Iodine In Table Salt Research Articles

Hybrid photo paper-based microfluidic device for colorimetric detection of iodine in salt

Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPADs) have gained widespread use in various analytical applications because they are low-cost and suitable for onsite testing. The development of µPADs, including fabrication methods, new materials, and enhancement functionality is crucial to advance their practical application in analytical chemistry. In this study, we introduce a new hybrid paper-based analytical device, the hybrid photo paper-based microfluidic device (hPPMD), which combines a photo paper-based microfluidic device (PPMD) with a µPAD. We conducted a systematic study that detailed hPPMD’s characteristics, including surface properties and fluidic transportation. The hPPMD showed two fluidic transportation behaviors: continuous flow and discontinuous flow at the device junction, depending on the orientation of the device combination. Our hPPMD could increase fluidic flow approximately four times the speed when six layers of guided channels were added. The customized hPPMD was used for colorimetric detection of iodine in table salt, and then the result was quantitatively analyzed using a computer and smartphone with color analysis software. The detection zones of the hPPMD showed a flawless circular color signal. Under optimum conditions, the hPPMD was sensitive enough to detect iodine in salt solutions at various concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 ppm. The developed hPPMD should be a simple and low-cost analytical device for onsite qualitative analysis of the iodine and other chemical contaminants in food and the environment.

Designing a Cylindrical Capacitive Based Sensor for Monitoring the Table Salt’s Moisture Content during Iodization

Coaxial cylinder capacitive moisture sensor for determination of moisture content of table salts has been fabricated. The CMS method for determination of moisture content of table salts overcomes the effect of evaporation of iodine in table salt which results from heating in the oven drying method. The CMS overcomes the polarization effect result from the resistive methods of moisture content determination and it is non expensive to construct and it has high accuracy since measurements involves programming system in interpretation of the results. In this research, moisture content sensor based on capacitive principal created using two coaxial cylinders with height 5.207 cm, and different diameters of 4.303 cm and 1.198 cm embedded inside one another. The input signal of the CMS system was provided by the AC signal from the sensor capacitor, the capacitance of the sensor capacitor is directly proportional to the moisture content of the salt sample placed between the two coaxial cylinders of the sensor capacitor. The moisture content was obtained from the model m=6.6145×10-4c+4.54044 for calibration of the CMS by using the OVD as a reference method for determination of moisture content in the table salts. The model was then validated by constructing the comparison plot of OVD and CMS moisture contents. The comparison graph of OVD and CMS MC against test had conceding error bars between OVD and CMS MC. The coefficient of determination of 0.94 was obtained and the correlation plot was a linear relation expressed as y=0.971x+0.773. The model was then validated by solving for moisture content from measured values of capacitance.

Why Is There Iodine in Table Salt?

The human body is composed of many systems and organs that work together to ensure our well-being and survival. Hormones are the messengers that allow the organs to communicate. The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck that uses iodine from the diet (mainly present in seafood) to produce thyroid hormones: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The thyroid hormones are very important for brain development, growth, and metabolism. A lack of iodine impairs the production of thyroid hormones, which can lead to mental disabilities. An excess of thyroid hormones is not good for us either, and may compromise many of the body’s functions. So, when it comes to hormones, “balance” is the keyword. In this article, you will learn the importance of thyroid hormones for human health.

Smartphone-based optical transduction for the rapid microscale assessment of iodate in table salt

The measurement of iodine in table salt is vital for the successful implementation of the universal salt iodization (USI) program to fight iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs). This paper presents a smartphone-based optical transduction system for iodine measurement in table salt. The method was based on the response in the blue color space generated by the complex formed between the starch/iodide reagent and iodate in the salt sample. The parameters for the color reaction and for the image capture affected the response and were optimized. A matrix effect caused by NaCl was observed and was eliminated through matrix matching by incorporating NaCl in the standard solutions. The optimized method yielded a highly linear response to iodate concentrations ranging from 10 to 160 mg kg−1 (r = 0.9993) with a limit of detection of 2.8 mg kg−1. The method exhibited good accuracy and precision, based on AOAC standards. It produced results that were in agreement with those obtained using the reference method at the 95% confidence level. The smartphone performs optical transduction, as well as signal processing, to yield a display of the iodate concentration in the salt sample. The use of smartphones presents a simple, inexpensive, portable, and widely available device for on-site analysis of iodate in table salt.

