Involvement Of Different Actors Research Articles

Autoavaliação como estratégia de planejamento em um programa de pósgraduação

Abstract Self-assessment is characterized by a self-analysis process carried out collectively by the actors involved in the process, highlighting strengths, weaknesses and opportunities for improvement. Selfassessment represents a collective effort to implement a process of critical, democratic and participatory reflection. This article aims to present the process of formation and performance of the Self-Assessment Committee (SAC) of the Graduate Program in Health Sciences-Professional Master’s at the Universidade Federal de São Paulo in 2021 and 2022. A Self-Assessment Plan was developed by a working group constituted within the scope of SAC, with the participation of members of the Graduate Teaching Committee and an extended meeting with professors and students. The plan addressed the importance of self-assessment as a powerful strategy for planning and interventions in search of improvements to the program. To achieve its objectives, SAC based its actions on the PDSA proposal (plan-do-study-action). The process resulted in the involvement of different actors to create the Self-Assessment Plan and implement priority actions in the short and medium term.

Developing a collaborative research agenda for Quebrada de Humahuaca, Argentina

PurposeThis article presents a process of building a practice-driven research agenda for Quebrada de Humahuaca, a World Heritage cultural landscape in northern Argentina, developed under the framework of the Heritage Place Lab (2021–2022) led by the World Heritage Leadership Programme. The research agenda aims to improve the property's management and governance structures through an inclusive approach that considers the participation of all stakeholders and rights holders.Design/methodology/approachThrough collaborative work, a step-by-step methodology was employed that included identifying the property's values and attributes, the involvement of different actors in its management and their specific roles, and the factors that might cause real or potential impacts. The systematisation and analysis of this information served to define research priorities and a practice-driven research agenda.FindingsA range of conflicts and threats were identified, and the values and attributes that define the property were recognised. The collaborative process helped define research priorities and allowed the development of a preliminary research agenda, which, in the long term, can meet the needs of the property's World Heritage Management Unit.Originality/valueThe originality of this work lies in the collaborative work undertaken by the research and practice teams to define a new research agenda based on practical needs to improve the management and governance structures of the World Heritage property.

Unpacking the Complexities of Armed Conflict Fatalities in Bangladesh: A Data-driven Study of Factors, Actors, and Spatial Patterns

Bangladesh, a developing country, faces various challenges that hinder its progress. One significant issue is the high crime rate, along with its lower resilience score on the global peace scale compared with other Asian countries. This study investigates the underlying factors that contribute to armed conflict in Bangladesh. Key questions were explored, such as identifying the regions most affected by conflicts, understanding the involvement of different actors in these regions and events, and developing predictive models for fatality rates and future crime based on various related attributes. To address these objectives, machine learning algorithms and clustering techniques were employed in this research. The ACLED[1] Bangladesh dataset, encompassing conflict events from 2010 to 2021, was analyzed to obtain valuable insights. Clustering techniques, specifically k-means and hierarchical clustering, were applied to classify Bangladeshi Divisions and Cities based on shared characteristics. Furthermore, this study investigates the events and actors associated with each cluster to identify hidden factors. Machine learning algorithms are utilized to predict fatality rates by employing various techniques, such as pre-trained models and discretization methods. Finally, the focus shifts towards predicting future crimes by utilizing the Random Forest algorithm, which achieved a 97% accuracy rate. The results of this study demonstrated promising outcomes, with high R2 scores which is Goodness of fit measure, indicating a 99% satisfaction level for predicting fatalities. Overall, this study highlights the potential of machine learning to understand and mitigate conflicts in Bangladesh. It emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary approaches and stakeholder engagement in developing context- specific tools for effective conflict analysis and mediation. By leveraging the findings of this study, policymakers and relevant authorities can make informed decisions to address the increasing prevalence of crime and work towards a more peaceful and secure Bangladesh

Food industry responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: public health or public relations?

Introduction: The study's objective was to identify and analyse the responses of food industry actors in Brazil to the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted a qualitative analysis of information available in the public domain and published between 1 March and 30 September 2020.
 Results: The actions of the food industry in Brazil during the first few months of the COVID-19 pandemic primarily focused on the donation of medical equipment, hygiene and food products, including ultra-processed foods, and the provision of advice and information about COVID-19, with no oversight from health bodies. Food industry actors also promoted their actions to care for their workers' health and other needs.
 Conclusions: In the context of a global crisis causing enormous disruption in people's lives, the involvement of different actors in the response to the pandemic may have been helpful in the short term. However, these actions could also have resulted in negative public health consequences if they were, in reality, driven by a search for profits.

