Iodine Levels Research Articles

Iodine Nutritional Status and Thyroid Autoimmunity in Chinese Children and Adolescents Aged 6–17 Years

Background: Thyroid autoimmunity (TAI), marked by thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) and thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb), affects over 10% of the general population, with children and adolescents experiencing significant impacts on growth and quality of life despite lower prevalence rates compared to adults. Methods: In the context of over 20 years of universal salt iodization (USI) in China, this study investigated the relationship between iodine nutritional status and TAI in children and adolescents aged 6–17. Results: Our findings suggest that while iodine levels are generally sufficient (median urinary iodine concentration [UIC] was 205.2 µg/L), TAI remains a significant concern due to its potential impact on growth and development. TAI was significantly associated with age, sex, and urban–rural residency (p < 0.05). Positive TPOAb and TgAb were identified as risk factors for subclinical hypothyroidism (OR = 2.274, 95% CI: 1.171–1.916). Although some literature suggests that excessive iodine may exacerbate TAI and others propose iodine deficiency as a risk factor, this study did not find a significant overall association between iodine status and TAI. Notably, a low urinary iodine-to-creatinine ratio (UI/Cr) level was linked to an increased risk of TgAb positivity in males (OR = 3.470, 95% CI: 1.200–10.036). In individuals with negative thyroid antibodies, increased BMI (OR = 1.062, 95% CI: 1.032–1.093) and high UI/Cr levels (OR = 1.510, 95% CI: 1.175–1.941) were risk factors for subclinical hypothyroidism, whereas older age (OR = 0.710, 95% CI: 0.555–0.908 for the age 9–11 group; OR = 0.681, 95% CI = 0.484–0.959 for the age 12–17 group) and high UIC levels (OR = 0.739, 95% CI: 0.554–0.985) were associated with reduced risk. No significant associations were observed in the thyroid antibody-positive group. Conclusions: These results highlight the importance of considering individual TAI status when devising iodine supplementation policies.

Iodine Excess Is Associated with Thyroid Dysfunction Among the Elderly.

The relationship between high water iodine levels and thyroid dysfunction in the elderly remains poorly understood. This study aimed to elucidate how excessive iodine in drinking water affects iodine nutrition and thyroid function in the elderly population. This cross-sectional study was performed in the elderly in Yuncheng, Heze, Shandong. We identified a total of 385 patients with thyroid dysfunction and 385 propensity score-matched controls with euthyroid. Water, urinary, and blood samples were collected to detect the concentrations of iodine in water and urine, as well as thyroid hormones. The median (IQR) iodine concentrations in cooking water and drinking water for the total population were 294.99 (48.99, 478.14) µg/L and 172.87 (20.87, 462.13) µg/L, respectively. Among the elderly, median (IQR) urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was 394.20 (169.47, 764.41) µg/L, and 24-h urinary iodine concentration (24-h UIE) was 523.04 (277.84, 910.76) µg/day. Subjects with thyroid dysfunction reported higher intake of iodine from water (P < 0.001) and urinary iodine levels (P < 0.001) than controls. Logistic regression analysis showed thyroid dysfunction was associated with higher risks of elevated iodine concentrations in cooking water (OR 1.957, 95% CI 1.413-2.711), drinking water (OR 2.206, 95% CI 1.607-3.027), UIC (OR 3.612, 95% CI 2.494-5.230), and 24-h UIE (OR 2.568, 95% CI 1.784-3.698), indicating increased thyroid dysfunction risk among the elderly with high water iodine levels. Elevated iodine levels in water are associated with an increased risk of thyroid dysfunction among the elderly. Clinical trial registry number: Medical Ethics Committee of Tianjin Medical University; Trial registration number: NCT05716191, date of registration was December 08, 2023.

