Ion Impregnation Research Articles

ZIF-8-Based Nitrogen and Monoatomic Metal Co-Doped Pyrolytic Porous Carbon for High-Performance Supercapacitor Applications.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) receive wide attention owing to their high specific surface area, porosity, and structural designability. In this paper, ZC-Ru and ZC-Cu electrodes loaded with monatomic Ru and Cu doped with nitrogen were prepared by pyrolysis, ion impregnation, and carbonization process using ZIF-8 synthesized by static precipitation as a precursor. ZC-Cu has a high specific surface area of 859.78 m2 g-1 and abundant heteroatoms O (10.04%) and N (13.9%), showing the specific capacitance of 222.21 F g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 in three-electrode system, and low equivalent series resistance (Rct: 0.13 Ω), indicating excellent energy storage capacity and electrical conductivity. After 10,000 cycles at 1 A g-1 in 6 M KOH electrolyte, it still has an outstanding capacitance retention of 99.42%. Notably, symmetric supercapacitors ZC-Cu//ZC-Cu achieved the maximum power density and energy density of 485.12 W·kg-1 and 1.61 Wh·kg-1, respectively, positioning ZC-Cu among the forefront of previously known MOF-based electrode materials. This work demonstrates the enormous potential of ZC-Cu in the supercapacitor industry and provides a facile approach to the treatment of transition metal.

Protonated C3N4 Nanosheets for Enhanced Energy Storage in Symmetric Supercapacitors through Hydrochloric Acid Treatment.

Next-generation electrochemical energy storage materials are essential in delivering high power for long periods of time. Double-layer carbonaceous materials provide high power density with low energy density due to surface-controlled adsorption. This limitation can be overcome by developing a low-cost, more abundant material that delivers high energy and power density. Herein, we develop layered C3N4 as a sustainable charge storage material for supercapacitor applications. It was thermally polymerized using urea and then protonated with various acids to enhance its charge storage contribution by activating more reaction sites through the exfoliation of the C-N framework. The increased electron-rich nitrogen moieties in the C-N framework material lead to better electrolytic ion impregnation into the electrode, resulting in a 7-fold increase in charge storage compared to the pristine material and other acids. It was found that C3N4 treated with hydrochloric acid showed a very high capacitance of 761 F g-1 at a current density of 20 A g-1 and maintained 100% cyclic retention over 10,000 cycles in a three-electrode configuration, outperforming both the pristine material and other acids. A symmetric device was fabricated using a KOH/LiI gel-based electrolyte, exhibiting a maximum specific capacitance of 175 F g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1. Additionally, the device showed remarkable power and energy density, reaching 600 W kg-1 and 35 Wh kg-1, with an exceptional cyclic stability of 60% even after 5000 cycles. This study provides an archetype to understand the underlying mechanism of acid protonation and paves the way to a metal-carbon-free environment.

Highly Ionic Conductive, Stretchable, and Tough Ionogel for Flexible Solid-State Supercapacitor.

The increasing demand for wearable electronics calls for advanced energy storage solutions that integrate high electrochemical performances and mechanical robustness. Ionogel is a promisingcandidate due to its stretchability combined with high ionic conductivity. However, simultaneously optimizing both the electrochemical and mechanical performance of ionogels remains a challenge. This paper reports a tough and highly ion-conductiveionogel through ion impregnation and solvent exchange. The fabricated ionogel consists of double interpenetrating networks of long polymer chains that provide high stretchability. The polymer chains are crosslinked by hydrogen bonds that induce large energy dissipation for enhanced toughness. The resultant ionogel possesses mechanical stretchability of 26, tensile strength of 1.34MPa, and fracture toughness of 4175Jm-2. Meanwhile, due to the high ion concentrations and ion mobility in the gel, a highionic conductivity of 3.18Sm-1 at room temperature is achieved. A supercapacitor of this ionogel sandwiched with porous fiber electrodes provides remarkable areal capacitance (615mFcm-2 at 1mAcm-2), energy density (341.7µWhcm-2 at 1mAcm-2), and power density (20mWcm-2 at 10mAcm-2), offering significant advantages in applications where high efficiency, compact size, and rapid energy delivery are crucial, such as flexible and wearable electronics.