Social media platforms, open communication and problem solving in the back-office of Ghanaian extension: A substantive, structural and relational analysis

CONTEXTAddressing new agricultural challenges may benefit from open communication among field extension agents and other actors who hold relevant expertise, including subject matter specialists and applied researchers. OBJECTIVEIn the context, this article investigates the contribution of two social media messaging platforms, in Ghana, to facilitating open information sharing and interaction amid the emergence of a new pest, fall armyworm. METHODSUsing thematic content analysis and network analysis, we analysed the types of content exchanged over the platforms, the characteristics of the networks in terms of the involvement of different actors in sending and receiving messages; and through platform user surveys established how such interaction patterns were influenced by social relations, self-representational interests and organisational set-ups and rules. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSThe results indicate that both social media platforms are characterised by relatively centralised network and communication structures, suggesting that participation in especially sending messages is non-egalitarian. Such structural features are not conducive to complex knowledge and problem solving processes such as knowledge integration and joint problem solving. In line with this, the analysis of the actual knowledge and problem solving processes taking place demonstrated that the platforms were used more for knowledge and information dissemination as well as for the distribution of notifications in support of organisational coordination. Our investigations show that social hierarchies, organisational rules and tactics related to identity management influenced these patterns of interaction and posed constraints to open knowledge and information sharing. Nevertheless, the platforms play meaningful roles in supporting knowledge processes, and are likely to generate useful input for knowledge integration and collaborative problem solving in complementary face-to-face settings. SIGNIFICANCEThe study contributes to an emerging research area that relates social media (other than Facebook) to knowledge sharing, problem solving and broader forms of collaboration in professional spaces, in the African agricultural context.

VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS OF VEGETABLE SEED IN WESTERN RUKUM DISTRICT, NEPAL

The vegetable seed is one of the growing high-value subsectors in Nepal because of the increasing commercialization of vegetable production, the deficit of seed supply, and the rising involvement of different actors at different levels of its value chain. In this context, the present study was designed to analysis the value chain of vegetable seeds with a special focus on the competitiveness of the value chain actors. The study was conducted in Western Rukum, Nepal in 2017. Data from 210 randomly selected vegetable seed producers using simple random sampling, 13 seed traders including seed collectors, seed companies and agro vets, eight enablers as well as information from secondary sources were collected and analyzed by using descriptive statistics. The result showed that even having nine functional vegetable seed marketing channels in the district there was a weak relationship among value chain actors. The actors involved in the production and marketing sides had different areas of interest. The producers were typically interested in access to technical input and market assurance in both price and quantity, on the other hand, the market actors were interested in quality assurance and market-led price fixation. Additionally, the market information was limited to the local level seed traders. In the contrast, networking among local traders was found very strong. However, they were also not sure about the quality of seed produced by farmers and had to wait until the quality test by the seed company to clear their product. The finding of this study indicates farmers should maintain the quality of seed, the seed traders should provide the essential information to producers regarding the price and quality standard that need to be met, and government agencies should increase the extension service on the technical know-how of high yielding varieties based on consumers demand to promote the export of the seeds.

Exploring the contours of climate governance: An interdisciplinary systematic literature review from a southern perspective

AbstractDealing with climate change is one of this century's most difficult challenges demanding new strategies to steer societies towards common transformational goals. A growing literature involving “climate governance” is evolving and should advance the discussion on transformations and the involvement of different actors in climate action. However, it is unclear that the Global South's particularities are being integrated. This study has a three‐fold goal: (a) identify the different approaches to climate governance found in the mainstream literature, (b) explore the degree of integration of the Global South in those approaches, and (c) contribute to the ongoing discussion on this issue from a southern perspective. A systematic literature review on “climate governance” was conducted, distinguishing different approaches and their significance for the Global South. Results clustered in six groups use the characterizations: multi‐level, global, adaptive, transnational, polycentric, and experimental/transformative. These terms account for different levels of decision‐making, emerging values, and the importance of non‐State and sub‐national actors. Approaches vary, in relation to change and participation, from an incremental improvement focus to a more transformative perspective and from the promotion of community influence to processes based on traditional institutions. In the Global South, multi‐level, multi‐actor climate governance occurs in a context of deep inequality and asymmetric power relations, rising environmental conflicts, and a lack of adequate mechanisms for community participation. Addressing climate change here will require, acknowledging the State alone cannot solve the issue, that different views must be considered and that contextualized perspectives from the Global South must be integrated.