Iodine Bioavailability and Biochemical Effects of Brassica oleracea var. sabellica L. Biofortified with 8-Hydroxy-7-iodo-5-quinolinesulfonic Acid in Wistar Rats

Background: Iodine is one of the essential trace elements for human life. The main objective of the biofortification of plants with iodine is to obtain food with a higher content of this element compared to conventional food. Biofortification of plants with iodine can increase the intake of this trace element by different populations. In addition, it may reduce the risk of iodine deficiency diseases. Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of kale biofortified with 8-hydroxy-7-iodo-5-quinolinesulfonic acid (8-OH-7-I-5QSA) on iodine bioavailability and biochemical effects in Wistar rats. Methods: Kale biofortified with (8-OH-7-I-5QSA) was tested for iodine levels in urine, feces, and selected tissues using the ICP-MS/MS technique. The feeding experiment was designed to investigate potential changes in selected thyroid-regulated biochemical parameters in blood serum of Wistar rats. Results: The dietary intake of Wistar rats fed kale biofortified with (8-OH-7-I-5QSA) from both the “Oldenbor F1” and “Redbor F1” cultivars for 8 weeks resulted in significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher iodine concentrations in the urine and kidneys of rats, which proves iodine bioavailability. Rats’ diets with “Oldenbor F1” and “Redbor F1” kale non- and -biofortified with 8-OH-7-I-5QSA had a significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower or a tendency for lower concentration of TSH, triglyceride, total and direct bilirubin, TBARs, uric acid, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentrations in serum. Dietary intake of “Oldenbor F1” and “Redbor F1” kale biofortified with 8-OH-7-I-5QSA significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased the total antioxidant status (TAS). Conclusions: Our study confirms that kale biofortified with iodine in organic form iodoquinoline 8-OH-7-I-5QSA is bioavailable and well absorbed by the Wistar rat and has a positive effect on selected biochemical parameters. The results obtained in this study may be highly predictive for further studies in humans.

Systemic iodine levels increase with povidone-iodine irrigation, but does this affect thyroid functions? A case-control study.

Intraoperative irrigation with diluted povidone iodine (PI) can be used to reduce the incidence of infection-related complications in arthroplasty surgeries. Since PI is associated with many interventions, especially skin antisepsis, its systemic effects are being studied. The aim of our study is to evaluate the systemic effects of PI, which we use as an irrigation solution, by means of urine iodine and thyroid function tests. In this case-control study, 96 patients who underwent knee or hip arthroplasty were included and divided into two groups according to the irrigation solution. In the first group, PI was added to the standard irrigation. The second group was considered as the control group and only standard irrigation was applied. Urine iodine, thyroid stimulating hormone, free T3 and free T4 values were compared in the preoperative and postoperative periods of these two groups. In this way, the effect of absorbed iodine on thyroid functions was investigated. In the diluted PI group, urinary iodine levels were measured at maximum levels (450µg/L) in the early postoperative period in most of the patients. The statistically significant difference in urinary iodine levels between the PI group and the control group, which started in the early postoperative period, continued until the last follow-up on the 14th postoperative day. In terms of thyroid functions, the observed differences were not statistically significant. Studies to reduce periprosthetic infection show that PI can be preferred for irrigation before the closure of the joint area in total joint arthroplasty. Although the success of this treatment in periprosthetic infection has been investigated, its systemic examination has not been demonstrated. It was determined that PI treatment, which was seen to decrease in the systemic circulation within 14 days, did not show a statistically significant change in terms of thyroid functions when used at the determined concentration and duration. These results should be evaluated with larger and longer-term studies. Clinical trials ID no. NCT05599841.

