Involvement Of Young Children Research Articles

Parent involvement in young children's engineering learning

ABSTRACT This study examined parents' experience of involvement in their children's engineering activities. A convenient sample of 24 parents, whose children were enrolled in pre-kindergarten to second grade, participated in the interviews individually. Results indicated that parents enjoyed their time with their children when engaging in engineering activities, they enjoyed the family time and they were happy to see how capable their children were. At the same time, results also revealed some challenges that parents experienced, such as selecting a topic, giving up control, and breaking up the projects into sessions. Parents reported engineering toys at home but some of them need help recognising what constitutes an engineering toy. Suggestions for supporting parents and improving their experience of involvement in their children's engineering activities are provided. Implementations in terms of carrying out engineering activities at home and at school are also included.

PENGENALAN APLIKASI PEMBELAJARAN TANDA LALU LINTAS MENGGUNAKAN SINGLE MARKER PADA PENDIDIKAN ANAK USIA DINI BERBASIS ANDROID

Education about traffic signs is an important aspect in forming children's safety awareness from an early age. However, this learning is often met with challenges in maintaining the interest and involvement of young children. To overcome this, the development of an Android-based learning application with single marker augmented reality (AR) technology has been carried out. This application aims to provide interactive and fun traffic sign learning for young children. Using AR technology, children can interact directly with traffic signs in a realistic virtual environment. Interactive features, such as sound explanations and rewards, coupled with child-friendly display designs, are expected to increase children's interest in learning and understanding of traffic signs. Through this application, it is hoped that children can gain solid knowledge about traffic signs while remaining engaged and motivated in the learning process. Thus, this application can potentially be an effective tool in supporting efforts to create a generation that is more aware and safe in traffic in the future.

"Children Are Like Vuvuzelas Always Ready to Blow": Exploring How to Engage Young Children in Violence Research.

Children's participation and inclusion in violence research, particularly in low- and middle-income country (LMIC) contexts, is scant and not well understood. To assess how young children can be engaged in violence research, 4- to 7-year-old children were recruited into our pilot study in a rural area of South Africa. Six interviewers, recruited from the community, were trained to complete cognitive interviews (n = 24), interviewer-administered questionnaires (n = 21), and qualitative interviews (n = 18) with young children. Three focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with interviewers. Findings from FGDs and assessment of interview performance highlighted that young children could feasibly and meaningfully appraise violence they experience and articulate their view in a research context. Art- and play-based approaches offered participants an easier and developmentally appropriate platform for communication, expression, and engagement, and asking directly about violence was acceptable. The ease with which children participated was determined both by their level of development and the sensitivity of the interviewers; thus, intensive training and mentorship were required over time to assist interviewers in understanding child development and mental health and increase recognition of these issues and their presentation. Interviewers critically engaged with personal values regarding children's rights and voice in research, reflecting that some of the stories were difficult to listen to. They were able to use and value novel methods to facilitate the ethical involvement of young children to yield rich data. Without young children's involvement and dynamic participation in violence research, the field will not have the evidence to build best practices, respond appropriately to the needs of this vulnerable population, and interrupt the intergenerational transmission of violence that develops in these formative years. Our study adds to the burgeoning evidence that young participants are vital to the research process and are valuable active contributors to understanding violence in LMICs.

Parents’ Involvement in Young Children’s English Language Education Post Pandemic

Parents’ Involvement in Young Children’s English Language Education Post Pandemic

Determinant Factors of Father Involvement in Early Childhood with Disabilities: A Systematic Review

Fathers are the primary provider of support for the family and are crucial to the child's successful development, therefore it is crucial that they are involved. This research aims to explore factors of father involvement in young children with disabilities. Articles in this research were searched through the ScienceDirect, Scopus, Proquest and Web of Science databases. After that it was reviewed using the PRISMA-ScR procedure. This research used six journal articles which were included based on exclusion and inclusion criteria and used the metasynthesis method. The results of comprehensive findings of father involvement factors: mother factors, father factors, contextual variables, parent-child relationships and child factors. The conclusion is that the relationship between father involvement and caring for early childhood children with disabilities are two things that cannot be ignored. Future research could use the context of father involvement as a diverse construct.