The Hospital Proletário in João Pessoa: limits and possibilities for worker healthcare (Paraíba, 1930s)

We discuss the attempt to establish the Hospital Proletário in the capital of the state of Paraíba in the 1930s. To this end, we problematized the coverage in the newspaper A União on this episode. The involvement of different actors - workers, associations and physicians - reveals the emergence of a new way of thinking and implementing healthcare policies. According to the Vargas government's national construction plan, actions like this were intended to ensure healthy workers - ready for the market and useful for the country. Despite its failure, the hospital project provided evidence of the different concepts of worker health during the Vargas Era. We identified the concepts of "health interdependence," "social medicine," "regulated citizenship" and the "labor movement."

Retrospective Policy Analysis of Tobacco Prevention and Control in Ethiopia.

The trend of non-communicable diseases is alarmingly increasing and tobacco consumption and exposure to its smoke have been playing the leading role. Thirty-seven Ethiopians deaths per day are attributable to tobacco. Unless appropriately mitigated, this has social, economic and political impacts. Implementation of the appropriate policy is a good remedy; however, the policy process has never been straight forward and always successful. The involvement of different actors makes policy process complex hence agenda setting, policy formulation, implementation, and evaluations have been full of chaos and even may fail at any of these levels. Thus the aim of this review was retrospectively analyzing tobacco-related policies in Ethiopia that are relevant to control tobacco use and mitigate its impacts. Systematically, we searched in pub-med, Scopus, Web of Science and Embase. Additionally, we did hand search on Google scholar and national websites. The terms "tobacco", "cigar", "cigarette", "control", "prevention", "policy" and "Ethiopia" were used. Eleven of 128 records met the inclusion criteria and then included. For data analysis, we applied the health policy analysis framework developed by Walt and Gilson. Lately, Ethiopia enacted and started to implement tobacco control policies and programs, but its implementation is problematic and consumption rate is increasing. Despite the early involvement in tobacco control initiatives and enactment of legal frameworks, Ethiopia's journey and current stand to prevent and control the devastating consequences of tobacco is very limited and unsatisfactory. Therefore, we strongly call for further action, strong involvement of private sector and non-governmental organizations.

MULTICULTURAL COMPETENCIES OF TEACHERS AND TEACHER TRAININGS ON DIVERSITY/MULTCULTURALISM FOR INCLUSIVE SCHOOLS AND THE INCLUSION OF ROMA AND MIGRANT CHIDREN - PROJECT ROMIGSC AS CASE STUDY

Education is a public good and a human right. Access to inclusive, equitable and good quality educational opportunities and assistance for all learners of any age needs to be ensured. Indeed, they are a precondition for social inclusion and protection, full participation in social and civic spheres of life, long-term integration into the labour market and the prevention of exploitation.
 In this paper, we discuss the importance of multicultural competencies of teachers and the role of formations/ teacher trainings to support inclusion in schools - with a focus on Roma and migrant children. The aim of this paper is to give an overview on the current situation regarding multicultural competencies and trainings/formations for teachers in Slovenia; and to present how participants of trainings for teachers (training in frame of project RoMigSc) see inclusion of Roma/migrants in Slovenian schools; and how important are teachers’ competencies for supporting inclusion. The methods used in this study are literature review, small-scale research among participants of teacher training in Slovenia in 2017 and 2018; and policy formulations from deliveries of teacher trainings in four countries - Slovenia, Italy, Spain and North Macedonia. The results from the small-scale research show that most of participants were teachers; 66% of respondents had been involved in work with migrant children; 52 % in work with Roma children. Respondents were in general very satisfied with the training delivery. Lessons learned which they liked the most refer to the involvement of different actors in ensuring inclusion; networking; and transfer of experience. The results also show that multicultural competencies of teachers and teacher trainings on diversity/multiculturalism are of key importance for supporting the inclusion of Roma/migrant children. From the results of the small-scale research and policy formulations (from four countries), we can conclude that intercultural competencies and high quality implementation of formations/teacher trainings are of key importance for supporting the inclusion of Roma/migrants in schools.