6404 Iodide Metabolism Anomalies in Patients with Thyroid Cancer; A Case Series

Abstract Disclosure: G.I. Uwaifo: None. Thyroid cancer is often treatable and often involves iodine ablation therapy. Iodine based imaging and/or therapy can be complicated in patients with abnormal iodide metabolism. We present two patients with thyroid cancer and disparate abnormal iodide metabolism. Case 1 is a 35 yr old Caucasian lady with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) stage 1 with no metastases. After total thyroidectomy and prior to I-131 remnant ablation she had a contrast Chest CT for shortness of breath. A month after serum iodine was elevated (545 Ug/L; 40—92). 24 hr urine iodine levels was also elevated; (2,300Ug/day; 150-500). She denied dietary intake of iodine rich foods. Ablation was postponed and she commenced a strict “zero” iodine diet. Despite this and despite having no further contrast imaging serum and urinary iodine remain elevated for nearly 3 yrs. Further history indicated episodes of sensitivity to several medications and Cytochrome P450 genetic profiling revealed two polymorphisms of CYP P450 2C19 and 2D6 associated with slow drug metabolizer phenotype. 34 months after her Chest CT with serum iodine of 127Ug/L and 24 hr Urine iodine of 652 she had radio iodine-ablation (RIA) with 130Mci of I-131. She had post treatment dysgeusia and parotitis. She remains on a low iodine diet and is presumably cured. Case 2 is a 66 yr old Caucasian man referred for second opinion regarding therapeutic options for known metastatic PTC with metastases to thoracic spine and lungs. He was diagnosed with follicular variant PTC 7 yrs ago. He had total thyroidectomy and repeated RIAs with a total accumulated dose of ∼ 850Mci and last RIA 3 yrs ago. His latest two whole body I-131 scans were -ve despite elevated thyroglobulins and metastatic disease. He was unable to tolerate sorefanib. He is on thyroid hormone repletion and quarterly denosumab. Contrast PET-CT scan a week prior showed extensive metastatic disease and thyroglobulins in the 300—650 ng/ml range. Work up for repeat whole body I-131 scan revealed curiously that serum iodine was 46 Ug/L (40-92) despite his recent contrast study and this was confirmed on two repeats. 24 hr urine iodine was reduced; 87 ug/day (150-500) and he had a typical diet with no excess intake of goitrogens. Based on history of often needing significantly higher doses of medications like opioids, anesthetics and sedatives cytochrome P450 genetic profile obtained showed two polymorphisms (of CYP P450 2C-19 and CVPs 3A4 +3A5) associated with fast metabolizer phenotype. Given his unusually rapid iodine clearance the utility of any further iodine based imaging and/or therapy was deemed dubious. His current management continues without change. We present two patients with extremes of iodine metabolic processing that had clinical management significance. Careful evaluation of ambient iodine status of patients is an important part of the preparation of thyroid cancer patients for iodine based imaging and/or therapy. Presentation: 6/1/2024

How do plant-based milks compare to cow's milk nutritionally? An audit of the plant-based milk products available in Australia.

This cross-sectional study aims to explore the nutritional composition, cost, country of origin and fortification status of plant-based milk products available for purchase in Illawarra supermarkets and make various comparisons between types of plant-based milks and cow's milk. Plant-based milk information was collected from nutrition information panels on packaging and manufacturer websites. Product ingredient lists, including fortifiers, were analysed to estimate the nutrient composition of the identified plant-based milks, including nutrients beyond those listed by manufacturers. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise the characteristics of the plant-based milks identified in the audit. For non-normally distributed data, a Kruskal-Wallis H test with pairwise multiple comparisons and a Bonferroni adjustment were undertaken to explore the differences between various types of plant-based milk and cow's milk. One hundred twenty-nine plant-based milk products were identified in the audit, primarily almond, oat and soy-based beverages. Of these, 80.6% were fortified with calcium; however, fortification with other micronutrients was less common, ranging from 27.1% being fortified with vitamin B12 and 3.1% being fortified with iodine. The median plant-based milk cost was AU$3.5/L (Q1-Q3: AU$2.8-4.5/L) and 87.6% of products were Australian made. Overall, particularly due to low fortification rates, plant-based milks identified in the audit had significantly lower levels of protein, sugar, iodine, phosphorus, zinc and vitamins A, B2 and B12 compared to cow's milk. However, there was no significant difference in protein content between soy milk and cow's milk. The nutritional content of plant-based milks identified in this audit varied, and in most instances, Australian plant-based milks were found to be nutritionally different to cow's milk.

Quantitative determination of iodine content in iodized table salt marketed in Jordan as an indicator of compliance with national salt iodization standards: A cross-sectional study

Iodine deficiency (ID) is a significant global public health issue, particularly affecting low-income countries. The iodization of salt is a widely adopted method to prevent iodine deficiency. This study aimed to assess the iodine content of iodized salt at the market level in various cities within the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (HKJ). We collected 152 salt samples from 24 different brands across three cities in Jordan: Amman, Zarqa, and Mafraq. The analysis was conducted using a titration method. The mean iodine content in salt samples varied by city, with values of 5.45 ppm in Mafraq, 10.33 ppm in Amman, and 13.22 ppm in Zarqa, ranging from 0 to 36 ppm. Significant differences in iodine concentration were observed within the same city across different brands (P ≤ 0.05). Additionally, variations were noted in iodine content for samples from the same brand collected in different cities, and even among samples from the same brand at the same location. Of the 152 samples evaluated, an average of 76.5% had iodine levels below the 15 ppm recommended by UNICEF. There was considerable variation in mean iodine content among brands, cities, and even within samples of the same brand. This indicates that the salt iodization process requires ongoing monitoring, and the government should enhance efforts to oversee the iodization process and improve the accessibility and utilization of iodized salt.

