Iodized Salt Intervention Research Articles

Stabilizing 30ppm Iodine in Iodized Salt: The Effect on Iodine Status and Thyroid Function in Children

Background: Salt iodization considers an effective way of ensuring iodine sufficiency, but a wide variation range of household salt iodine levels existed. Research in iodized salt intervention on preschool-age children had not been found. Objective: Analyse the effect of stabilizing 30 ppm household iodized salt for six months on iodine nutrition status and thyroid function. Method: This was a pre post-test experiment study, with 76 preschool-age children in a replete iodine area in Purworejo Regency. Iodized salt at 30ppm was given for six months. Thyroid function (TSH and FT4) were assessed at 0 and 6 months. Iodine status (UIE) were assessed at 0, 3, and 6 months. ANOVA RM mixed methods were used to interpret the result. Results: Before the study, 51.9% of households had an inadequate level of iodized salt. There were a significant increase of TSH (t=-3.184; p

TSH Mediated the Effect of Iodized Salt on Child Cognition in a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Objectives:This study examines the hormonal mediators of the effect of iodized salt in pregnancy on child cognition.Methods:Sixty districts across 6 zones in the Amhara region of Ethiopia were randomly allocated to a control or intervention arm of early market access to iodized salt. Twenty-two villages per arm were randomly selected for this sub-study. A total of 1220 pregnant women who conceived after the intervention began were enrolled and assessed for their iodine and iron status. Data were collected once on the household socio-demographic status and iodized salt use, and maternal urinary iodine during pregnancy. Then, infants’ diet, urinary iodine level, cognitive development (Bayley III), serum hormonal levels, iron status, and inflammation markers were measured between 2 and 13 months of age.Results:The median maternal urinary iodine concentration was adequate and significantly higher in the intervention mothers than that of the controls (163 vs 121 µg/L, P < .0001). Intervention children compared to the control children had lower thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (mean: 2.4 ± 1.0 µIU/mL vs 2.7 ± 1.0 µIU/mL, effect size = 0.18, P < .01) and thyroglobulin (Tg) (41.6 ± 1.0 ng/mL vs 45.1 ± 1.0 ng/mL, effect size = 0.14, P < .05). There was an interaction between the intervention and iron stores such that cognition was higher with iron (effect size = 0.28, 100 vs 94 IQ points). TSH was a partial mediator (12%) of the effect of the intervention on child cognition (Sobel z-score = 2.1 ± 0.06, P < .05).Conclusion:TSH partially mediated the effect of the iodized salt intervention on child cognition.

Monitoring and impact evaluation of iodized salt intervention in Cameroon

This study was carried out to monitor current iodization and its impact on iodine excess. The results show medians values increasing gradually from 62 ug/L to 283 μg/L then dropping to 169 μg/L for acceptable significance to above toxicity significant values of 300 μg/L as from 2006, exaggerated in 2018 at 1145 μg/L. Salt iodine contents, compared to the 20 – 40 ppm range recommended by WHO, show coarse grain as lowest with average 26.9 ppm while fine grain for human consumption average was 57.3 ppm. The extra fine grain variety has the highest iodine content at 248.8 ppm. Imported cerebos salt from France contained iodine at an average of 45.5 ppm while the Senegal salt contained iodine at an average of 182.2 ppm. The F-ratio (62.9) indicates great variation in iodine content of the salt involved while the p-value (p = 0.0002) indicates significant differences in iodine content of the salt of different refineries. By implication, there are still lapses on iodization.

Factors associated with the availability of iodized salt at household level: a case study in Bangladesh.

The availability of iodized salt in households remains low in Bangladesh, which calls for improving the salt iodization quality and its coverage. The present study assessed the socio-economic disparity in Bangladesh to characterize the availability of iodized salt at household level. Associations between different socio-economic factors and availability of iodized salt at household level were explored using Bayesian mixed-effects logistic models after adjusting the district- and cluster-level random effects. Bangladesh Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS), 2012-13.ParticipantsHouseholds (sample size, n 50981). Results showed that 73·15 % of household salt samples were iodized to some extent although iodization level varied. According to the regression model, houses with young (adjusted odds ratio of posterior mean (OR) = 1·31; 95 % credible interval (CI) 1·09, 1·64) and educated (OR = 3·66; 95 % CI 3·25, 4·23) household heads had significantly higher likelihood of availability of iodized salt. In addition, iodized salt was less likely be found in poor and rural households, as urban households were 2·88 times (95 % CI 2·41, 3·34) more likely have iodized salt. Moreover, the regional locations of the households were an important component that contributed to the local iodized salt coverage. As per the district-wise distribution, the north-west part of Bangladesh and Cox's Bazar in the far south seemed to lack household-level iodized salt. Our findings suggest that iodized salt intervention should be promoted considering the area variations, which could potentially help policy makers to design interventions in the context of Bangladesh.