A REVIEW ON PENTA HELIX ACTORS IN VILLAGE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT

The popularity of village tourism, as a possibility to spend the vacation has increased in Indonesia. There are about 83.344 villages spread all around Indonesia and each of them has their own characteristic with social and culture prosperous. However there is still limited number of village being managed as a product and applied village tourism program successfully. Furthermore, the program does not seem on the right track, not focus and is poorly understood and very weak on implementation. Since the scarce availability of human resources in the village, thus the involvement of different actors and stakeholders become critical and their role as well as participations is matter. The Penta Helix of Government-Community-Business-Academics-Social Entrepreneur is a combination of stakeholder in developing tourism destination. This study applies the content analysis methodology by reviewing seven current journal articles related to village tourism development in Indonesia. This study reviews an extensive literature on village tourism study using the institutional database. Based on the reviews of the articles, this study aims in identifying the stakeholders involved in village tourism development. Furthermore, this study assessed the actor’s specific roles in village tourism development. The result of the study showed that not all tourism stakeholders as proposed by the penta helix model play significant roles in village tourism development. Most of the study on village tourism did not pay attention on the role of academician and social entrepreneur, as the community, government and business were much preferred.

Students’ Comprehension of Design Collaborations with External Organizations

AbstractThis pilot study examines how design students comprehend collaborations with external organizations— the roles and involvement of different actors in a design process. The study looks at two undergraduate courses where a total of 33 design students collaborate with a municipality and governmental agency. Data focuses on the students' terminology in regard to the external organizations and is collected through questionnaires, voice recording, workshops and written assignments. The data analysis is both quantitative and qualitative, focusing on the word frequency and semantics of the terminology. The results show that the students were not used to working closely to external organizations. This is reflected in the prevalent use of the term “client” instead of “collaborative partner”. Not working closely with organizations nor users is reflected in the students’ inabilities to handle the complexities that emerge when working with multiple stakeholder and users. At the end of the paper, suggestions are made of ways to develop students’ comprehension of ways to involve external organizations and users in the design process.

Аудит постконфліктної території: пропозиції для України.

Planning of reintegration and post-conflict management policy depends mostly on the form of the end of the conflict. Today, it is impossible to predict the form of the end of the conflict in eastern Ukraine, so any policy-making activity in this area can only serve as a theoretical basis for processes that will take place in practice. However, aware of the need to organize activities in the post-conflict area prior to the end of the conflict, the author proposes to conduct an audit of the post-conflict territory at an extraordinary stage after the end of the conflict, as a comprehensive study of the territory in which different indicators from different spheres of public life will be analyzed. This study should combine the conflict analysis, the definition of the demographic, social, legal, economic and other characteristics of the territory caused by the conflict, and also take into account the specific impact that conflict have had on the territory as a form of armed confrontation. In a number of indicators identified in the proposed post-conflict territory audit plan, research studies are available today, and such studies are being carried out. However, the dynamic nature of the conflict can lead to changes in certain indicators of this audit plan, as well as information need to be updated at the stage of the end of the conflict. The research of various spheres justifies the use of various methods, and also promotes the involvement of different actors and social groups. The post-conflict territory audit is a methodology and process that aims to provide empirical information to policy makers who will develop tactical management decisions and actions and strategies for managing post-conflict areas. Moreover, the audit of post-conflict territory is an activity that can initially synthesize the interests of national and international actors in a post-conflict territory and make planning of activities within this territory comfortable and effective for all parties to the process.