Enhanced Mechanical Strength of Metal Ion-Doped MXene-Based Double-Network Hydrogels for Highly Sensitive and Durable Flexible Sensors.

Development of conductive hydrogels with high sensitivity and excellent mechanical properties remains a challenge for constructing flexible sensor devices. Herein, a universal strategy is presented for enhancing the mechanical strength of Mxene-based double-network hydrogels through metal ion coordination effects. Polyacrylamide (PAM)/sodium alginate (SA)/Mxene double-network (PSM-DN) hydrogels were prepared by metal ion impregnation of PAM/SA/Mxene (PSM) hydrogels. High electrical conductivity is achieved due to MXene nanosheets, while the strong coordination bond between metal ions and SA constructs a second network that increases the mechanical strength of the hydrogel by an order of magnitude. Mechanical tests demonstrated that the elastic modulus of hydrogels matches that of human tissues. Hence, they can be used as a highly sensitive electronic skin sensor to recognize the movement of different joints in humans and also as a pressure sensing interface to recognize characters for anticounterfeiting and information transfer. This work can promote the practical application of conductive hydrogels in high-tech fields, such as flexible electronic skin and interface interaction.

Thickness‐Independent Capacitive Performance of Holey Ti3C2Tx Film Prepared through a Mild Oxidation Strategy

The Ti3 C2 Tx film with metallic conductivity and high pseudo-capacitance holds profound promise in flexible high-rate supercapacitors. However, the restacking of Ti3 C2 Tx sheets hinders ion access to thick film electrodes. Herein, a mild yet green route has been developed to partially oxidize Ti3 C2 Tx to TiO2 /Ti3 C2 Tx by introducing O2 molecules during refluxing the Ti3 C2 Tx suspension. The subsequent etching away of these TiO2 nanoparticles by HF leaves behind numerous in-plane nanopores on the Ti3 C2 Tx sheets. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopyshows that longer oxidation time of 40min yields holey Ti3 C2 Tx (H-Ti3 C2 Tx ) with a much shorter relax time constant of 0.85s at electrode thickness of 25 µm, which is 89times smaller than that of the pristineTi3 C2 Tx film (75.58s). Meanwhile, H-Ti3 C2 Tx film with 25min oxidation exhibits less-dependent capacitive performance in film thickness range of 10-84 µm (1.63-6.41mgcm-2 ) and maintains around 60% capacitance as the current density increases from 1to 50Ag-1 . The findings clearly demonstrate that in-plane nanopores not only provide more electrochemically active sites, but also offer numerous pathways for rapid ion impregnation across the thick Ti3 C2 Tx film. The method reported herein would pave way for fabricating porous MXene materials toward high-rate flexible supercapacitor applications.

A high activity cathode of Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9 decorated Mn1.5Co1.5O4 using ion impregnation technique within a solid oxide fuel cell system

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is an electrochemical device for sustainable energy storage and conversion. This paper investigates the improvement of electrochemical performance by decorating Mn1.5Co1.5O4 (MCO) surface with Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9 (SDC) using ion impregnation technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that SDC is chemically compatible with MCO. Microstructure and electrochemical performances of SDC impregnating MCO materials have been studied. The area specific resistance (ASR) of SDC impregnating MCO composite cathodes is 1.63 Ω cm2 at 700 °C, lower than 5.23 Ω cm2 of MCO-SDC composite cathodes prepared by mechanical blending. The single fuel cell used SDC impregnating MCO composite cathode, SDC electrolyte and Ni/SDC anode shows the maximum power density of 366 mW cm−2 at 700 °C, it is significantly higher than that of MCO-SDC prepared by mechanical blending. The results indicate that ion impregnation method could promote the electrochemical performances of MCO cathodes more efficiently comparing with traditional mechanical blending method.

On the fabrication of atom probe tomography specimens of Al alloys at room temperature using focused ion beam milling with liquid Ga ion source.

