Iodine Content In Drinking Water Research Articles

Geological and Ecological Environment of Chinese Historical Celebrities

Historical celebrities play an important role in the development of human history. This paper has studied the geological and ecological environment of Chinese historical celebrities, the results show that The time-space evolution characteristics of historical celebrities is a true reflection and faithful record of the natural environment changes and human survivability in mainland China in 4,000 years. The distribution of the total number of historical celebrities in all provinces is subject to various factors, Among them, per capita annual income, population density, drinking water iodine content, annual average temperature, soil Mo, Ca, K, Sr, Mg and other indicators are positively correlated, but negatively correlated with altitude, river water hardness, soil As, and organic carbon. Maintaining ideological and cultural celebrities and constructive political and military celebrities, critical thought and cultural celebrities and destructive political and military celebrities, the distribution of stratum age, rock type, soil type, ecological type and soil life element content of these important historical celebrities birthplaces, the distribution of stratum age, rock type, soil type, ecological type and soil life element content of these important historical celebrities birthplaces, there were significant differences. Among them, the contents of Ca, Na, Sr and other elements in the soil of the celebrities of critical and destructive history birthplace were significantly reduced, while Si, Al, K/Na, Ti, V, Zn, Cu, Mo, U, Pb, Hg, Cd, etc. elemental content is significantly increased. The natural geographical environment restricts the quantity distribution of historical celebrities and also affects the social and historical functions of important historical celebrities. This research opens up a new field of cultural geography and psychogeology research.

Investigation on spatial variability and influencing factors of drinking water iodine in Xinjiang, China.

Background and objectivesXinjiang is one of the areas in China with extremely severe iodine deficiency. The health of Xinjiang residents has been endangered for a long time. In order to provide reasonable suggestions for scientific iodine supplementation and improve the health and living standards of the people in Xinjiang, it is necessary to understand the spatial distribution of iodine content in drinking water and explore the influencing factors of spatial heterogeneity of water iodine content distribution.MethodsThe data of iodine in drinking water arrived from the annual water iodine survey in Xinjiang in 2017. The distribution of iodine content in drinking water in Xinjiang is described from three perspectives: sampling points, districts/counties, and townships/streets. ArcGIS was used for spatial auto-correlation analysis, mapping the distribution of iodine content in drinking water and visualizing the distribution of Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) model parameter. Kriging method is used to predict the iodine content in water at non-sampling points. GWR software was used to build GWR model in order to find the factors affecting the distribution of iodine content in drinking water.ResultsThere are 3293 sampling points in Xinjiang. The iodine content of drinking water ranges from 0 to 128 μg/L, the median is 4.15 μg/L. The iodine content in 78.6% of total sampling points are less than 10 μg/L, and only that in the 3.4% are more than 40 μg/L. Among 1054 towns’ water samples in Xinjiang, 88.9% of the samples’ water iodine content is less than 10 μg/L. Among the 94 studied areas, the median iodine content in drinking water in 87 areas was less than 10 μg/L, those values in 7 areas were between 10–40 μg/L, and the distribution of water iodine content in Xinjiang shows clustered. The GWR model established had found that the effects of soil type and precipitation on the distribution of iodine content in drinking water were statistically significant.ConclusionsThe iodine content of drinking water in Xinjiang is generally low, but there are also some areas which their drinking water has high iodine content. Soil type and precipitation are the factors affecting the distribution of drinking water iodine content, and are statistically significant (P<0.05).

Analysis of urinary iodine level and thyroid function in Tibetan adults in Lhasa

Objective To investigate the distribution of urinary iodine level and its relationship with thyroid function in Tibetan adults in Lhasa. Methods Tibetan residents living in Lhasa and its surrounding countryside were recruited by the method of multistage randomized cluster sampling. Their salt iodine, drinking water iodine, urinary iodine, and thyroid function levels were detected. According to the urinary iodine level, these subjects were divided into the iodine deficiency group (urinary iodine<100 μg/L), the iodine enough group (urine iodine 100-199 μg/L), the iodine adequate group (urine iodine 200-299 μg/L) and the iodine excessive group (urine iodine≥300 μg/L). The differences in thyroid function among various groups were compared. Results A total of 2 235 subjects were included in the study. The overall level of urinary iodine was in skewed distribution, with a median (upper and lower quartiles) of 154 (99, 229) μg/L. The proportion of subjects with insufficient iodine intake was 25.7%, while those of the enough, adequate, and excessive groups were 41.5%, 21.3%, and 11.5%, respectively. There was no significant difference in urine iodine level between males and females [152(95, 219)μg/L vs 155(100, 232)μg/L P>0.05]. The urinary iodine levels in residents of urban were higher than those in rural residents [157(101, 232) μg/L vs 140(92, 200) μg/L, P 0.05). The levels of thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) and thyroglobulin antibody (TGAb) were gradually decreased with the increase of urinary iodine level (P<0.05). Conclusion More than 50% of Tibetans are at the status of low iodine and high iodine intakes in Lhasa. Although the salt iodine content meets national standards, the drinking water iodine content is lower than that standard. Key words: Lhasa; Tibetan; Urinary iodine; Thyroid function

Iodine Nutrition and Thyroid Function in Pregnant Women Exposed to Different Iodine Sources.