The Role of miRNA in Hyperthyroidism Induced by Excessive Iodine in Drinking Water.

In recent years, iodine deficiency-related diseases have been effectively controlled; the prevalence of excessive iodine-induced thyroid diseases has increased, such as hyperthyroidism. However, there are still several controversial outcomes regarding the relationship between excessive iodine intakes and hyperthyroidism. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) extensively participate in the progression of thyroid diseases; nevertheless, the relationship and mechanism between iodine exposure and miRNAs have not been explored in hyperthyroidism patients. In this study, a total of 308 pairs of hyperthyroidism patients and healthy controls were enrolled in. Logistic regression analysis showed that level of water iodine >100 μg/L was an independent risk factor for hyperthyroidism. Compared with the healthy control, the serum thyroglobulin (Tg) content and levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were significantly elevated in hyperthyroidism patients. Further, high-throughput miRNA sequencing was applied to find crucial miRNAs involved in the occurrence of hyperthyroidism related to excessive water iodine. Based on the fold change and Q value, miR-144-3p, miR-204-5p, miR-346, miR-23b-5p, and miR-193b-3p were selected for validation by qRT-PCR. Our results showed that miR-346 and miR-204-5p in the case group were significantly lower than those of the control group, and the similar results found under the level of water iodine >300 μg/L. Nonetheless, no significant difference was found at 10-100 μg/L level of water iodine. Furthermore, the ROC curve indicated that miR-346 and miR-204-5p had the ability to diagnose hyperthyroidism patients. Taken together, excessive water iodine may decrease the expression of miR-346 and miR-204-5p, which mediate the elevation of Tg and cytokines, ultimately making contribution to the development of hyperthyroidism.

Degradation of Argan oils used in edible and cosmetic applications after exposure to UV light.

This study investigates for the first time the effects of UV light exposure on the chemical composition of artisanal and cold-pressed culinary and cosmetic argan oils, as well as their quality and biological activities. We ascertained the oxidative stability of both types of oil through measurements of the peroxide value, acidity, UV-spectrophotometric indexes (E232 and E270), and iodine value. Over the course of eight hours at room temperature, the impact of UV light on the breakdown of tocopherols, polyphenols, chlorophylls, and carotenoid pigments was examined. The findings showed that during photo-oxidation, acidity, peroxide value, and particular extinction coefficients (E232 and E270) gradually increased. On the other hand, a decline in the content of polyphenols, tocopherols, carotenoid, and chlorophyll was noted. Interestingly, iodine levels failed to improve. Although after an eight-hour degradation, the physicochemical profile of argan oils remained exceptional. DPPH• (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) antioxidant activity tests showed a gradual decrease in radical inhibition over time, which was attributed to lower levels of tocopherol and polyphenol. However, roasted oils showed antifungal action against Botrytis cinerea fungus, while Argan vegetable oils showed no activity against Escherichia coli, Microbacterium resistens, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and Raoultella ornithinolytica, according to antimicrobial assays.

Spatial distribution and hydrogeochemical processes of high iodine groundwater in the Hetao Basin, China

To understand the genesis and spatial distribution of high iodine groundwater in the Hetao Basin, 540 groundwater samples were analyzed for the chemistry and isotope. Total iodine concentrations in groundwater range from 1.32 to 2897 μg/L, with a mean value of 159.2 μg/L. The groundwater environment was mainly characterized by the weakly alkaline and reducing conditions, with the iodide as the main species of groundwater iodine. High iodine groundwater (I > 100 μg/L) was mainly distributed in shallow aquifers (< 30 m) of Hangjinhouqi near the Langshan Mountain and the discharge areas along the main drainage channels. The δ18O and δ2H values ranged from −12.09 ‰ to −3.99 ‰ and − 91.58 ‰ to −52.80 ‰, respectively, and the correlation between groundwater iodine and isotopes indicates the dominant role of evapotranspiration in the enrichment of iodine in the shallow groundwater with depth <30 m. It was further evidenced by the correlation between groundwater iodine and Cl/Br molar ratio, and significant contributions of climate factors identified from the random forest and XGBoost. Moreover, irrigation practices contribute to high iodine levels, with surface water used for irrigation containing up to 537.8 μg/L of iodine, which can be introduced into shallow aquifer directly. The iodine in irrigation water can be retained in the soil or shallow sediment, and later leach into groundwater under favorable conditions.