Iodine in Table Salt in the Aseer Region, Southwestern Saudi Arabia

Background: Iodine, a micronutrient that plays a significant role in thyroid hormone synthesis, is essential for normal neurological development. Universal Salt Iodization is a plan advocated by the WHO to ensure sufficient iodine intake by all individuals. No accurate data was available about household coverage with iodized salt and salt iodization adequacy in the Aseer region, southwestern Saudi Arabia. Objectives: To estimate the proportion of households consuming iodized salt in the Aseer region, southwestern Saudi Arabia, and assess salt iodization’s adequacy. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional study on a stratified proportional allocation sample. The household of each child was requested to bring a teaspoonful of table salt consumed in their kitchen. The salt samples were taken in standard, small, self-sealed plastic bags. The Iodine concentration of salt was determined spectrophotometrically. Results: The study included 3038 samples of table salt. Insufficient iodized table salt samples (less than 15 ppm based on the WHO/UNICEF ICCIDD classification) were observed in 22.3% (95% CI: 20.8% – 23.8%) of the samples. Similarly, insufficient iodized table salt samples (less than 70 ppm based on Saudi Standards, Metrology and Quality Organization “SASO” classification) were observed in 75.7% (95% CI: 74.1% – 77.2%) of the study samples. The present study showed that rural areas significantly had higher insufficient table salt samples than urban areas. Conclusions: The study showed that the use of insufficient iodized salt in the region is still common. The accessibility of iodized salt can be achieved through iodized salt’s marketing and sales. Authorities in the Aseer region should play an influential role in forbidding non-iodized salt in the local markets in the Aseer region. Key words: Iodine; Table salt; Saudi Arabia

Analysis of Iodine Level (KIO3) based on the Formation of Amylum-Iodine Complex using UV-Vis Spectroscopy

Iodine is an important component that needed by the body in the synthesis of thyroid hormones in order to maximize humans’ growth and development. Besides, iodine also plays a role in the regulation and metabolism system in the human body. Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) is one of the nutritional problems which is an inhibiting factor in the development of human resources because it can cause disruption of mental development and human intelligence. Iodine in food is found from table salt, it found in the form of KIO3 with a standard level of iodine in table salt that is 30ppm-80ppm. This research aims to determine the iodine levels in the four kinds of table salt using spectrophotometric methods based on the formation of the starch iodine complex. The formation of the starch iodine complex performed by reacting I- with the oxidizer IO3- in an acidic atmosphere with starch indicator. The resulting blue color was analysed by visible spectrophotometry and produce absorbance data. The measured iodine content is equal to samples A, B, C, and D showing results less than 30 ppm so it can be concluded that iodine in table salt still does not meet the SNI standards that should be around 30ppm-80ppm

Correlations of water iodine concentration to earlier goitre frequency in Sweden\u2014an iodine sufficient country with long-term iodination of table salt

BackgroundBefore iodination of Swedish table salt in 1936, iodine deficiency resulting in goitre and hypothyroidism was common. Sweden has become iodine sufficient, as shown in a national survey in 2007, proving its iodination fortification programme effective for the general population. The objective of this study was to collect drinking water from water treatment plants nationally and test if water iodine concentration (WIC) correlated to urinary iodine concentration (UIC) of school-aged children in a national survey 2007 to former goitre frequency in 1929 and to thyroid volume data in 2007.MethodsIn 2012, 166 treatment plants, located in 57% (166 of 290) of all Swedish municipalities, were asked to collect drinking water samples of approximately 10 ml. In 2007, tap water samples of the same volume were collected from 30 randomly selected schools for the national survey. Analysis of WIC was done in both treatment plants in 2012 (n = 166) and tap water in 2007 (n = 30). The correlation of WIC to the children’s UIC and thyroid volume after iodination was tested based on data from the national survey in 2007. The association of WIC to former goitre frequency was tested based on pre-iodination data, derived from a map of goitre frequency drawn in 1929.ResultsThe median WIC from water treatment plants was 4.0 μg/L (range 0–27 μg/L). WIC was similar in coastal and inland areas, for both ground and surface water.WIC correlated with historical goitre areas and was lower in the goitre areas than in non-goitre areas (p < 0.001). WIC in the same municipalities as the schools correlated with the UIC of children (p < 0.01), but not with their thyroid volume.ConclusionsWIC still contributes to iodine nutrition in Sweden, but iodination overrides the goitre effect.

