Iodine Chloride Research Articles

Tunable Mesoporous Porphyrin‐Based Conjugated Polymer Capable of Boosting Four‐Electron Zn‐I2 Batteries

AbstractPorphyrin‐based conjugated polymers (PCPs) have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional conjugated π‐electron system and remarkable physical/chemical properties, further endowing them with ordered mesoscopic architecture to break the intrinsic non/microporous restriction is highly desirable, but it still remains a great challenge. Herein, a facile bottom‐up approach for fabricating ordered mesoporous PCPs (mPCPs) with tunable mesoporous channels through colloid‐mediated self‐assembly are presented. The resultant orders mesoscopic architecture featuring a substantial specific surface area (99.3 m2 g−1) and polar skeleton, remarkably improved anchoring properties for iodine chloride molecule. Meanwhile, the optimized mass transport facilitated by the robust mesoporous channels, coupled with the increased accessibility of polar functional groups, renders the structures with an ideal nanoreactor for the highly synergistic stabilization of the four‐electron I+/I2/I− conversion process. Therefore, the mPCPs host exhibits a high specific capacity (321 mA h g−1 at 0.5 A g−1), excellent rate performance, and cycle stability (266 mAh g−1 at 3.0 A g−1 after 1800 cycles), underscoring its potential as an effective platform for zinc‐iodine batteries. This study will provide a new method for precise control and engineering of mesoporous structures tailored for specific functionalities and electrochemical requirements, thereby facilitating the development of advanced materials based on multi‐electron energy storage applications.

Probing iodide/iodonium salt interactions with single-walled carbon nanotubes for resilient electrochemical capacitor

Self-standing films from single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were successfully used as electrochemical capacitors’ (ECs) electrode material, which exhibited state-of-the-art characteristics. The surface of SWCNTs was modified by iodonium salt molecules that substantially and permanently improved their electrical conductivity. The addition of pyridinium iodine chloride salt (IPyCl) quadrupled the value of the electrical conductivity of the SWCNT film, which reached values as high as 1022 S cm−1. Subsequently, the electrochemical performance of the newly designed self-standing SWCNTs with deposited IPyCl in aqueous neutral 1 M Li2SO4 and redox-active 1 M KI electrolytes was thoroughly analysed. Because redox activity of iodine species was observed mainly on the positive electrode, activated carbon with a developed surface area was used as a negative electrode to balance the faradaic charge. Due to the notable stability of iodonium salt dopant (instead of labile halogen-containing compounds typically used for SWCNT doping), robust charge/discharge performance of EC was demonstrated (> 10 000 cycles) in Li2SO4 electrolyte. Moreover, a significant improvement of capacitor metrics (from 49 to 75 F g−1) was obtained when electrodes modified by previously unexplored iodonium salt were utilized in 1 M KI electrolyte. Extensive analysis of the obtained data led to the elucidation of the doping mechanism responsible for the aforementioned achievements. The novel SWCNT-based electrodes enhanced with iodonium salt are auspicious materials, which can be used to build EC systems of appreciable capacitance.

Investigating the processes and rate of iodide ion and compound oxidation in subterranean hydrothermal waters

Studies using physico-chemical methods have been conducted to evaluate the oxidative characteristics of various reagents for the technological extraction of iodine from groundwater and sufficient data have been obtained. According to the research results, iodine is predominantly present in the form of molecular iodine (85.6%), iodide ions (3.2%), iodate (9.1%) and iodine chloride (2.1%) were detected. Preserving all forms of iodine in solution at the same time is possible only in an alkaline environment, where the oxidizing properties of iodates are sharply reduced. This information is important for choosing a method for purifying iodine paste using various physical and chemical methods. From experiments in research, the beginning of the release of elemental iodine was noted at a voltage above 0.250 V and a pH of 5-3 or less. In this case, the solution usually becomes dark red with a reddish or brownish tint, which indicates the formation of complex compounds of iodine with other ions in the solution.