Pregnant women are more vulnerable to iodine deficiency and iodine excess. The study aimed to assess the changes in iodine nutrition and thyroid function of pregnant women exposed to different iodine sources resulting in various iodine intakes during pregnancy. From 2016 to 2017, 2004 healthy pregnant women aged 20-35years from Shandong and Tianjin, China, were enrolled. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC), drinking water iodine content (WIC), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroid hormone (FT4), thyroglobulin (Tg), serum thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), and thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) were measured. Pregnant women in both Shandong and Tianjin were iodine sufficient, but the median UIC in pregnant women was significantly higher in Shandong (244μg/L) than thatin Tianjin (159μg/L). No differences were found in UIC over the course of gestation in Shandong. In Tianjin, the UIC decreased during 13-24weeks and stabilized thereafter. Compared with Tianjin, TSH levels were higher and FT3 and FT4 levels were lower in Shandong. Both FT3 and FT4 significantly decreased during pregnancy in Shandong and Tianjin. TSH and Tg increased over the course of gestation in both Shandong and Tianjin. The iodine status of pregnant women in Tianjin and Shandong were sufficient, but different changing patterns in UIC and thyroid function during pregnancy were presented. More attention should be focused on iodine nutrition of pregnant women, even in iodine-sufficient areas.

Environmental factors other than iodine deficiency in the pathogenesis of endemic goiter in the basin of river Ganga and Bay of Bengal, India

Background: In iodine-replete basin of the river Ganga and the Bay of Bengal, we studied iodine nutritional status of school children by goiter prevalence and their urinary iodine (UI), iodine content in edible salt, and the bioavailability of iodine through water and its contribution to iodine nutrition. We also studied consumption pattern of common goitrogenic plants by measuring urinary thiocyanate (USCN), hardness of water (calcium and magnesium salt content) and assessed the effect of concomitant exposure of those environmental factors in goitrogenesis. Methods: 4603 children aged 6-12 years were examined for goiter by palpation, 520 urine samples were analyzed for UI and USCN; iodine content was estimated in 455 household salt and 130 water samples tested both for iodine and hardness. Results: The total goiter rate was 35.9%, median UI was 231 ΅g/l, mean USCN was 0.857 ± 0.48 mg/dl, iodine content in water was 44.7 ± 4.1 ΅g/l, 66.4% of salt samples contained iodine (15 ppm), and water was found to be hard. UI was correlated with both the drinking water iodine content and USCN and the degree of hardness in drinking water was associated with goiter prevalence. Conclusions: The studied population has endemic goitre despite iodine sufficiency. The concomitant exposure of a number of environmental factors, i.e., thiocyanate of cyanogenic plant food, hardness of drinking water, and excess iodine from environmental sources other than iodide salt are likely responsible for the causation and persistence of endemic goiter in the region.

Iodine in drinking water varies by more than 100-fold in Denmark. Importance for iodine content of infant formulas.

The iodine intake level of the population is of major importance for the occurrence of thyroid disorders in an area. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the importance of drinking water iodine content for the known regional differences in iodine intake in Denmark and for the iodine content of infant formulas. Iodine in tap water obtained from 55 different locations in Denmark varied from <1.0 to 139 microg/l. In general the iodine content was low in Jutland (median 4.1 microg/l) with higher values on Sealand (23 microg/l) and other islands. Preparation of coffee or tea did not reduce the iodine content of tap water with a high initial iodine concentration. A statistically significant correlation was found between tap water iodine content today and the urinary iodine excretion measured in 41 towns in 1967 (r=0.68, P<0.001). The correlation corresponded to a basic urinary iodine excretion in Denmark of 43 microg/24h excluding iodine in water and a daily water intake of 1.7 l. The iodine content of infant formulas prepared by addition of demineralized water varied from 37 to 138 microg/l (median 57 microg/l, n=18). Hence the final iodine content would depend heavily on the source of water used for preparation. We found that iodine in tap water was a major determinant of regional differences in iodine intake in Denmark. Changes in water supply and possibly water purification methods may influence the population iodine intake level and the occurrence of thyroid disorders.