Behavioral regulation and approaches to learning: Moderators of the association between extracurricular involvement and academic readiness

Participation in organized extracurricular activities (EAs) has become increasingly common among preschool-aged children. Prior studies have shown inconsistent findings on the association between young children's involvement in EAs and their subsequent developmental outcomes. Moving beyond examining the main effects of EA participation, this study focused on whether children's behavioral regulation and approaches to learning—two important domain-general skills closely linked to learning—would moderate the association between EA participation and academic readiness. Participants included 317 Chinese preschoolers residing in Shanghai. The breadth of EA participation positively predicted children's early math skills, but only for those demonstrating relatively lower behavioral regulation or less positive approaches to learning. The findings provide support for the compensatory hypothesis that participation in EAs is more beneficial for children at greater developmental risk. Unexpectedly, the intensity of EA participation negatively predicted receptive vocabulary beyond certain thresholds among children with relatively poor behavioral regulation or approaches to learning (B = −2.272, p = .032, effect size (ES) = 0.423), but this relationship was not significant for children with better learning behaviors (B = 0.111, p = .712, ES = 0.021). According to the findings, children with worse behavioral regulation and approaches to learning were actually more vulnerable to the negative effects of intensive participation in EAs (B = −15.698, p = .022, ES = 1.797). EA participation did not predict children's Chinese word reading (ps > 0.05). The findings revealed a complex pattern of relationships between preschoolers' EA participation and academic readiness and have highlighted the importance of considering child characteristics when examining the developmental effects of EA involvement.

The integrative role of parenting styles and parental involvement in young children's science problem-solving skills.

How parents encourage and engage young children to learn science and solve scientific problems remains an understudied issue. Parenting styles have been widely studied and found to be associated with children's various developmental outcomes. However, there is a dearth of research linking parenting styles to early science skills which build from both cognitive and social abilities. This cross-sectional study intended to pilot test a mediation model of parental involvement in the relationship between parenting styles and children's science problem-solving skills. A total of 226 children (M = 62.10 months, SD = 4.14, 108 girls) and their parents was recruited from five kindergartens in Fuzhou in China by adopting stratified random sampling. All parents completed the Demographics Questionnaire, the Parenting Style and Dimension Questionnaire, and the Chinese Early Parental Involvement Scale. Each child was tested with the Picture Problem Solving Task. Pearson's correlation analysis and intermediary effect analysis were conducted using IBM SPSS 25 in data analysis. Parental involvement had a significant mediating effect in the bidirectional associations between parenting styles and children's science problem-solving skills. The findings suggested that children with higher science problem-solving skills were likely to be raised by parents who were employing a flexible (i.e., authoritative) parenting style and had more involvement in children's formal and informal learning environments, while children's higher levels of science problem-solving skills predicted a higher level of parental involvement and a more flexible parenting style.

DENTAL CARIES MANAGEMENT IN YOUNG CHILDREN WITH INTERIM THERAPEUTIC RESTORATION

Caries are the most common case in every individual, including children who are still at an early age. Caries in primary teeth can occur in the early period of tooth eruption, which begins with the presence of white spot lesions. Dental caries are known as Early Childhood Caries (ECC) at an early age. ECC is used for caries in primary teeth up to 71 months. Many factors trigger the occurrence of ECC. Early treatment is very important to prevent comprehensive damage. Usually, the operator will face conditions that are not conducive to treatment. Young children generally will behave uncooperatively, have very high mobility, cry, and have difficulty opening their mouths, so it will be difficult for the operator to give treatment. One of the most therapy is dental restoration. The treatment approach will depend on the severity of the case; treatment can be in the form of non-operative therapy, dental restoration, or the last stage extraction if the teeth cannot be maintained. This case report will discuss the treatment of primary tooth cavity lesions without pulp involvement in young children through Interim therapeutic Restoration (ITR) and strategies that need to be implemented to support the success of treatment and prevent the damage from worsening. The result showed that ITR wa successfully performed in young children with cooperative behavior to prevent more extensive tooth decay.