Occurrence, distribution and fate of iodine during phosphate ore beneficiation process

Numerous beneficiation techniques, such as washing, grinding, flotation, digesting, and calcination, are used to concentrate the minerals found in phosphate rocks, which include apatite, carbonatites, and silicates. Significant iodine levels are often found in phosphate ore minerals, which have a distinctive geochemical occurrence. However, the exact occurrence and distribution of iodine in these minerals are not yet thoroughly understood. A study was carried out to investigate the iodine's distribution, occurrence modes (phases), and release rate in Moroccan phosphate as it undergoes the beneficiation process. The samples underwent a multi-analytical approach combining mineralogical and chemical characterization using ICP-MS, ICP-OES, XRD, elements titration, and Pearson correlation analysis for interelement relationships. Calcination, digestion, and Heavy liquid separation is used to study the fate of iodine. The analysis indicates that iodine is primarily found in fluorapatite, with local concentrations ranging from 35 to 130 ppm. The most enriched grains/zones are associated with fluorapatite, enriched in P2O5, F-. in addition, iodine is positively correlated with its main components, including P2O5, F-, SO3, Na2O, CaO, and REEs. The flotation and heavy liquid separation process used for calcite and silicate removal is acting as an iodine and P2O5 concentrator, given that 99 % of iodine occurs in the apatite phase. However, it has been demonstrated that iodine can be released during the digestion of phosphate rock. Where the initial iodine content is distributed among phosphoric acid, PG, and the gaseous phase, constituting 35 %, 25 %, and 40 %, respectively. Furthermore, the calcination of phosphate rock between 800–1000 °C shows that total iodine is released with gases in I2 form, leading to an increase in the concentration of iodine in the surrounding area. In this regard, an integrated pyrometallurgical process has been proposed for the valorization of iodine as silver iodide. This process involves trapping gaseous iodine in an alkaline solution, followed by precipitation, thereby contributing to the overarching objectives of the circular economy and environmental protection.

Correlation of offspring thyroid function and maternal iodine status in iodine deficient-coastal area

Thyroid hormone is vital for children's growth and metabolism, relying on sufficient iodine levels for synthesis. Maternal intake determines iodine supply to fetuses and children under two years old. This study aimed to correlate offspring thyroid function with maternal iodine status in coastal areas. A cohort study was conducted, involving pregnant coastal residents. Maternal urinary iodine levels were measured via the ammonium persulfate method, while offspring thyroid stimulating hormones (TSHs) and free thyroxine hormone (fT4) levels were assessed using electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA). Iodine intake was determined through a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The correlation between offspring thyroid function and maternal iodine status was analyzed using Pearson’s correlation test. Differences in TSHs and fT4 levels among iodine status groups were examined using the One way-ANOVA test. Maternal iodine status was insufficient with a median urinary iodine of 125 μg/L, resulting in a 60.8% prevalence of iodine insufficiency. Iodine intake (62.20±43.45 μg/day) fell short of recommended levels (RDA). Offspring TSH was 2.29±1.07 μIU/mL, fT4 was 1.26±0.14 ng/dL. TSH and fT4 concentrations showed no significant inter-group differences (p=0.852, p=0.075). Offspring thyroid function did not correlate with maternal iodine status (TSHs: p=0.314; fT4: p=0.258). Offspring thyroid function did not correlate to maternal iodine status in a population of iodine-insufficient and mercury-contaminated coastal areas.

The Impact of Exposure to Iodine and Fluorine in Drinking Water on Thyroid Health and Intelligence in School-Age Children: A Cross-Sectional Investigation.