In this work, a simple rectangular milling technique was demonstrated to prepare needle shape atom probe tomography (APT) specimens from Al alloys by focused-ion-beam (FIB) milling using Ga+ ions at room temperature. Ga has high miscibility in Al owing to which electropolishing technique is preferred over Ga+ ion FIB instruments for the fabrication of APT specimens. Although, site specific sample preparation is not possible by the electropolishing technique. This led to the motivation to demonstrate a new rectangular milling technique using Ga+ FIB instrument that resulted a significant reduction of Ga+ ion impregnation into the specimens. This is attributed to the reduction of milling time (<30 s at 30 kV acceleration voltage) and the use of lower currents (<0.3nA) compared to the conventional annular milling method. The yield of specimens during field evaporation in APT was also significantly increased from around 8 million ions to more than 86 million ions due to the avoidance of Ga+ ion embrittlement. Therefore, the currently demonstrated rectangular milling technique can be used to prepare APT specimens from Al-alloys and obtained accurate compositions of matrix, phases, and hetero-phase interfaces with Ga < 0.1at%. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Feasibility of using Ga+ ions for the preparation of needle shaped specimens at room temperature from aluminum alloys. Demonstration of using a rectangular milling technique instead of annular milling technique that led to a significant reduction in impregnation of Ga+ ions into the specimen needles. Due to very low Ga+ ion damage, the yield of the APT data increased by 10-12 times.

A High Activity Cathode of Sm0.2ce0.8o1.9 Decorated Mn1.5co1.5o4 Using Ion Impregnation Technique within a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System

A High Activity Cathode of Sm0.2ce0.8o1.9 Decorated Mn1.5co1.5o4 Using Ion Impregnation Technique within a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System

Template-assisted electrodeposited cupric oxide nanotubes and hierarchical nanospikes for tailoring electrode-electrolyte interfacial charge transfer

Morphological modification in materials aids multi-channel electron access sites for easier electrolyte ion access for many electrochemical devices including energy storage devices. Controlled synthesis of such multichannel morphologies of metal oxides offers significant challenges. Herein, we report a template-assisted electrodeposition technique for the synthesis of Cu nanowires, which are transformed into either CuO nanotubes by controlled annealing or CuO hierarchical nanospikes using a simple hydroxyl ion impregnation technique and subsequent annealing. These materials are tested as electrodes in charge storage systems in 6 M KOH electrolyte in a three-electrode system; both electrodes have shown battery-type charge storage behaviour. Despite the chemical similarity between the two materials, the CuO nanospikes electrodes showed improved charge transport between electrode-electrolyte interface compared to the CuO nanotubes. With the cost-effectiveness, easy availability, and multi-channel morphology of CuO nanospikes along with the promising performance of the electrode in a three-electrode system, the present research offers future potential in developing low cost and high performing energy storage devices.

Impact of sodium ion impregnation on the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activities of anatase/rutile mixed phase TiO2 nanomaterials

The synthesis of sodium ion impregnated anatase/rutile mixed phase TiO 2 material was done by sol- gel method for understanding the solar hydrogen production activities. The prepared materials were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction analysis, Raman spectroscopic analysis, diffuse reflected absorption spectroscopy and Transmission electron microscopy analysis. The presence of sodium ion can influence the crystallanity, crystallite size and the photocatalytic efficiency of mixed phase TiO 2 . The hydrogen evolution activities of the sodium impregnated TiO 2 and bare TiO 2 materials were compared by calculating the yield of H 2 gas evolved from the dissociation of H 2 O. Even though the presence of rutile/ anatase mixed phase TiO 2 is suitable for hydrogen evolution under UV/visible light irradiation, it was found that under UV/visible light, bare TiO 2 can act as a good catalyst and gave a hydrogen evolution value of 134 µmol after 5 hrs of irradiation from 20 mg of the catalyst. However the sodium impregnated TiO 2 material showed lower hydrogen evolution as compared to bare TiO 2 and showed a value of 34 µmol under similar experimental condition. The variation in hydrogen evolution may be exhibited due to high crystallinity, large crystallite size and higher percentage of the rutile phase in bare TiO 2 compared sodium impregnated TiO 2 material. This study will be helpful for understanding the effect of alkali metal ion in metal oxide semiconductor and further understanding their detrimental effect on photocatalytic water splitting and related applications.

