Iodophor Preparations Research Articles

Iodine Disinfection of Sea Trout, Salmo Trutta (L.), Eggs and the Affect on Egg Surfaces

Abstract The aim of the research was to investigate the impact iodine solution disinfection had on Salmo trutta (L.) egg survival rates during incubation, and to determine the effect of the disinfection procedure on egg shells using scanning microscopy. The study groups were bathed in a Desamar K30 solution at a concentration of 100 ml per 10 dm-3 for 10 m once after the eggs had hardened and four times after the eyed stage. Egg samples for scanning analyses were collected on day 30 of incubation at the eyed stage after the first bath in the iodophor solution, and then at the end of incubation. Egg surface images were analyzed for the number of bacteria, the presence of hyphae, and the egg surface area covered with sediments. No statistically significant differences were noted in embryo survival rates in the groups that were disinfected. The highest number of bacteria was observed on egg surfaces which had not been disinfected prior to hatching. A significant amount of sediment was observed on the eggs during incubation. On day 90 of incubation, all of the egg surfaces were covered with sediments. Disinfection was not noted to have had a significant impact on the presence of hyphae. Iodophor preparations can be used for routine disinfection of trout eggs; however, other means of disinfection should be applied before the eyed egg stage.

Topical iodophor preparations: Chemistry, microbiology, and clinical utility

Iodophor preparations are commonly used in all medical specialties for antisepsis of the skin prior to injections, invasive procedures, and surgery. Povidone-iodine has some very intriguing properties that make it extremely effective as a broad spectrum bacteriocidal agent with no known bacterial resistance, potentially lending itself to broader applications than its current uses. In this article the background, formulations, chemistry, and microbiology of iodine will be reviewed and recent clinical investigations of utility beyond skin antisepsis will be discussed.

Transfusion-related sepsis after prolonged platelet storage

The antecubital fossa venipuncture site in frequent blood donors can become scarred or “dimpled” and colonized with surface and deep bacteria that are not sterilized by standard iodophor preparation techniques. These microorganisms can be introduced into blood or platelets at the time of donation. Recent advances that permit the prolonged storage of platelets at room temperature before transfusion allow proliferation of these contaminating bacteria, particularly gram-positive microorganisms. Documented are three episodes of platelet contamination with gram-positive organisms and four cases of sepsis in recipients of these platelets, which were obtained through the “dimpled” site of a single donor and stored for at least 80 hours at 22°C before transfusion. In contrast, platelets harvested from this donor's “dimpled” site and stored for not more than 50 hours were transfused to 25 patients without complication. Therefore, the extended storage of platelets at 22°C prior to transfusion demands strict awareness of any possible sources of extrinsic contamination, since gram-positive bacteria can proliferate under these conditions and result in infectious complications in recipients.

Effectiveness of hand washing and disinfection methods in removing transient bacteria after patient nursing.

The effectiveness of various hand washing and disinfection methods in removing transient skin bacteria was studied in hospital after dry or moist contamination of the hands when nursing burn patients. The results were compared with those of laboratory tests with volunteers. A fairly good correlation of the bacterial reductions existed between hospital and laboratory tests. All other methods removed Staph. aureus from the hands more effectively than liquid soap. Gram-negative bacilli were more easily removed than staphylococci, even with soap wash alone. In hospital, none of the washing and disinfection methods always removed all patient-borne bacteria from the hands. After dry or moist contamination and subsequent washing with soap only, colonies of Staph. aureus were often detected in finger-print samples. Staphylococci were more often completely removed by a 4% chlorhexidine detergent scrub and alcoholic solutions (either with or without previous soap wash) than by liquid soap, hexachlorophene or iodophor preparations. Gram-negative bacilli were more easily removed by all the washing and disinfection methods. After moist contamination, Gram-negative bacilli were more often completely removed from the hands by ethanol than by other treatments. The results of the present study emphasize the importance of always using gloves when nursing a profuse spreader of bacteria or one who must be protected from infection.

Comparison of the Antiseptic Effect of Two Iodophor Preparations on Hand Washing in a Well-Baby Nursery

Two iodophor preparations, Betadine and Prepodyne, used as handwashing antiseptics in two well-baby nurseries, were compared. A total of 1,806 cultures were evaluated. They were taken a) from nurses' hands after washing with either of the products to determine the effectiveness in removing bacteria from the skin suface, b) from the babies' umbilicuses to assess the level of colonization of the infants' skin surfaces to which nurses were exposed during infant bathing, and c) from the nurses' hands immediately after completion of the babies' bathing routine. The results obtained indicated that the products are equally effective in eliminating bacteria in a routine handwashing procedure in similar circumstances. Both presented a comparable skin drying effect after repeated exposures and did not lead to any allergic reaction in the present trial.