PERUBAHAN KADAR IODIUM URIN, TSH, DAN T4 BEBAS PADA WUS SETELAH PEMBERIAN GARAM DOSIS 30-35 ppm KIO3

Background. In several countries, iodine deficiency has been turned into iodineexcess. These iodine excess due to poor monitoring of iodine concentration onsalt, which cause high and uneven iodine rations. The objective of the study wasto determine if intervention of 30-35 ppm iodized salt improves UIE, TSH and fT4level in childbearing age women. Methods. This is a quasi-experimental study byproviding 30-35 ppm KIO3 iodized salt for 6 months on childbearing age women inIDD mild endemic area (n=71). The control group were only measured by iodine saltconsumption of each monthly used (n=76). The study conducted in in Bener villagePurworejo. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC), TSH and fT4 were measured atbaseline and endline. TSH and fT4 level were measured using ELISA method. UIEwas analysed using APDM method. Result. Subject characterisitcs of each groupare not much different. Iodine concentration median (range) of treatment group andcontrol group were 149 (20-400) μg/ L and 160 (28 – 698) μg/ L, respectively. MeanTSH level which were normal before intervention (3.03 ± 1.19 μIU/ ml vs 2.52 ±1.29 μIU/ ml), improved significantly after intervention compared to the control group(2.03 ± 1.28 μIU/ ml vs 2.71 ± 1.66 μIU/ ml). Mean free T4 level which were normalbefore intervention (1.29 ± 0.29 ng/ dl vs 1.32 ± 0.24 ng/ dl), decreased significantlyafter intervention compared to the control group (1.04 ± 0.24 ng/ dl vs 1.18 ± 0.43ng/ dl). Conclusion. 30 – 35 ppm iodized salt Intervention for 6 months was able toprovide iodine requirement, improve level of TSH and maintain level of fT4 in normallevel.Keywords: iodine urine concentration, iodized salt intervention, thyroid function,women of childbearing age

Iodized salt supplementation and its effects on thyroid status amongst Orang Asli in Hulu Selangor, Malaysia.

This research was performed to determine the prevalence of iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) and the effects of iodized salt supplementation on thyroid status amongst Orang Asli in Hulu Selangor, Malaysia. Study respondents were from three target groups, i.e. pre-school children (PSC), primary school-going children (SGC) and adult women. Each household was supplied with iodized salt fortified with iodate fortificant for a period of 12 months and the iodine levels in the salt ranged from 20 to 30 μg/L. Samples collected before and after 6 and 12 months of introduction to iodized salt were urine from all groups, as well as serum samples from adult women. A total of 200 respondents were recruited; 58 (29.0%) PSC, 65 (32.5%) SGC and 77 (38.5%) adult women. The median urine-iodine concentration (mUIC) in all groups were of moderately low before the iodized salt intervention, but increased significantly in all study groups after 6 and 12 months of intervention. However, at the end of the study, there was an increase in severe iodine deficiency (mUIC <20 μg/L) from 7.5% to 12% and about 9% of PSC and SGC respondents had mUIC level of more than 300 μg/L while the adult women showed a significant increase in free triiodothyronine (fT3) levels. The study demonstrated that iodized salt supplementation was able to show an improvement in iodine level amongst Orang Asli. However, an increase in severe iodine deficiency and iodine excess indicated that the iodized salt programme needs to be carefully monitored.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN GARAM BERIODIUM TERHADAP KADAR TIROKSIN PADA IBU USIA SUBUR DI DAERAH ENDEMIK DEFISIENSI IODIUM