Immobilization of Silver Nanoparticles on Chitosan-Coated Silica-Gel-Beads and the Antibacterial Activity

Silver nanoparticles (Ag0) have attracted the most attention due to their broad antimicrobial application and outstanding activity. The silver nanoparticles are usually in colloidal form, then immobilization the colloid onto solid support is still interesting to explore. In this work, a new method for silver colloidal nanoparticle immobilization on silica gel beads (SiG), which was then symbolized as Ag0-[chi-SiG] was conducted and characterized successfully. The finding proved that SiG must be coated with three chitosan film layers to give stable support for silver nanoparticles. This coating method caused the chitosan completely covered SiG, and the chitosan film provides coordination bonding for silver ions. The most appropriate solvent for silver ion impregnation on the surface of chi-SiG is methanol compared to other solvents. Tungsten lamp as the photo-irradiation, which is low cost and environmentally friendly has been proven effective for silver ion reduction, as shown by silver metal colloid UV-Vis surface plasmon resonance at 400-700 nm. Ag0-[chi-SiG] showed the antibacterial properties of inhibiting the growth Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli; then it provides the potential application for antibacterial filter material. According to the weight comparison between antibacterial standard and Ag content, then Ag0-[chi-SiG] has two and five times higher of exhibiting zone for each bacteria.

Effects of various treatment procedures and pulse power modes on the photoelectric efficiency of Ti-PEO photocatalysts

In this study, various treatment methods were developed to achieve suitable structural phase control for the oxide layer of Ti plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) photocatalysts to improve their photoelectric conversion efficiency. To achieve the aforementioned purpose and to increase the doping efficiency, a three-stage PEO manufacturing procedure was developed and applied. In the first stage, the porous morphology and specific structural phases of a pretreated layer were controlled for doping preparation. In the second stage, doping elements were added into the surface and pores of the pretreated layer using the impregnation method. Finally, in the third stage, PEO was performed with different control parameters. The treatment factors in this study were the amount of manganese ion impregnation; the porosity, pore diameter, crystal structure, and carrier used in the treatment process; and the applied power mode. The effects of structural phase control, the Mn+ impregnation concentration, and the applied power modes on the carrier concentration were studied. The results indicated that the designed treatment method can effectively control the characteristics of oxide layers. By applying the impregnation method, the doping amount of Mn+ was increased more than five-fold compared with that in the single-step PEO treatment. Furthermore, to understand the treatment mechanism, the absorption spectrum, doping efficiency, Mn+ distribution, and mass transfer mechanism (of anions and cations) were investigated under direct, pulsed unipolar, and pulsed bipolar current. Finally, the functioning of the manufactured Mn: TiO2 (PEO) photocatalyst was verified with toluene under ultraviolet A, blue, and white LED light.

The synergistic effect of P doping and Ni(II) electron cocatalyst boosting photocatalytic H2-evolution activity of g-C3N4

Doping heteroatoms and coupling cocatalysts are an effective way toward enhancing photocatalytic activity of semiconductor-based photocatalysts. Herein, Ni(II) modified P-doped g-C3N4 (NiPCN) was successfully prepared by an ion impregnation and phosphidation method. The Ni(II) as the electron cocatalyst and P-doping lead to 10 times of H2 evolution activity (1213 μmol h−1 g−1) compared with pristine g-C3N4 photocatalyst (117 μmol h−1 g−1). Detailed experimental results together with theoretical study revealed that the P-doping and Ni(II) as an electron cocatalyst can speed up electron transfer, leading to an enhancement of photocatalytic activity. The ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy results disclosed that the synergistic effect of Ni(II) as an electron cocatalyst and P doping helps to increase the carrier's lifetime, resulting in the efficient electron transfer and long-lived charge separation. It is believed that this work opens up a possible way for optimizing the separation of photoexcited carriers for photocatalytic H2-evolution. (~1761 ps) is much slower than that (τ2) of the CN (576 ps)

Microwave treated activated carbon from industrial waste lignin for denitrification of surface water

Highly porous adsorbent materials were developed from industrial waste lignin for denitrification of surface and groundwater. The effect of microwave treatment and zinc ion impregnation on denitrification capacities of the material was investigated. The denitrification efficiencies of prepared materials were investigated by performing batch and continuous column adsorption experiments. The effect of different experimental parameters, including initial nitrate ion concentration, solution pH, and contact time, was also investigated. Adsorption kinetic follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic mechanism. Adsorption isotherm follows the monomolecular adsorption and experimental data best fitted into the Langmuir isotherm model. Continuous column denitrification experiments were performed with granulated adsorbent at different experimental conditions to understand its applicability in the household water treatment unit. Thomas model breakthrough time and the nitrate removal efficiency increase with increasing bed depth, whereas it declines with flow rate and nitrate concentration. The economic viability and environmental friendliness were understood by conducting adsorption–desorption experiments with loaded materials. The performance of adsorbent did not alter significantly even after four consecutive adsorption–desorption cycles.