Evaluation of Bereavement Assessment Within Inpatient Palliative Care Consultation.

It is crucial for palliative care teams to evaluate practices in assessing the risk of developing complicated grief among family members and caregivers of patients. A retrospective chart review of 99 patients seen by an inpatient palliative care team at an academic medical center was conducted to assess for documentation and prevalence of complicated grief risk factors. Factors included patients whose family are their primary caregiver, involvement of young children, mental health or substance use diagnoses in patients or their family members, a history of multiple losses, traumatic or sudden death. 64% of charts did not formally document bereavement assessment while 45% of families exhibited at least one risk factor for prolonged grief. This work suggests the need for increased education for PC providers on grief risk factors as well as the implementation of a formal screening assessment in order to best utilize limited psychosocial support resources to address needs.

Clinical and laboratory characteristics of haemophilus influenza type b Infection with central nervous system Involvement in young children

Introduction. Invasive Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) infection often manifests as severe and complicated forms of purulent meningitis in children from birth to 6 years of age. Hib meningitis is the most commonly diagnosed invasive form, with a severe course. There is no generally accepted clinical classification of Hib infection. Along with meningitis, the infection is often manifested with purulent inflammatory foci of different localization.The objective was to characterize the course of purulent Hib meningitis, including in combination with purulent foci, in young children.Methods and materials. We analyzed 45 case histories of children (under the age of 3 years) who had an invasive Haemophilus infection with purulent meningitis. Hib meningitis (Group-1) was diagnosed in 17 patients and meningitis in combination with specific purulent foci was diagnosed in 28 patients (Group-2). The diagnosis in all patients was confirmed bacteriologically or serologically (Latex Agglutination Test).Results. The combination of meningitis with purulent foci of Hib infection was characterized by late hospitalization (36 %), longer recovery of cerebrospinal fluid, longer duration of the disease, and the prevalence of severe and complicated disease, and often required surgical treatment (46.4 %). A burdened premorbid background is traditionally considered a condition for the development of invasive Hib infection. According to our data, only 40 % of children had a burdened premorbid background, which is confirmed by clinical cases.Conclusion. Since Hib infection in young children is often combined with meningitis with purulent foci, is characterized by a severe and complicated course, and often requires surgical treatment, it is advisable to consider this form of infection separately.

Associations between parental involvement at bedtime and young children's evening cortisol and nighttime sleep.

Parents are theorized to play an important role in helping young children to downregulate arousal to achieve sufficient and good-quality sleep. To my knowledge, however, the links between parenting and children's physiological arousal at bedtime and subsequent nighttime sleep have not been empirically tested. The present study examined 3- to 6-year-old children's evening cortisol levels as a pathway linking parental involvement at bedtime to children's nighttime sleep duration and quality. Fifty-one children (53% male, 47% female; 80% White, 18% Biracial, 2% Black) and their families participated. Parental involvement (presence, contact, quiet activities) was assessed by raters from video recordings of one night of bedtime. Children's evening cortisol levels were measured from saliva samples taken at bedtime by parents across three nights. Children's nighttime sleep (minutes, efficiency) was determined from an actigraph worn the same three nights. Path analyses controlling for child and family demographics provided support for three significant indirect effects: lower child evening cortisol acted as a pathway linking greater parental presence at bedtime to more child nighttime sleep minutes and higher sleep efficiency, and lower child evening cortisol also linked greater parental contact at bedtime to higher sleep efficiency. Among this low-risk sample, the findings suggest that encouraging parental involvement in young children's bedtime routine may promote healthy sleep by way of reduced child physiological arousal.

