 «De las Contravenciones en materia de medio ambiente». Se realiza una valoración en torno a la regulación actual de la responsabilidad administrativa ambiental y se esbozan los principales desafíos que desde nuestra consideración enfrenta hoy Cuba en este ámbito.

Exploring ELT practices, teachers’ professional profile and beliefs: Analysing data from the PRIN survey and envisaging pedagogical projections

This paper presents selected findings emerging from the survey related to the PRIN Prot. 2015REZ4EZ questionnaire, created and administered by the Unit 3 of the same PRIN project. This tool of investigation was specially devised in order to research and acquire the main values and beliefs ascribable to a volunteer group of teachers, operating in the Italian territory and catering for different levels of education in the national system. From the authentic data collected, it is possible to draw an overall profile of those professionals engaged in the diversified educational contexts above referred to. Even though still connected to and partially influenced by a SE and native-speaker’s model authority, there is evidence of the presence of an active ELF-aware perspective emerging from the respondents; the qualifying questions where this aspect specifically occurs are analyzed in details, particularly in relation to which sociolinguistic model of English are those teachers inspired by in their teaching. Furthermore, those values and beliefs, in connection to the pedagogical approach of choice, are interpreted from a prospective point of view, envisioning their potential developments in the future, also projecting them into the frame of reference provided by a social constructivist model as designed by Kurt Kohn in MY English (2018) and further developments (forthcoming 2020). The emancipation of the ELF users and their adaptive appropriation of the lingual capabilities inherent in the ELF-aware approach, together with the acknowledgement of the ELF-users’ expressive means affordable according to that perspective, are highilighted, also in terms of individual and collective creativity, from the side of both teachers and learners, in the variegated educational contexts.

Uruguay en el acuerdo UE-MERCOSUR: economía política de posicionamientos e implicaciones

El artículo analiza desde la perspectiva de Uruguay el acuerdo entre la UE y el Mercosur, aprobado en una primera instancia en 2019. Se consideran los principales antecedentes del proceso de negociaciones y los posicionamientos políticos y sociales domésticos. Luego se realiza un balance general acerca de beneficios y costos esperados desde una perspectiva multisectorial, y se recorren algunos debates relevantes sobre la legitimidad de los TLC y su rol en las disputas respecto a la imposición de modelos económicos en pugna. Desde el reconocimiento de la necesidad imperiosa que tiene Uruguay de avanzar en la conformación de instrumentos para afirmar su proyección exportadora, las reflexiones finales introducen algunos elementos para lograr una mayor legitimidad y sustentabilidad social del acuerdo.