Validation and reproducibility of a new iodine specific food frequency questionnaire for assessing iodine intake in Norwegian pregnant women

BackgroundIodized salt is not mandatory in Norway, and the permitted level of iodine in table salt is low (5 μg/g). Thus, milk and dairy products, fish and eggs are the main dietary sources of iodine in Norway. Mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency in pregnant women has been described in several European countries, including Norway. There are few validated tools available to assess iodine intake in an efficient manner. The aim of the current study was to assess the validity and reproducibility of a new iodine-specific food frequency questionnaire (I-FFQ) in Norwegian pregnant women.MethodsAn I-FFQ consisting of a total of 60 food items and the use of supplements was developed to assess iodine intake and was administrated to 137 pregnant women at gestational week 18–19. Reference methods were a structured 6-days iodine specific food diary, urinary iodine concentration (UIC) (pooled sample of spot UIC from six consecutive days), and thyroid function tests. Correlation analyses, Cohen’s weighted kappa, Bland-Altman plots, and linear regression analyses were used to assess validity. Reproducibility of the I-FFQ was assessed in a subgroup (n = 47) at gestational week 35–36.ResultsThere was a strong correlation between estimated iodine intake from the I-FFQ and food diary (r = 0.62, P < 0.001) and an acceptable correlation between the I-FFQ and UIC (r = 0.21, P = 0.018). There was no significant association between the I-FFQ and thyroid function tests. The I-FFQ estimated higher iodine intake compared to the food diary with a mean absolute difference 33 μg/day. The limits of agreement from the Bland-Altman plots were large, however few participants fell outside the limits of agreement (5.2–6.5%). There was no difference between the estimated iodine intake from the I-FFQ assessed at gestational week 18–19, and gestational week 35–36 (P = 0.866), and there was a strong correlation between the two time points (r = 0.63, P < 0.001).ConclusionIn summary, this study suggests that the I-FFQ can be used as a valid tool to estimate and rank iodine intake among Norwegian pregnant women. We further suggest that this I-FFQ may also be valid in other populations with similarly dietary patterns and where salt is not iodized.Trial registrationThe study is registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02610959).

Iodine insufficiency in pregnant women from the State of São Paulo.

The intake of adequate amounts of iodine during pregnancy is essential for the neurological development of the fetus. The aim of this study was to assess iodine nutrition status in pregnant women from the state of São Paulo, Brazil. We analyzed urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in 191 pregnant and 58 non-pregnant women matched by age. We used the World Health Organization criteria to define sufficient iodine supply (median UIC: 150-249 µg/L among pregnant women, and 100-199 µg/L for non-pregnant women). Median UIC of the pregnant women studied was lower than the recommended value (median = 137.7 µg/L, 95% CI = 132.9 - 155.9), while non-pregnant women had UIC levels within the appropriate range (median = 190 μg/L; 95% IC = 159.3-200.1). UIC was below 150 µg/L in 57% of the pregnant women. Although a larger sample is needed to consolidate these findings, these results raise concerns about the adequacy of the iodine supply of pregnant women in Brazil, especially considering the new determinations of the Brazilian government, which have recently reduced the concentrations of iodine in table salt to 15-45 mg/kg of salt.

Normal reference values for thyroid uptake of technetium-99m pertechnetate for the Namibian population

AbstractObjective: Historically, changes in normal thyroid uptake values for iodine have been reported in different geographical areas. These changes have been linked to geographical and chronological fluctuations in dietary iodine intake in different populations. Namibia is a country with mixed ethnicity, with access to dietary iodine in table salt. Despite historical reports on deviating normal thyroid uptake values (emphasising the importance of establishing local normal reference values), the relevant Namibian authorities have never revised these reference values, nor have local reference values been established. The aim of this study was to establish the normal reference values for thyroid uptake of technetium-99m pertechnetate in the Namibian population.Design: Participants who were considered to be euthyroid completed a questionnaire designed to exclude individuals with thyroid pathologies, as well as those with renal or heart disease.Settings and subjects: The study cohort consisted of 76 particip...