Iodine and fluorine, as halogen elements, are often coexisting in water environments, with nearly 200 million people suffering from fluorosis globally, and, in 11 countries and territories, adolescents have iodine intakes higher than that required for the prevention of iodine deficiency disorders. It has been suggested that excess iodine and/or fluorine can affect thyroid health and intellectual development, especially in children, but their combined effect has been less studied in this population. This study investigated 399 school-age children in Tianjin, China, collected drinking water samples from areas where the school-age children lived, and grouped the respondents according to iodine and fluorine levels. Thyroid health was measured using thyroid hormone levels, thyroid volume, and the presence of thyroid nodules; intelligence quotient (IQ) was assessed using the Raven's Progressive Matrices (CRT) test; and monoamine neurotransmitter levels were used to explore the potential relationship between thyroid health and intelligence. Multiple linear regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) analyses showed that iodine and fluorine were positively correlated with thyroid volume and the incidence of thyroid nodules in school-age children, and negatively correlated with IQ; similar results were obtained in the secondary subgroups based on urinary iodine and urinary fluoride levels. Interaction analyses revealed a synergistic effect of iodine and fluorine. A pathway analysis showed that iodine and fluorine were negatively associated with the secretion of free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free tetraiodothyronine (FT4), which in turn were negatively associated with the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Iodine and fluorine may affect IQ in school-aged children through the above pathways that affect thyroid hormone secretion; of these, FT3 and TSH were negatively correlated with IQ, whereas FT4 was positively correlated with IQ. The relationship between thyroid hormones and monoamine neurotransmitters may involve the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, with FT4 hormone concentrations positively correlating with dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HT) concentrations, and FT3 hormone concentrations positively correlating with DA concentrations. Monoamine neurotransmitters may play a mediating role in the effects of iodine and fluoride on intelligence in schoolchildren. However, this study has some limitations, as the data were derived from a cross-sectional study in Tianjin, China, and no attention was paid to the reciprocal effects of iodine and fluorine at different doses on thyroid health and intelligence in schoolchildren in other regions.

Dual-mode iodine sensing: Colorimetric and electrochemical detection methods using functionalized gold nanoparticles

Iodine in natural and treated waters exists mainly as iodide, iodate, and molecular iodine (I2). I2 is a highly volatile and reactive species impacting biological and chemical systems. Iodine, a vital micronutrient, is essential for human and animal growth and metabolism. It also plays a crucial role in synthesising artificial adrenaline within the metabolic processes of humans and animals. It is also widely used as an antiseptic, disinfectant, and for emergency water disinfection. Moreover, iodine deficiency can result in various diseases, especially hypothyroidism and goitre. Given its critical functions, it is imperative to have a straightforward, dependable, and efficient method for monitoring iodine levels. This study introduces a simple and innovative I2 detection system based on its reactivity, toxicity, and role as an indicator of oxidative conditions in water. It operates in terms of based on optical and electrochemical signal changes, utilising the anti-aggregation mechanism of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and 6-mercaptohexanol (MHA) for sensitive and selective detection under mild conditions. I2 determination is achieved by observing the colour change in AuNPs, which is influenced by competitive interactions between MHA, I2, and AuNPs. The optical detection system, with its low detection limit (LOD=260 nM), is based on the straightforward observation of colour changes. On the other hand, the electrochemical detection method utilises changing redox peaks observed in anodic region, providing selective and sensitive I2 detection (LOD=100 nM). The probe effectively detects the presence of I2 in real water samples as a practical application. Moreover, the proposed method revolutionises I2 detection by incorporating a smartphone for signal reading, eliminating the need for specialised equipment and significantly reducing the detection cost. This cost-effective approach carries the potential to expedite on-site and naked-eye I2 detection, opening up new possibilities for research and application.

The implications of incorporating nutritional supplements into the treatment regimen for children aged 5-12 years with Visceral Leishmaniasis in Baringo and West Pokot counties in Kenya.