THE EFFECT OF IODIZED SALT INTERVENTION ON THYROXINE OF CHILDBEARING AGE MOTHERS IN ENDEMIC IODINE DEFICIENCY AREA The national evaluation on implementation of Iodized salt indicate an excess dietary intakes of iodine. It is a consequence of the correction of iodine deficiency. However there is no confirmation of the adverse effect to the excess in Indonesia. Our aim is to elaborate whether the excess of iodine consumption affect serum thyroxine. We supplied 50-ppm iodized salt to 82 mothers at childbearing age’s family every two weeks for three months. We suggest the mothers used the supplied iodized salt for family consumption only and not used the salt for any other purposes such as cattle feeding. Mother’s blood drawn before and after intervention. Urine iodine exretion (UIE) were collected from school age children of participant family. The study revealed that three month-iodized salt intervention increased median UIE by 18.4 % and serum thyroxine level by 36.5 %. The number of children being at risk for hyperthyroidism were constributed from normal and deficit range level at initial study by 62,5 % and 41.7 % respectively. The number of mothers being thyroxine excess were 22.2 and 22.7 % respectively. We conclude that the level of iodine consentration in salt at 50 ppm is high and suggest that consentration should be lowered. Keywords : EIU, at risk for hyperthyroidism, thyroid hormone excess.mother at child bearing age.

Iodine deficiency disorders in Bangladesh, 2004-05: ten years of iodized salt intervention brings remarkable achievement in lowering goitre and iodine deficiency among children and women.

A survey was conducted to monitor the current status of iodine deficiency disorders in children aged 6-12 years and women aged 15-44 years in Bangladesh as measured by goitre prevalence and urinary iodine excretion. Conducted between September 2004 and March 2005, the survey followed a stratified multistage cluster sampling design to provide nationally representative data, with self-weighted rural-urban disaggregation. A total of 7233 children and 6408 women were examined for goitre and 4848 urine samples (2447 from children and 2401 from women) were analyzed for iodine. In addition, 5321 household salt samples were analyzed for iodine. In children, the total goitre rate (TGR) was 6.2%, compared to 49.9% in 1993 and the TGR among women was 11.7%, while in 1993 it was 55.6%. Prevalence of iodine deficiency (Urinary Iodine Excretion <100 microg/L) was 33.8% in children and 38.6% in women (compared to 71.0% and 70.2%, respectively in 1993). Iodine nutrition status in urban areas was considerably better than in rural areas. There was a clear inverse relationship between iodine deficiency and the coverage of households using adequately iodized salt (> or =15 ppm). The findings of the survey revealed that Bangladesh has achieved a commendable progress in reducing goitre rates and iodine deficiency among children and women ever since the universal salt iodization programme was instituted 10 years ago. However, physiological iodine deficiency still persists among more than one-third of children and women, which points to the need for all stakeholders to redouble their efforts in achieving universal salt iodization.

Efektivitas Intervensi Garam Iodium Melalui Rumah Tangga Terhadap Penurunan Tgr Pada Anak Sekolah

THE EFFECTIVITY OF IODIZED SALT INTERVENTION THROUGH HOUSEHOLDS TO THE TGR IN SCHOOL CHILDREN. Background: The program to control iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in Indonesia has been implemented for more than three decades. The total goiter rate (TGR) was decreased dramatically from 28.2% in 1982 to 9.8% in 1998. However national survey of iodine deficiency disorders in 2003 found that TGR at national level did not decrease in the period of 1998 to 2003. The number of severe endemic area was decreased, but the number of mild endemic area was increased. This raises the question on the effectivity of the program. The finding can lead to the condusion that using high dose iodine capsule might very effective compared to iodized salts. This paper reports the effect of a three-months iodized salt intervention to the TGR in school children. Objectives: To study the effectivity of iodized salt intervention through households in reducing goiter by palpation to assess the size of the thyroid glands of the goiter in the school children. Methods: A number of 81 families of school children aged 7-12 years were supplied with 2400 grams of iodized salt contained 60 ppm for three months. The study was conducted in endemic iodine deficiency area in Kola Batu, East Java province. The goiter was measured by palpation, and iodine in the urine was analyzed using wet digestion method. The measurements were conducted before and after the intervention. Results: After three months intervention, the goiter rate was decreased by 64.8 percents. There was a significant elevation of iodine excretion in urine level, even in the subjects who had not decreased their goiter gland volume. Conclusions: The study found that the supplementation of iodized salt through the households was very effective in reducing the TGR in school children.