Avaliação de ICP OES com configuração axial ou radial para determinação de iodo em sal de cozinha

The performance of inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectrometers with axial and radial views for determination of iodine in table salt was evaluated. Interference and memory effects in nitric acid and water-soluble tertiary amines (CFA-C) media were studied. Based on a factorial experiment, one optimum instrument operational condition for axial configuration, and two optima conditions for radial configuration was established. The ICP OES with axial view was 5-fold more sensitive than the radial view. Both matrix matching and standard addition methods were used for iodine quantification and for most samples, both strategies of calibration led to similar results. Recoveries ranged from 104 to 114%.

Salt-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction for the determination of iodine in table salt by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection

2-Iodosobenzoate and N,N-dimethylaniline have been used at pH 6.4 for selective conversion of iodide to 4-iodo- N,N-dimethylaniline which was extracted with ethanol, when the phase separation occurred by addition of ammonium sulphate, a process called salt-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction (SALLME), and analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection. Iodate was reduced to iodide before derivatisation. The method has been optimised for extracting solvent, salt for phase separation, and reaction time. A linear calibration was obtained for 10 μg-10 mg L −1 of iodide with correlation coefficient of 0.9989 and limit of detection of 3.7 μg L −1. The SALLME produced 280-fold enrichment of the derivative. The commercial iodised table salt samples have been found highly inhomogeneous; the RSD in analysis of different aliquots of the same sample ranged 18.0-78.1%. The average recovery of spiked iodide to real samples was 98.4% with an average RSD of 7.9% (range 5.2-12.4%).

Iodization of table salt and attitudes and habits in relation to the use of salt in general population

Combating nutritional deficiencies of micronutrients, such as iodine, represents a priority task of health care organizations. In 2003, the World Health Organization (WHO) published the publication: Global Prevalence of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD), according to which some 2.2 billion people live in areas poor in naturally occurring iodine. Approximately 13% of the world population suffer from goitre--one of the IDD.The recommended iodine content in table salt is 20-40 mg/kg, which should satisfy the daily iodine requirements of an adult. The authors sought to ascertain whether iodization of table salt in Montenegro was carried out in accordance with the existing legislature. An assessment was also carried out of the attitudes and habits of the population regarding the use of salt in nutrition and the level of awareness in relation to the relevance of table salt iodization. The research was carried out in 2004 and was sponsored by UNICEF. A sample of 594 homes from the municipalities of Bar and Podgorica was chosen: 354 homes from urban and 240 from rural areas. The participants completed a questionnaire related to the daily use and intake of salt, as well as their understanding of the relevance of table salt iodization. Iodine content was tested in 15 samples of table salt at production level, 170 samples at retail level and 126 samples taken from domestic use. The analysis of table salt samples showed an optimal iodine level in 73.3% of samples from production, in 81.2% from retail, and in 73.0% from domestic use. A lower level of iodine was found in 8.8% retail samples and 15.1% samples from home use. A greater concentration of iodine was found in 26.7% production, 10.0% retail and 11.9% samples from domestic use. Although the application of the WHO programme has led to an improvement in iodization of table salt in Montenegro, both at production and retail levels, this still falls short of the standards recommended by WHO to combat IDD. The levels of iodine in table salt in domestic use also fail to comply with the WHO criteria for elimination of IDD.

Iodine intake is still inadequate among pregnant women eight years after mandatory iodination of salt in Turkey