Partial Oxidation of Methane Enabled by Decatungstate Photocatalysis Coupled to Free Radical Chemistry

The decatungstate anion, [W10O32]4– or DT, is a useful photocatalyst for organic transformations involving C–H functionalization. Herein, we leverage the unique photoredox properties of DT to generate a chlorine radical from chloride ion for the photochemical partial oxidation of methane. Under optimized conditions, the DT–chloride–iodine ensemble achieves methane to methyl trifluoroacetate conversion with >350 photocatalyst turnovers at ∼60% yield based on methane in trifluoroacetic acid solvent. Methyl trifluoroacetate exhibits excellent stability under reaction conditions with minimal amounts of degradation (<6%) detected after 41 h. Based on density functional theory calculations, we propose a mechanism that involves synergistic relationships among the DT, chloride, and iodine species with the following key features: (1) photoredox electron transfer reaction of DT with Cl– to generate Cl•, (2) reaction of photoexcited DT with methane to generate methyl radicals via net hydrogen atom abstraction, (3) a Cl/I radical-based pathway in which methane is converted to MeTFA, and (4) reoxidation of reduced DT species by dioxygen. This mechanism takes advantage of the unique redox potential of DT and the ability of DT to mediate both electron transfer and hydrogen atom transfer reactions, ultimately generating an efficient pathway for aerobic methane partial oxidation.

Study on New High-Pressure Phases and Electronic Properties of Iodine Chloride Employing Ab Initio Calculations

Study on New High-Pressure Phases and Electronic Properties of Iodine Chloride Employing Ab Initio Calculations

Polycentric binding in complexes of trimethylamine-N-oxide with dihalogens.

Dihalogens readily interact with trimethylamine-N-oxide under ambient conditions. Accordingly, herein, stable 1 : 1 adducts were obtained in the case of iodine chloride and iodine bromide. The crystal and molecular structure of the trimethylamine-N-oxide–iodine chloride adduct was solved. Furthermore, the geometry and electronic structure of the trimethylamine-N-oxide–dihalogen complexes were studied computationally. Only molecular ensembles were found in the global minimum for the 1 : 1 stoichiometry. The O⋯X–Y halogen bond is the main factor for the thermodynamic stability of these complexes. Arguments for electrostatic interactions as the driving force for this noncovalent interaction were discussed. Also, the equilibrium structures are additionally stabilised by weak C–H⋯X hydrogen bonds. Consequently, formally monodentate ligands are bound in a polycentric manner.

Electrophilic ipso-Halocyclization of N-Phenyl-N-triflylpropiolamides Leading to 8-Halo-1-azaspiro[4.5]deca-3,6,9-trien-2-ones

N-Phenyl-N-triflylpropiolamides react with iodine chloride or iodine bromide by an intramolecular electrophilic ipso-halocyclization/nucleophilic halide addition sequence to furnish cyclohexadiene-spiro-γ-lactams. These products can undergo cleavage of the amide bond with primary amines and of the N–Cspiro bond with secondary amines, leading to N-alkyl-2-iodo-3-phenylacrylamides and N-(4-halophenyl)-2-iodo-3-(2-triflylamino)phenylacrylamides, respectively.

Mediator Catalyst for Lithium Fluoride Decomposition for Lithium Recovery

A catalyst to electrochemically decompose lithium fluoride (LiF), which is abound in the electrode of the spent LiBs, was studied to develop a Li reproduction technology. Since the oxidizing activity of halogen I₂, Br₂, Cl₂, or F₂, increases, the reaction I₂ + 2LiF → F₂ + 2LiI cannot proceed. We examined the catalytic activity of interhalogens such as iodine monobromide (IBr) and iodine chloride (ICl) for LiF decomposition in specific organic solvents. We observed the chemical decomposition of LiF in IBr and ICl dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solutions. This decomposition was induced by an increase in solution acidity, accompanied by a large deviation in the electric charge between two halogen elements due to the complex formation of interhalogen with DMSO. A double-chamber-type cell for Li recovery from LiF was constructed by combining this LiF decomposition behavior with redox coupling of IBr or ICl operated by electrical charging. The cell was first demonstrated to be chargeable due to the continuous decomposition of LiF.