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to inform the Ministry of Health Management and all stakeholders in Kenya, the importance of the intervention, fills gaps, and provides guidance on future research direction to accelerate control and eventually eliminate Leishmaniasis. This will also shed new light on the importance of micronutrients and trace elements and their role in immunology, patient outcomes, and the physiology of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL). The results of this study will also pave way to explore possibilities to fill the research gaps and address challenges like the resistance and relapse of the infection, in patients with VL. Furthermore, this study may help in developing evidence-based strategies related to malnutrition and trace elements, which may be implemented in the eradication program of VL. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental study design was conducted in Kenya from January 2022 to March 2022 in 204 VL-infected children aged 5-12 years. Demographic and clinical data were abstracted from questionnaires and lab forms. Descriptive and inferential analyses were conducted to determine the effect of the intervention on VL outcomes among the study children. Variables with a P-value &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. A total of 204 VL study participants, 102 in each intervention and comparison group were included in this study. Baseline characteristics of the study participants were taken and recorded. The treatment and intervention were started and the trend of BMI, body temperature, vitamins A, B12, C, and D together with minerals Zinc, iron, and iodine levels were monitored weekly for four weeks to determine their effect on the treatment outcomes. Findings: The results showed that the outcome of administering the micronutrients is significant at 5% level, indicating that the intervention has a favorable effect. The micronutrients increased their levels in the body by increasing BMI, reducing spleen size, and controlling the body temperature of the study participants. In conclusion, the intervention accelerated the recovery from VL. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: This study was informed by the previous researchers' outputs (Mashayekhi Goyonlo V, 2020) indicating that administering the anti-leishmaniasis treatment alone will not yield a favorable treatment outcome in Visceral Leishmaniasis patients and also a study by Nweze JA, Nweze EI (2019) which indicated that malnourished patients with VL had an unfavorable outcome, which was recurrence in 21.4% and also that serum micronutrients levels favor good treatment outcome in Visceral Leishmaniasis. It is therefore important to note that Baringo and West-Pokot Counties, where the present study was conducted, are the Counties in Kenya with the highest percentage of VL patients. The study’s outcomes highlight the potential benefits of micronutrients to improve treatment outcomes in this regard, we recommend that the MOH should encourage the integration of micronutrients with the VL treatment in Baringo and West Pokot Counties. This research provides this new insight indicating that micronutrients affect the nutritional status and the treatment outcomes of VL by controlling body temperature, improving BMI, decreasing spleen size, negative VL tests, and therefore there is need to incorporate micronutrients to the treatment of children with VL. This study also raises several questions that warrant further investigation, such as the research on all the other micronutrients that were not analyzed in this study.

Effect of Maternal Iodine Excess during Pregnancy on Neonatal Thyroid Function and Neurodevelopmental Status at 12 Weeks

Objective. This study aims to determine the effect of iodine excess in pregnant mothers on thyroid function, growth and neurodevelopment in the neonates when assessed at 12 weeks of age. Methodology. This prospective study enrolled term neonates with birth weight &gt;2500 gm of mothers having urine iodine concentration (UIC) ≥500 µg/L documented in the third trimester of the peripartum period. Neonatal TSH was collected by heel prick on dried blood spots within 24-72 hours of age and measured by time-resolved fluroimmunoassay. Neonates with TSH ≥11 mIU/L at birth were followed up at 2 and 12 weeks to monitor thyroid dysfunction, growth and development. Results. A total of 2354 (n = 1575 in the delivery room) maternal urine samples were collected of which 598 (25.4%) had elevated UIC. Forty-nine (12.2%) neonates had TSH ≥11mIU/L on newborn screening of whom 18 and 3 neonates had residual elevated TSH at 2 and 12 weeks of life, respectively. Maternal iodine levels correlated weakly with TSH at 2 weeks (rho = 0.299; p = 0.037). No child required treatment for congenital hypothyroidism. Eight babies additionally had TSH &gt;5 mIU/L at 12 weeks of life. The growth and development of babies with or without TSH elevation was comparable at three months (p &gt;0.05). Conclusion. Maternal iodine excess in pregnancy and peripartum period causes transient hyperthyrotropinemia in neonates that did not affect the growth and development at 3 months of age.

Emulsion-Based Multi-Phase Integrated Microbeads with Inner Multi-Interface Structure Enable Dual-Modal Imaging for Precision Endovascular Embolization.

Microsphere-based embolic agents have gained prominence in transarterial embolization (TAE) treatment, a critical minimally invasive therapy widely applied for a variety of diseases such as hypervascular tumors and acute bleeding. However, the development of microspheres with long-term, real-time, and repeated X-ray imaging as well as ultrasound imaging remains challenging. In this study, emulsion-based dual-modal imaging microbeads with a unique internal multi-interface structure is developed for TAE treatment. The embolic microbeads are fabricated from a solidified oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion composed of crosslinked CaAlg-based aqueous matrix and dispersed radiopaque iodinated oil (IO) droplets through a droplet-based microfluidic fabrication method. The CaAlg-IO microbeads exhibit superior X-ray imaging visibility due to the incorporation of exceptionally high iodine level up to 221 mgImL-1, excellent ultrasound imaging capability attributed to the multi-interface structure of the O/W emulsion, great microcatheter deliverability thanks to their appropriate biomechanical properties and optimal microbead density, and extended drug release behavior owing to the biodegradation nature of the embolics. Such an embolic agent presents a promising emulsion-based platform to utilize multi-phased structures for improving endovascular embolization performance and assessment capabilities.