A recent study showed first sign of reduction in goiter prevalence and elimination of iodine deficiency state among school-age children in Turkey after a decade of mandatory iodination of table salt. However, iodine status among pregnant women is a still debated issue in our country. To investigate iodine status, iodized salt consumption rate, and goiter prevalence in 1st trimester pregnant women 8 yr after the mandatory iodination. MATERIAL/ SUBJECTS AND METHODS: One hundred and forty-one 1sttrimester pregnant women who had been followed-up between January and October 2006 in the obstetric outpatient clinics in Turkey were included. Besides a physical examination, subjects underwent laboratory investigations for free T(3), free T(4), and urinary iodine concentration (UIC). All subjects completed a questionnaire regarding sociodemographic parameters, use of iodized salt, and pregnancy history. Goiter status was revealed by a palpation method according to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. In this study, we found that the median UIC of pregnant women was 149.7 microg/l (range 20.9-275.1 microg/l). Almost half of the subjects were below the WHO, United Nations Children's Fund, and International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders lower median reference limits of 150 microg/l. Total goiter prevalence was 24.8%, of which 9.2% were visible goiters. Among the study patients, 2.1% had subclinical hypothyroidism, and 0.7% had overt hypothyroidism. The rate for iodized salt use among the pregnant women was 95%. Our study revealed that iodine deficiency still remains a serious problem for pregnant women. Based on our results, antenatal follow-up protocols in the primary care setting in Turkey must include iodine supplementation.

More Than a Decade of Iodine Prophylaxis Is Needed to Eradicate Goiter Among School Age Children in a Moderately Iodine-Deficient Region

There are many studies regarding the effect of iodine supplementation on goiter, but relatively few reports on the duration of iodine supplementation required to eradicate goiter in iodine-deficient regions. In the current study, we aimed to determine goiter prevalence as determined by sonographic methods, as it relates to changes in median urinary iodine concentrations (UIC) among school age children (SAC), ages 9-11. This study was performed in Ankara, Turkey, before and 5-10 years after mandatory iodination of table salt. Three hundred to 400 SAC from the same primary schools were studied every year by measurement of UIC as part of Turkish Iodine Surveys. Sonographically determined thyroid volume of the SAC had been measured before the mandatory iodination in 1997 and 5-10 years afterward, in 2002 and 2007. The prevalence of goiter in children was evaluated using World Health Organization/International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders recommendations for age and sex. Moderate iodine deficiency was present in 1997 (median UIC, 25.5 microg/L), and it improved to mild iodine deficiency in 2001 (median UIC, 87 microg/L). Sufficient iodine intake (median UIC, 117 microg/L) was achieved by the year 2004. Goiter prevalence was 25% in 1997, 12.3% in 2001, and decreased to 1.3% in 2004. The time required to normalize the prevalence of goiter in SAC living in a moderately iodine-deficient environment was at least a decade. To achieve a goiter rate of less than 5% among SAC, it may require that, as a population, they were born and grew up under conditions of iodine sufficiency.

Determination of potassium iodide in table salt

The samples of table salt bought in Belgrade supermarkets are analysed in this paper. The method of indirect iodometry was used in the process of the analysis, and received results were converted into the content of KI in mg/kg of salt. Beside the content of KI, the content of NaCl was also determined, counted to dry meter and water content, and received results were compared with the requests determined by Regulations of Table Salt Quality Meant for Human Diet and by manufacturers' declaration. Received results show that the volumetric method of indirect iodometry, applied in this analysis, is very reliable for determination of potassium iodine in table salt, because of its high precision and reproducibility of the analysis results. All received results show that the samples of table salt which can be bought in supermarkets are according to the demands given by Regulations. Only one sample (evaporated salt) has significantly less mass of KI than it is determined by Regulations, but also by manufacturer's declaration. Measured humidity in the samples of table salt received from sea salt (sample 1) is higher than humidity in the samples received from rock salt as the result of magnesium presence in sea salt, which is hygroscopic material. Although samples 5 and 6 also originate from sea salt, their smaller humidity is the result of additional heating and salt processing. .

Descriptive epidemiology of thyroid carcinoma in Carinthia, Austria: 1984-2001. Histopathologic features and tumor classification of 734 cases under elevated general iodination of table salt since 1990: population-based age-stratified analysis on thyroid carcinoma incidence.