ОЦЕНКА ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ДЕЗИНФИЦИРУЮЩЕГО ДЕЙСТВИЯ СРЕДСТВА МОНОХЛОРИД (ЙОДХЛОРИД) 2% В ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕННЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ

The results of production tests of the effectiveness of the disinfectant Monochloride (Iodine chloride) 2% for disinfection of objects of veterinary supervision are presented. Test results show that Monochloride (Iodine Chloride) 2% is effective disinfectant and can be recommended for preventive and forced disinfection at the objects of veterinary surveillance while monitoring its quality for the isolation of bacteria of the Escherichia coli group and staphylococci, as well as forced disinfection in infectious bacterial diseases (including tuberculosis) and viral etiology, especially dangerous infections (Siberian ulcer and other spore infections).

The Structural Studies of Phase Transitions in the Graphite Intercalation Compounds with Iodine Chloride and Bromine

The Structural Studies of Phase Transitions in the Graphite Intercalation Compounds with Iodine Chloride and Bromine

The mixed valence iodine chlorides [PCl4]2[ICl2][ICl4] and [BnMe3N]2[I2Cl3][ICl4

The interhalides [PCl4]2[ICl2][ICl4] (1) and [BnMe3N]2[I2Cl3][ICl4] (2) were prepared by halogen exchange reaction of the interhalogen ICl3 or [BnMe3N][ICl4] (Bn: benzyl) with the strong Lewis acid PBr5 and the soft Lewis acid BiBr3 in the ionic liquid [MeBu3N][N(Tf)2] (N(Tf)2: bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide). [PCl4]2[ICl2][ICl4] (1) consists of tetrahedral [PCl4]+ cations as well as the iodine chloride anions [ICl2]– and [ICl4]–. [BnMe3N]2[I2Cl3][ICl4] (2) contains [BnMe3N]+ cations and [I2Cl3]– as well as [ICl4]– anions. Such combination of iodine chloride anions – [ICl2]–/[ICl4]– and [I2Cl3]–/[ICl4]– – is observed for the first time. Moreover, interhalides containing mixed-valent iodine as observed here with I+I and I+III are observed for the first time. In fact, a combination of I+I/I+III is yet only known for iodine oxides. Both compounds are characterized by crystal structure analysis. They are highly reactive and sensitive to temperature, light and moisture. The preparation of the iodine chlorides, moreover, points to the benefit of ionic-liquid-based synthesis for obtaining highly sensitive compounds, in general.

ЛАБОРАТОРНЫЕ ИСПЫТАНИЯ ДЕЗИНФИЦИРУЮЩЕГО СРЕДСТВА МОНОХЛОРИД (ЙОДХЛОРИД) 2%

The article describes the results of laboratory tests of the effectiveness of the disinfectant Monochloride (Iodine chloride) 2%. Laboratory studies were carried out on test objects and test surfaces contaminated with test cultures of microorganisms, which included museum cultures of E. coli (E. coli 1257), S. aureus 209-P, mycobacteria (pcs. B5), and spores (B. cereus pieces. 96). Disinfection of test objects was carried out by the method of irrigation at a consumption rate of 0,25...0,3 l/ m2 with disinfection of smooth surfaces and 0,5 l/m2, with disinfection of rough surfaces. The treatment was performed twice with an interval of 60 minutes. Our work established that the Monochloride (Iodine chloride) 2% has a high disinfectant activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, mycobacteria and spores. On the basis of the laboratory work, this tool can be recommended for production tests at veterinary surveillance facilities.