Hygiene in the Prevention of Udder Infections I. Comparative Efficacy of Four Teat Dips

Three trials of teat dips were conducted with experimental exposure to mastitis pathogens. A control group of animals and a group treated with a hypochlorite preparation were included in all trials while a third group was dipped with a different iodophor preparation in each trial. Four teat dips were highly effective in reducing the incidence of udder infection. Some teat irritation was transitory during each trial; most occurred in the hypochlorite group.

Iodophors as an aid to sanitation in beer canning plants

SummaryThe ability of nine commercial iodophor preparations to control yeast infection was determined in the presence and absence of organic matter. Well buffered formulations demonstrated superior disinfection even in the presence of 3–4% beer, at which concentration the weakly buffered iodophors were inactivated. A study on an iodophor, commonly used in breweries, indicated that the biocidal activity was unaffected by pH and only marginally influenced by temperature, whereas sodium hypocholorite controls were sensitive to both. Tests with the same showed that yeast ascospores were about ten times more resistant than vegetative cells.

The Activity of Some Chemical Disinfectants Against Talfan Virus and Porcine Adenovirus Type 2

Ten disinfectant compounds were tested for their activity against Talfan virus (a porcine enterovirus) and the 6618 strain of porcine adenovirus type 2. The effects of time and temperature on viral inactivation were determined. Chlorhexidine and an ampholytic surface active agent were found to have little activity against either virus. Cetrimide and a phenolic disinfectant were active against the adenovirus, but not against Talfan virus. Inactivation of the viruses by formaldehyde was relatively slow, and poor at 4°C. Potassium permanganate and sodium hydroxide were active against both viruses over a wide range of times and temperatures. An iodophor preparation was rather less active, but sodium hypochlorite and ethyl alcohol inactivated the viruses most efficiently under our test conditions. On a testé l'activité de dix désinfectants sur le virus Talfan (un entérovirus du porc) et sur la souche 6618 de l'adénovirus du porc type 2. On a déterminé les effets du temps et de la température sur l'inactivation des virus. On a constaté que la Chlorhexidine et un agent superficiel ampholyte n'avaient que peu d'action sur l'un ou l'autre de ces virus. La cetrimide et un désinfectant phénolique étaient actifs sur l'adénovirus mais non sur le virus Talfan. L'inactivation de ces virus par la formaldéhyde était relativement lente, et faible à 4°C. Le permanganate de potassium et l'hydroxide de sodium agissaient sur les deux virus à toute une gamme de temps et de températures. Une préparation d'iodophor était plutôt moins active, mais l'hypochlorite de sodium et l'alcool éthylique inactivaient les virus de façon très efficace dans les conditions de notre test. Die Wirksamkeit von zehn Desinfizientia gegen Talfan Virus (ein bei Schweinen vorkommender Enterovirus) und gegen 6618 Stamm des Schweine infizierenden Adenovirus Typ 2. Der Einfluss von Zeit und Temperatur auf die Inaktivierung der Viren wurde bestimmt. Es wurde gefunden, dass Chlorhexidin und ein ampholytisch wirkendes Mittel gegen beide Viren wenig wirksam waren. Cetrimide und ein Phenoldesinfizient wirkten gegen den Adenovirus, nicht aber gegen den Talfan Virus. Inaktivierung der Viren durch Formaldehyd erfolgte zeimlich langsam und mangelhaft bei 4°C. Kaliumpermanganat und Natronlauge waren wirksam gegen beide Viren innerhalb einer weiten Spanne von Zeit und Temperaturen. Ein Jodpräparat war weniger wirksam, aber Natriumhypochlorid und Aethylalkohol inaktivierten die Viren unter unsern Versuchsbedingungen aufs wirksamste. Se probaron diez compuestos desinfectantes en su actividad contra el Virus Talfan (un enterovirus porcino) y la raza 6618 de los adenovirus porcinos tipo 2. Se determinaron los efectos del tiempo y la temperatura sobre la inactivación vírica. Se observó que la Chlorexidina y un agente tensioactivo amfolítico mostraban escasa actividad contra cualquiera de dichos virus. La Cetrimida y un desinfectante de la serie fenólica eran activos contra los adenovirus, pero no contra el virus Talfan. La inactivación de los virus por el formaldehido fué relativamente lenta y escasa a 4 grados centígrados. El permanganato potásico y el hidróxido sódico se mostraron activos contra las dos clases de virus en un amplio margen de tiempos y temperaturas. Un preparado yodofórmico fué bastante menos activo, pero el hipoclorito sódico y el alcohol etílico fueron los que mejor inactivaron estos virus bajo nuestras condiciones de prueba.