Parental Involvement in Young Children’s Education in Malaysia: A Systematic Literature Review

This article reviews the literature on parental involvement and children’s education, focusing on the primary school level in Malaysia. This systematic literature review (henceforth SLR) includes searching, screening, appraising and synthesising of articles on parental involvement published in the last ten years (2012- 2021) from a number of electronic databases, namely SCOPUS, Taylor & Francis, ERIC, Google Scholar, MyCite, and ResearchGate. The findings of this review identify 24 relevant articles and reveal that most of the relevant research was conducted quantitatively with a focus on types and levels of parental involvement as well as particular applied parental involvement models. Besides that, the researchers utilise multiple conceptualisations of parental involvement including home-based and school-based. This study suggests that more qualitative research is needed to fully comprehend the many forms of parental involvement used by parents. It may also be beneficial for researchers to use the Malaysian Ministry of Education’s Parents/Caregivers Toolkit as a framework or instrument to investigate parental involvement to gain more relevant findings.

TLR7 Is Critical for Anti-Viral Humoral Immunity to EV71 Infection in the Spinal Cord

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a positive single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) virus from the enterovirus genus of Picornaviridae family and causes diseases ranged from the mild disease of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) to the severe disease of neurological involvement in young children. TLR7 is an intracellular pattern recognition receptor (PRR) recognizing viral ssRNA. In this study, we investigated the role of TLR7 in EV71 infection in mouse pups (10-12 days old) and found that wild-type (WT) and TLR7 knock-out (TLR7KO) mice infected with EV71 showed similar limb paralysis at the onset and peak of the disease, comparable loss of motor neurons, and similar levels of antiviral molecules in the spinal cord. These results suggest that TLR7 is not the absolute PRR for EV71 in the spinal cord. Interestingly, TLR7KO mice infected with EV71 exhibited significantly delayed recovery from limb paralysis compared with WT mice. TLR7KO mice infected with EV71 showed significantly decreased levels of IgM and IgG2, important antibodies for antiviral humoral immunity. Furthermore, TLR7KO mice infected with EV71 showed a decrease of germinal center B cells in the spleen compared with WT mice. Altogether, our study suggests that TLR7 plays a critical role in anti-viral humoral immunity rather than in being a PRR in the spinal cord during EV71 infection in young mice.

Parental Involvement in Young Children’s Learning of Numeracy

This study seeks to assess the Malaysian parental involvements in young children's numeracy learning. A questionnaire was administered to 327 parents of kindergarten-going children. The data then analysed descriptively using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version-26. The present survey shows that the parents' knowledge, understanding, and attitude towards preschoolers' numeracy are high. Despite the positive findings, the parents' attitudes and experience in mathematics are moderate. The analysis found that parents need a relevant guide to support their children learning at home using effective instructional strategies. This research's data formed an initial insight to support a comprehensive follow-up study in parental involvement in young children’s numeracy learning. Based on these findings, it is pertinent to investigate the underlying factors and constraints behind these results. The study will benefit researchers, parents, children, school, as well as the entire community in general. Conclusion and future recommendation are further discussed.

The impact of active research involvement of young children in the design of a new stereotest

BackgroundAlthough considered important, the direct involvement of young children in research design is scarce and to our knowledge its impact has never been measured. We aim to demonstrate impact of young children’s involvement in improving the understanding of a new 3D eye test or stereotest.MethodsAfter a pre-measure of understanding was taken, we explored issues with the test instructions in patient and public involvement (PPI) sessions where children acted as advisers in the test design. Feedback was collected via observations, rating scales and verbal comments. An interdisciplinary panel reviewed the feedback, discussed potential changes to the test design, and decided on the implementation. Subsequently, a post-measure of understanding (Study 1–2) and engagement (Study 3) was collected in a pre-post study design. Six hundred fifty children (2–11.8 years old) took part in the pre-measure, 111 children (1–12 years old) in the subsequent PPI sessions, and 52 children (4–6 years old) in the first post-measure. One hundred twenty-two children (1–12 years old) and unrelated adults took then part in a second series of PPI sessions, and 53 people (2–39 years old) in the final post-measure. Adults were involved to obtain verbal descriptions of the target that could be used to explain the task to children.ResultsFollowing feedback in Study 1, we added a frame cue and included a shuffle animation. This increased the percentage of correct practice trials from 76 to 97% (t (231) = 14.29, p < .001), but more encouragements like ‘Keep going!’ were needed (t (64) = 8.25, p < .001). After adding a cardboard demo in Study 2, the percentage of correct trials remained stable but the number of additional instructions given decreased (t (103) = 3.72, p < .001) as did the number of encouragements (t (103) = 8.32, p < .001). Therefore, changes in test design following children’s feedback significantly improved task understanding.ConclusionsOur study demonstrates measurable impact of involvement of very young children in research design through accessible activities. The changes implemented following their feedback significantly improved the understanding of our test. Our approach can inform researchers on how to involve young children in research design and can contribute to developing guidelines for involvement of young children in research.