Rational Design of Bimetallic Oxide Multi‐Nanoarchitectures for High‐Rate and Durable Hybrid Supercapacitors

AbstractDesigning porous multi‐nanoarchitectures can be advantageous to reduce the ion impregnation and enhance the electrokinetics in the active materials of electrochemical energy storage devices. Herein, the nickel cobaltite (NiCo2O4) hybrid nanoarchitecture (NCO HNA) is prepared by using a facile wet‐chemical method, followed by calcination. The effect of surfactants on the evolution of morphology is comprehensively investigated. The NCO HNA prepared with both the carbamide and methenamine as surfactants (NCO‐C+M) demonstrates 1D nanorods along with 2D hexagonal nanosheets. Owing to its advantageous structural features, the NCO‐C+M electrode exhibits maximum areal capacity of 154.7 μAh cm−2 compared to the other electrodes, with decent capacity retention of 86.7% after 10 000 cycles. The hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) device is fabricated with NCO‐C+M as a positive electrode and activated carbon as a negative electrode. The fabricated HSC device delivers a superior areal capacitance of 221.7 mF cm−2 at 1.5 mA cm−2 and still retains 93.2% at a high current density. Besides, the HSC displays a high energy density of 67.8 μWh cm−2 and a high power density of 19545 µW cm−2, with good cycling efficiency (81.3%) after 10 000 cycles. The practicability of HSC is further tested by powering‐up various electronic components.

Magnesium ion impregnation in potato slices to improve cell integrity and reduce oil absorption in potato chips during frying

The effect of structural alteration of potato tissues by using divalent ions on oil uptake, texture, and color of deep-fat fried potato chips. The structure modification was achieved by sonication-assisted vacuum impregnation (SVI), with varying sonication times and soaking concentrations of MgCl2.SVI pretreated (sonicated by 50 min in a 15K magnesium solution) potato chips had 20% and 41% less oil content than the NSVI and control samples, respectively; and absorbed 29% more magnesium than the NSVI samples. The SVI pretreatment significantly affected product texture, color, shrinkage, and porosity.Potato chips treated with combined MgCl2 and CaCl2 received a significant higher score than the other two treatments because of the improved sample's texture (crispness).Microscopic analysis of SEM images showed a well-intact cellular structure and thicker middle lamelae after SVI treatment compared to the control samples.

Effect of Promoter M (M = Au, Ag, Cu, Ce, Fe, Ni, Co, Zn) on the Activity of Pd–M/Al2O3 Catalysts of Ethanol Conversion into α-Alcohols

Pd/Al2O3 and Pd–M/Al2O3 catalysts (M = Au, Ag, Cu, Ce, Fe, Ni, Co, Zn) were obtained by ion exchange and impregnation. Pd/Al2O3 had high initial activity in the conversion of ethanol into α-alcohols, but lost 90% of its activity after 10 h of operation because of deactivation caused by the chemisorption of the by-product (CO) on Pd atoms. Modification of Pd with gold or silver led to an increase in the rate of Pd deactivation. As a result, the Pd–Au and Pd–Ag systems were less active and stable. In contrast, the Pd–Fe, Pd–Co, Pd–Ni, Pd–Cu, Pd–Zn, and Pd–Ce systems exhibited higher resistance to CO poisoning than Pd and demonstrated high activity and stability. The observed tendencies in the catalytic action of the mono- and bimetallic systems were explained within the framework of the d band model proposed by Hammer and Norskov. Pd–Cu/Al2O3 was most effective in the target process; it is not poisoned by CO and allows ethanol conversion into α-alcohols at 95% selectivity, while the time of its stable operation is at least 100 h. The structure of the Pd–Cu catalytic system was studied by TEM, EDA, XPS, TPR-H2, and TPD-NH3. A model of active catalyst sites was proposed.