The aim of the study was to investigate the current thyroid carcinoma (TC) incidence in Carinthia, a former iodine-deficient, goiter-endemic region in Austria with approximately 550,000 inhabitants from 1984 to 2001. Using age-cohort analysis we analyzed the TC incidence under the impact of two regional risk factors: the contamination of Austrian soils by the radioactive fallout in from Chernobyl 1986 and the increased iodination of table salt in a general program of goiter prophylaxis begun in 1991. To evaluate the characteristics of TC incidence, we compared the results of the periods 1984-1989, 1990-1995, and 1996-2001. A total of 734 TC cases were diagnosed. Papillary, follicular, medullary, oxyphilic, and anaplastic TC accounted for 76%, 18%, 3%, 1%, and 2%, respectively. The female to male ratio was 3:1. The annual incidence rate increased by 8.05% in females and 11.6% in males. TC cases younger than 40 years of age accounted for 22.6%, with a rate increase of 18% per year in young males, the female-to-male ratio decreased from 8.3, 6.1, 2.7 younger than 40 in the compared periods. Along with a further increase in papillary TC incidence and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) ratio in the adult population, the ratio tended to decrease in the younger than 40-year-old population. T4 class TC and loco-regional lymph node involvement increased significantly. The observed changes in TC incidence, particularly in the young population, as in adults, could be linked to the abovementioned risk factors involved in the initiation and early growth of TC, and iodine may play a role in stimulating overall thyroid activity.

Trace Elements: Are They Important?

Our daily food contains: • 3 – major nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) • 6 – minor nutrients (calcium, chloride, magnesium, iron, sodium, sulphur) • 5 – trace elements as monitored and maintained in agricultural soils (boron, copper, manganese, molybdenum, zinc) • 3 – trace elements as added at other stages of our nutrition (iodine in table salt; cobalt in salt licks for cattle &amp; sheep; and selenium in fortified chicken feed)

Correction of iodine deficiency in Macedonia.

A national survey conducted in 1995-96 showed that mild to moderate iodine deficiency existed in Macedonia (median urinary iodine [UI] concentration 117 microg/l). It was concluded that a new legal regulation should be introduced concerning the iodination of table salt for human consumption. The iodine level was recommended to be 20-30 mg/kg salt, exclusively in the form of the more stable potassium iodate. The new regulations were instituted and became effective in October, 1999. National surveys performed in 2000 and 2001 showed increased median UI concentrations (154.1 microg/l in 2000 and 164.5 microg/l in 2001). In 2001, UI excretion was assessed in 490 pregnant and lactating women (median UI concentration 140 microg/l). During the last three surveys, household salt specimens were assessed for iodine content. The findings showed an increase of the percentage of the optimal iodine content in household salt (42-69%), which correlated with the higher IU excretion results. The new regime of salt iodination was proved to be highly effective in correcting the iodine deficiency in Macedonia.

Strategy of liquidation of iodine deficiency diseases in the Russian Federation

There are actually по territories in Russia without risk of iodine deficiency diseases (IDD) for the population. Iodine deficit in nutrition is observed in all heretofore examined areas of the country, from central regions to Sakhalin. Actual mean daily consumption of iodine by a resident of Russia is 40-80 pg (1995-1999), which is 2-3-fold below the recommended norm. Iodine deficiency is particularly pronounced in the rural residents and population with low income. Iodine deficiency of extreme severity was detected in the Republic of Tuva. A threatening tendency to increase in the incidence and prevalence of IDD and unfavorable socioeconomic changes which tell on the nutrition of population make the problem of IDD one of priority problems of public health and necessitate urgent measures aimed at liquidation of conditions for development of these diseases. Today the problem of IDD liquidation in Russia acquired state significance. The Government of the Russian Federation adopted on October 5, 1999, a Decision signed by V. V. Putin "On Measures for Prevention of Iodine Deficiency Diseases". Minister of Health of the Russian Federation, Chief State Sanitary Physician, organs of legislative and administrative power in the Federation determined by their order and decisions the strategic trends in prevention of IDD. The most efficient strategy of liquidation of iodine deficit in Russia is overall iodination of table salt. WHO and UNISEF recommend total salt iodination as a universal highly economic method for global liquidation of IDD. Individual and group iodine prevention should be carried out with drugs containing physiological dose of iodine in accordance with age requirements. The efficiency of various methods of iodine deficiency compensation by different methods (making use of iodinated salt, iodinated bread, and treatment with iodine preparations, such as potassium iodide and lipiodol) was evaluated at Endocrinology Research Center of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. A method of bread iodination is developed and introduced. Among the priority problems of IDD control are introduction of a system of biological monitoring of iodine supply, epidemiological studies at the population level, drug supply, improvement of higher and vocational medical training and upgrading of physicians with special emphasis on diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of IDD, and education of the population with instructions on measures of iodine deficiency prevention.