Особливості інтеркаляції вуглецевих наноматеріалів, що містять нанотрубки

The possibility of intercalation of carbon nanomaterials containing carbon nanotubes is considered. Carbon nanomaterials containing multiwall carbon nanotubes of different structure and size were intercalated by iodine chloride with use standard one-temperature method. As it is shown by electron microscopic studies, after intercalation the size and morphology of carbon nanotubes are essentially changed. The diameter of carbon nanotubes increases two times more. This increase in diameter is due to the penetration of iodine chloride molecules between layers of a multiwall carbon nanotubes or into the inner cavity of nanotubes. According to X-ray diffraction, the position of the most intense band in the 00ldiffractogram of carbon nanomaterial moves to the region of smaller angles after intercalation. The exact angular position of the 00l-band corresponds to reflection from the intercalate layers for the third stage compound. The hysteresis in the temperature dependence of resistivity for compacted intercalated carbon nanomaterial is observed. This hysteresis is explained by the change of the charge carriers effective relaxation time at the scattering on the phonons of the graphite layer and the intercalate layer. Such change occurs at the phase transitions in the intercalate layers from an ordered "quasicrystalline state" to an unordered "quasiliquid" state.

Employing ionic liquids to deposit cellulose on PET fibers

Several ionic liquids are excellent solvents for cellulose. Starting from that finishing of PET fabrics with cellulose dissolved in ionic liquids like 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium acetate, diethylphosphate and chloride, or the chloride of butyl-methyl imidazolium has been investigated. Finishing has been carried out from solutions of different concentrations, using microcrystalline cellulose or cotton and by employing different cross-linkers. Viscosity of solutions has been investigated for different ionic liquids, concentrations, cellulose sources, linkers and temperatures. Since ionic liquids exhibit no vapor pressure, simple pad-dry-cure processes are excluded. Before drying the ionic liquid has to be removed by a rinsing step. Accordingly rinsing with fresh ionic liquid followed by water or the direct rinsing with water have been tested. The amount of cellulose deposited has been investigated by gravimetry, zinc chloride iodine test as well as reactive dyeing. Results concerning wettability, water up-take, surface resistance, wear-resistance or washing stability are presented.

Spectroscopic and dielectric study of iodine chloride doped PVA/PVP blend

Optical and dielectric properties of Poly (vinyl alcohol)/ Poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) blend and blend loaded with different concentrations of ICl2 were studied. UV–Vis spectral analysis before and after γ-irradiation suggested that the addition of iodine led to complete complexation between ICl2 and polymer blend were observed. The values of optical parameters λo, So and n∞ were determined from by reflection and transmission spectra in the range of 200–800 nm. The refractive index was found to change non-monotonically with the increase of iodine. Infrared analysis revealed the formation of new species between blend and iodine content. There were some changes in IR absorption bands, position and their intensities. The AC conductivity (σac) behavior of all prepared films was investigated in the frequency range 42 Hz–5 MHz and under different isothermal stabilization in the temperature range 300–400 K. The dependence of the imaginary modulus (M″) on frequency at lower frequencies was estimated. The increasing values of M″ may be attributed to the bulk effect with the increase in temperature.

A facile synthesis of the novel thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidine derivatives

2-Bromomethyl- and 2-iodomethyl-2,3-dihydrothiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-ones are prepared via the reaction of 3-allyl-2-thiouracil derivatives with bromine or iodine chloride, respectively. The 6-bromo and 6-nitro derivatives are synthesized by an electrophilic substitution at C-6 of the thiazolopyrimidine system. As a result, novel 2,3-dihydrothiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one derivatives are obtained. Hydrogen halide elimination from the 2-halomethyl-2,3-dihydrothiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-ones is also reported.