Treatment of high-ammonia-nitrogen landfill leachate nanofiltration concentrate using an Fe-loaded Ni-foam-based electro-Fenton cathode

Abstract In order to treat high-ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) landfill leachate nanofiltration concentrate (LLNC), an Fe-loaded, activated C-based Ni-foam composite electrode was prepared via ferrous ion impregnation and calcination in a nitrogen atmosphere. The composite electrode was used as a cathode and combined with a dimensionally stable anode (DSA) to form the electro-Fenton system. On the basis of single-factor experiments, a response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to evaluate the influence factors. A second-order polynomial was then obtained, and the optimum treatment conditions for the LLNC were found to include an applied voltage of 10 V, initial pH of 2.81, electrode spacing of 1.53 cm, chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate of 77.24 % at 300 min, and an applied voltage of 9.02 V, initial pH of 3.90, electrode spacing of 1.04 cm, and an NH3-N removal rate of 74.62 %. Three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy of the LLNC before and after the electro-Fenton reaction revealed that the fluvic and humic acid-like substances, as well as the soluble microbial byproducts, were effectively removed from the LLNC. These results indicate that the electro-Fenton system can both inhibit the consumption of Fe ions and efficiently reduce the pollution indices (e.g., COD, NH3-N, and color) of LLNC without the addition of a Fenton's reagent or the production of Fe-sludge.

RuO2/Co3O4 Nanocubes based on Ru ions impregnation into prussian blue precursor for oxygen evolution

Developing a highly efficient and cost-effective catalyst for the oxygen evolution is urgent for the application of water splitting. Herein, we report a Co-based nanocubes (NBs) containing an low amount of ruthenium oxide RuO2/Co3O4 as an efficient electrocatalyst synthesized via a facile ion impregnation and calcine approach with Co3(Co(CN)6) precursor. Owing to the close combination between Ru ions and Co3(Co(CN)6), the good dispersion and small size of RuO2 nanoparticle can be achieved on the surface of Co3O4 nanotubes after calcination, suggesting the more active sites and better utilization of RuO2. The synergistic effect of RuO2/Co3O4 hybrid can provide the faster charge transfer process and the structural stability. The as-synthesized RuO2/Co3O4 NBs show the promising electrocatalytic performance for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with lower overpotential (302 mV to reach 10 mA cm−2) and higher current density than state of the commercial RuO2 samples. The long-term stability of RuO2/Co3O4 NBs is obtained. Therefore, designing the ions impregnation into precursor may present a facile strategy for cost-effective electrocatalysts for OER.

Enhanced hydrogen production from ammonia borane over CuNi alloy nanoparticles supported on TiO2(B)/anatase mixed-phase nanofibers with high specific surface area

TiO2 with monoclinic phase (TiO2(B)) and anatase phase composite (TiO2(B)/anatase) loaded with 3.66 wt% CuNi alloy nanoparticles (NPs) used as photocatalyst for the hydrolysis of ammonia borane (NH3BH3, AB). TiO2(B)/anatase mixed-phase is synthesized by calcination of the hydrothermally prepared titanic acid precursor. Then, the metal nanoparticles are loaded by an ammoniacal metal complex ion impregnation reduction method. The experimental results show that TiO2 generated by calcination at 700 °C (T700) consists of 77.73% anatase and 22.27% TiO2(B) while displaying a specific surface area of 205.5 m2 g−1. The as-synthesized Cu0.36Ni0.64-T700 catalysts displayed the highest H2 production rate of 8131.15 mL/(g·min) with a total turnover frequency (TOF) of 21.87 molH2/(molmetal min) for the dehydrogenation of AB. These results are rationalized in terms of one-dimensional character of fiber and high specific surface area, which provided a higher number of surface-active sites for the photocatalytic reaction. In addition, the electronic and structural properties of TiO2(B) and anatase phases found in the support are benefit for the separation of electrons and holes in the catalytic process. It can be affirmed that this study provides a cost-effective and efficient method for improving the photocatalytic activity of various metal-TiO2 heterojunction photocatalysts.