Substandard/Falsification Antibacterial Agents: A Systematic Review of Liquid Chromatographic and Spectrophotometric Methods for Their Detection

Falsified antibacterial agents continue to pose serious public health problems around the world. They are notably responsible for resistance emergence in the treatment of infectious diseases that can lead to death. The aim of this study was to summarize the literature on the methods developed and validated to detect poor quality antibacterial agents in order to assess the impact of these available methods in the fighting against Counterfeit/substandard medicines. Thus, studies published in the time from January 2000 to July 2017, were accessible via Google Scholar and Pubmed and allowed to analyze 41 papers. The majority (30) of developed and validated methods concerned LC methods, 9 regarded UV/V is spectrophotometry and two studies simultaneously developed both methods. Antibacterial agents belonging to beta-lactams group were the most concerned by the methods developed and validated (39%), followed by quinolones (18%) and macrolides (12%). Regarding active ingredients, amoxicillin (12%) was the most concerned by the development and validation methods. In spite of several available methods to detect substandard drugs, antibacterial agents for which methods were developed and validated were the most concerned by worldwide detected non-conformities. The fight against this scourge should not be only limited by their detection, but it also requires an effective involvement of different actors notably: health authorities, international organizations, pharmaceutical industries etc.

La innovación pedagógica de la mano de la investigación-acción para mejorar la calidad del prácticum de magisterio

<p>Las prácticas profesionales que coronan la formación de los docentes de educación primaria e infantil, más allá de favorecer un acercamiento a la realidad del aula deben constituirse como un espacio de reflexión y crítica que ayude a la mejora constante del contexto educativo. Por ello, la investigación-acción es una estrategia adecuada para indagar, reflexionar y mejorar la propia práctica de los educadores en las escuelas y lograr el perfeccionamiento profesional.</p><p>Llevar a los alumnos de magisterio a este nivel implica un cambio estratégico donde la simple transmisión de conocimientos no puede llegar a enseñar cómo se hace una investigación-acción. Así que un proyecto de innovación pedagógica basado en esta metodología de investigación-acción ha previsto que este conocimiento teórico-práctico descienda hacia los alumnos pasando por sus tutores y supervisores.</p><p> Este artículo recoge esta experiencia de investigación-acción desarrollada en los cursos 14-15 y 15-16 que ha favorecido tanto la participación de los alumnos, los tutores y de los centros escolares. Las mejoras que se han propuesto han permitido mejorar la calidad de las prácticas docentes, así como favorecer un aprendizaje más reflexivo y profesional por parte de los alumnos.</p><p>Durante el desarrollo de las diferentes fases, se analizó la participación de los diferentes implicados, la mirada que otorga el profesorado a su práctica docente (en calidad de tutor o supervisor) y los niveles de reflexión que alcanzan los alumnos como resultado de su estancia de prácticas. Este proyecto han generado resultados colaterales positivos sobre la formación docente, así como, la mejora de los procesos y protocolos de actuación en los centros escolares, la evaluación de los aprendizajes y la coordinación entre los implicados en el proceso.</p>

Governance Models of Successful Urban Public Spaces: Reflections on the Case of Cairo, Egypt

Urban Public Spaces (UPS) have vital roles in shaping our cities; they affect our quality of life, and introduce direct and indirect benefits, when being successfully provided. However, the challenge is how to provide and manage them successfully. Traditionally, it has been the governments' responsibility to provide and manage UPS. Nowadays, with the changing nature of governance modes in general and urban governance in particular, both the private and voluntary sectors became more involved and new models of UPS governance emerged to satisfy other visions and targeted outputs. Such change accompanied with the presence of new governing bodies, transfer of responsibilities and power, and different outcome benefits. This paper focuses on the governance dimension of UPS within Cairo, with an aim to provide guidelines for the involvement of different actors and sectors. It discusses such involvement in two ways. First which actor/sector’s involvement should be highly supported based on the targeted output, and second how to organize their involvement for reaching maximum benefits with minimal negative impact. Reaching the paper’s aim will be through analysing field notes about four models of Cairo’s UPS governance in relative to a framework produced from previous analysis of successful models of UPS' governance worldwide.

Desafios para a manutenção de serviços ecossistêmicos em parque municipal no sul do Brasil

The Lagoa do Peri Municipal Park was created in 1981 to protect the Lagoa do Peri Watershed, which contributes to the supply of water in Florianopolis, Brazil. We analyzed historical aspects of human occupation in the region and identified services provided by the Park, as well as direct and indirect drivers of production and maintenance of ecosystem services. Our results evidenced the social and environmental relevance of the Park to the local community, especially with regard to support and cultural ecosystem services. However, preterit and current driving forces, most of them of anthropogenic origin must be addressed, especially those associated with irregular land use in the vicinity and within the protected area. In addition, biomass increase of potentially toxic cyanobacteria, which has accelerated in recent years due to the reduction of the water volume of the lagoon, is of special concern. These drivers must be addressed through the involvement of different actors in a board with good representation in favor of maintaining the functioning of ecosystems protected by the park, generating beneficial ecosystem services to all. Keywords: water supply, phytoplankton, drivers of change, environmental management, responses, protected area.