Dynamics of Network Formation in Aqueous Suspension RAFT Styrene/Divinylbenzene Copolymerization

SummaryExperimental studies concerning the RAFT copolymerization of styrene and commercial divinylbenzene were performed in order to assess the use of controlled radical polymerization for the production of non‐conventional polymer networks. Aqueous suspension polymerizations were carried out in stirred batch reactor and changes of a few operation parameters were tried in order to assess their effect on key product properties: reaction temperature, initial ratio monomer/RAFT agent, monomer dilution in the organic phase and crosslinker content in the monomer mixture were changed along the experimental program. Polymerizations were extended beyond the gel point in order to synthesize gel beads. The effect of different commercially available RAFT agents (e.g. S‐thiobenzoyl thioglycolic acid and two trithiocarbonates) on network process formation was also studied. Dynamics of gel formation was measured using size exclusion chromatography with refractive index and light scattering detection. Iodine chloride titration yielded pendant double bonds concentration. In‐line and off‐line FTIR‐ATR measurements were also performed in order to obtain information concerning the kinetics of formation and final structure of the gels.

Synthetic transformations of isoquinoline alkaloids. 1-alkynyl-3,6-dimethoxy-N-methyl-4,5α-epoxy-6,18-endoethenobenzo[i]isomorphinans and their transformations

The reaction of thebaine with 2-bromo-6-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone regioselectively afforded 6,18-endo-etheno-9-methyldihydrothebainehydroquinone. Iodination of 6,18-endo-ethenodihydrothebainehydroquinones with N-iodosuccinimide in trifluoroacetic acid was also selective, and the corresponding 1-iodo derivatives were formed. The main reaction pathway in the halogenation of 6,18-endo-ethenodihydrothebainehydroquinone with iodine chloride was chlorination of the fused hydroquinone fragment. The Sonogashira reaction of 1-iodo-6,18-endo-ethenodihydrothebainehydroquinones with trimethylsilylacetylene and subsequent desilylation gave 1-ethynyl-6,18-endo-ethenodihydrothebainehydroquinones. 1-[3-(4-R-Piperazin-1-yl)-propynyl]- and 1-{3-[2-(pyridin-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]propynyl}-6,18-endo-ethenodihydrothebainehydroquinones were synthesized by the Mannich reaction of acetylenic derivatives of dihydrothebainehydroquinone with piperazine and anabasine in the presence of formaldehyde, catalyzed by copper(I) compounds. The reaction of 1-iodo-6,18-endo-ethenodihydrothebainehydroquinone with N-methylpiperazine and formaldehyde was accompanied by copper-catalyzed oxidative homocoupling.

Synthesis of 7-iodo(arylsulfanyl)methyl-7,8-dihydro-[1,3]thiazolo[2,3-i]purinium pentaiodide (perchlorates) and their transformation into 4-amino-5-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)imidazole derivatives

Intramolecular electrophilic cyclization of 6-allylsulfanylpurine by the action of iodine and arenesulfenyl chlorides gave 7-iodomethyl-7,8-dihydro[1,3]thiazolo[2,3-i]purin-6-ium pentaiodide and 7-arylsulfanylmethyl-7,8-dihydro[1,3]thiazolo[2,3-i]purin-6-ium perchlorates, respectively. 7-Iodomethyl-7,8-dihydro-[1,3]thiazolo[2,3-i]purin-6-ium iodide reacted with sodium and potassium alkoxides to produce alkyl N-[5-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]formimidates, and its reaction with secondary cyclic amines afforded 5-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)-N-[morpholin-4-yl(or piperidin-1-yl)methylidene]-1H-imidazol-4-amines. Successive treatment of 7-arylsulfanylmethyl-7,8-dihydro[1,3]thiazolo[2,3-i]purin-6-ium perchlorates with sodium acetate and morpholine led to the formation of 5-(4-arylsulfanylmethyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)-N-(morpholin-4-ylmethylidene)-1H-imidazol-4-amines.

An unexpected cyclization reaction of tert-butyl o-trimethylsilylphenyl sulfoximine

An efficient one-pot synthesis of the title compound 5 starting from methyl phenyl sulfoximine is described. On attempted iododesilylation of this compound using iodine chloride, one methyl group on the silicon atom is formally replaced by the imino nitrogen to give a derivative 8 of the novel heterocyclic system 1,3,2-benzothiasilazole.