The correlation between urinary iodine levels and gallstone risk: elevated iodine intake linked to gallstone occurrence.

Essential trace elements are vital for human growth and development. Nevertheless, excessive intake can pose risks. As of yet, no research has looked at the possibility of a relationship between the prevalence of gallstones and urinary concentrations of nickel, molybdenum, and iodine. The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between urinary levels of iodine, molybdenum, and nickel and the occurrence of gallstones in a U.S. population and to verify whether excessive iodine intake is associated with the occurrence of gallstones. Data from 2,734 participants that were gathered between 2017 and 2020 were examined. Employing inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), the levels of nickel (Ni), iodine (I), and molybdenum (Mo) in the urine were determined. Gallstones presence was determined using a standardized questionnaire. Restricted cubic spline analysis, subgroup analysis, and logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate the relationship between the occurrence of gallstones and urinary essential trace elements. The logistic regression analysis indicated an increased risk of gallstone development in Quartiles 2, Quartiles 3, and Quartiles 4 groups in comparison to the Quartiles 1 group, based on urinary iodine levels (OR = 1.69, 95% CI: 1.11-2.56; OR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.10-2.55; OR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.09-2.51). Urinary iodine levels were nonlinearly positively linked with the development of gallstones, according to restricted cubic spline analysis (P-Nonlinear = 0.032). Subgroup analyses showed that high levels of urinary iodine were associated with a high risk of gallstones in different populations, and were more pronounced in adults aged 60 years and older, in women, with a BMI ≥ 25, and in diabetic patients. Our research revealed a correlation between an increased risk of gallstones and increasing urinary iodine levels. Urinary iodine levels serve as indicators of the body's iodine status, thus suggesting that excessive iodine intake may be linked to an elevated risk of gallstone formation.

Assessment of Iodine Status in Adults: A Case Study of Amasya

ABSTRACT Introduction: The prevalence of iodine deficiency in Turkey significantly decreased after iodine fortification of table salt, but regional differences may still exist. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to assess the iodine levels among adults residing in Amasya. Methodology: This study, which included 232 adults aged 18-64 years, was conducted in a public hospital in Amasya. The study data were obtained through a questionnaire form applied to individuals through face-to-face interviews. After taking general information and anthropometric measurements of the individuals participating in the study, urinary iodine levels were analyzed. Results: The mean urinary iodine level was 13.7±1.5 mcg/dL. Iodine status of 99.6% of the participants is normal and 64.9% of them use iodized salt. Alcohol consumption and body mass index showed a statistically significant difference according to urinary iodine level classification (median value). In individuals who consume iodized salt, the frequency of those with urinary iodine levels above the median value is higher compared to those who do not consume iodized salt. Conclusions: This study shows the iodine status of adult individuals living in Amasya. In future studies, dietary iodine intake of individuals should also be evaluated, and iodine status should be examined in vulnerable groups such as pregnant, lactating and elderly.

A Rare Case of Invasive Thyroid Aspergillosis Revealed on 18F-FDG-PET/CT.

Invasive aspergillosis (IA) represents a common form of fungal infection caused by various species of Aspergillus that most frequently affect immunocompromised patients. Typically, this disease occurs preferentially in high-risk groups including patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), patients with leukemia, patients with autoimmune diseases, and organ transplant patients undergoing medical immunosuppression. Considered the second most common cause of opportunistic fungal infection in humans after Candida albicans, this pathogen predominantly affects the lungs, but it may also spread by a hematogenous route to various organs and have a heterogeneous presentation. Owing to its high iodine levels, high perfusion, and enclosed capsule, the thyroid gland is considered to have a lower susceptibility to microbial invasion, and it is fairly uncommon to find associated infectious nodules. In metabolic imaging, 18F-FDG-PET/CT has become increasingly useful for detecting a wide range of infectious and inflammatory diseases and is already the gold standard for certain indications. According to the literature, no studies of hypermetabolic nodular thyroid aspergillosis on 18F-FDG-PET/CT confirmed on histology have yet been reported. Here, we report the first case of a patient with a heterogeneous presentation of IA and the presence of a hypermetabolic nodule in the thyroid with a surprising result.