¿Es la cárcel violenta en sí misma? Violencia y legitimación de la dinámica institucional en el Centro de Formación Juvenil Zurquí, Heredia, Costa Rica

El siguiente artículo tiene como objetivo la comprensión de la violencia en el Centro de Formación Juvenil Zurquí (CFJZ), como un emergente del conjunto de relaciones establecido por los diferentes actores involucrados en el funcionamiento diario de este; los cuales se encuentran mutuamente imbricados en el proceso de constitución de un entorno carcelario en el que cada uno ocupe un lugar y adquiera un sentido. La investigación se desarrolló a partir de una metodología cualitativa que consistió en un trabajo de campo directo en los espacios de convivencia de la población, por un periodo de ocho meses durante el 2015, el cual estuvo dividido en tres fases. Se logró determinar la participación de los diferentes actores en el ejercicio de diversas manifestaciones de violencia con miras a la ficcionalización de la persona en el entorno carcelario, el cual posibilita mostrar una cierta regularidad en los valores, actitudes y comportamientos para mantenerse encajados en la dinámica social y, por lo tanto, asegurar su supervivencia tanto a nivel material como simbólico en dicho contexto. Se llega a la conclusión de que la producción y reproducción de la violencia es el proceso mediante el cual se legitima la posición social de cada uno de los actores en los centros penales, al igual que la función de la institución penitenciaria en la sociedad en general.

An Examination of Teachers Perceptions of Stakeholders Involvement in School Improvement Planning: The Case of Uganda

This paper reports on findings about the involvement of stakeholders in school improvement planning (SIP) in primary schools based on the perceptions and experiences of teachers; and proposes recommendations for improving their participation. The stakeholders include the head teachers, school management committee (SMC), teachers, inspectors of schools, pupils, and the community. A mixed methods approach involving survey and interviews was utilised to address research questions. The findings show that the levels of involvement of different actors vary according to school contexts and socio political climate. Whereas the pupils are never or rarely involved in improvement planning; the head teachers, SMC, teachers, inspectors of schools, and the community are always involved in varying degrees. The three major levels of involvement include sharing information, consultations and actual participation. Participation in SIP takes different forms including provision of labour, fundraising, attending school functions and meetings, visiting children at school, and contributing funds. The involvement of stakeholders in SIP is limited by illiteracy, community apathy, personal attitude, ignorance, political interference, and lack of training. The district education department and school management need to design strategies to improve involvement of stakeholders in SIP, and support supervision services.

Understanding key factors affecting electronic medical record implementation: a sociotechnical approach.

BackgroundRecent health care policies have supported the adoption of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) but examples of failed ICT projects in this sector have highlighted the need for a greater understanding of the processes used to implement such innovations in complex organizations. This study examined the interaction of sociological and technological factors in the implementation of an Electronic Medical Record (EMR) system by a major national hospital. It aimed to obtain insights for managers planning such projects in the future and to examine the usefulness of Actor Network Theory (ANT) as a research tool in this context.MethodsCase study using documentary analysis, interviews and observations. Qualitative thematic analysis drawing on ANT.ResultsQualitative analyses revealed a complex network of interactions between organizational stakeholders and technology that helped to shape the system and influence its acceptance and adoption. The EMR clearly emerged as a central ‘actor’ within this network. The results illustrate how important it is to plan innovative and complex information systems with reference to (i) the expressed needs and involvement of different actors, starting from the initial introductory phase; (ii) promoting commitment to the system and adopting a participative approach; (iii) defining and resourcing new roles within the organization capable of supporting and sustaining the change and (iv) assessing system impacts in order to mobilize the network around a common goal.ConclusionsThe paper highlights the organizational, cultural, technological, and financial considerations that should be taken into account when planning strategies for the implementation of EMR systems in hospital settings. It also demonstrates how ANT may be usefully deployed in evaluating such projects.