Therapeutic options for mucopolysaccharidoses: Current and emerging treatments

A small spill of approximately 3 mL of mercury from a broken barometer in a residential setting resulted in blood values of 32 μg/L in a boy of 9 months and 26 μg/L in a girl of 2.5 years in samples collected within 6 h after the start of the incident. A nanny who attempted to remove the spill had a blood mercury value of 20 μg/L at the same time point. These elevated blood values were attributed to inhalation rather than dermal uptake or ingestion. Exposure was aggravated by the use of a vacuum cleaner in an early attempt to remove the spill and incomplete decontamination of involved persons, leading to a continuation of exposure. Over a period of three months general cleaning was followed by targeted cleaning of hot spots until the indoor air mercury levels reached a median value of 0.090 μg/m3 with a range of 0.032–0.140 μg/m3. Meanwhile the family was staying in a shelter home. Human biological monitoring (HBM) was motivated by the complex exposure situation and the involvement of young children. Initially high blood values triggered alertness for clinical signs of intoxication, that (as it turned out) were not observed in any of the exposed individuals. Despite continued exposure from hair and clothes, within six weeks after the incident, blood levels returned to a background level normally seen in children. HBM contributed to reassurance of the parents of the young children that quick elimination of the mercury did not require medical treatment.

Association between Coronary Artery Measurements and Retinal Microvasculature in Children with New Onset of Kawasaki Disease

About a quarter of children with new onset of Kawasaki disease (KD) encounter coronary arterial involvement. While KD is known to cause vasculitis of medium-sized vessels, few studies have been done to study the involvement of the microcirculation. We aimed to investigate the association between coronary arterial dilatation and retinal microvasculature in a pilot setting, in order to further study the pathophysiological mechanism of KD from the perspective of small vessels changes. We performed a cross-sectional, observational, hospital-based study on 11 children aged 2 years and above with new-onset KD. Cardiac imaging technicians performed the echocardiographic examinations and recorded right coronary artery (RCA), left coronary artery (LCA) and left anterior descending artery (LAD). Qualified retinal graders reviewed and graded standardised retinal photographs to assess retinal microvascular parameters. Among 11 participants, there were 7 boys and 4 girls. Median and interquartile range of participants’ age were 5.92 (3.08) years. After adjusting for age and sex, each unit increase in LAD (mm) was significantly associated with increment of retinal arteriolar tortuosity (4.25 × 10−5 units, 95% Confidence Interval: 1.19, 7.32). Retinal arteriolar geometric changes were associated with LAD dilatation in 11 children with new onset of KD. Our pilot provided proof-of-concept that retinal imaging might be useful for detecting coronary arterial involvement in young children with KD and it needs further investigation.

Frequent Bullying Involvement and Brain Morphology in Children.

Background: Over the past few decades, bullying has been recognized as a considerable public health concern. Involvement in bullying is associated with poor long-term social and psychiatric outcomes for both perpetrators and targets of bullying. Despite this concerning prognosis, few studies have investigated possible neurobiological correlates of bullying involvement that may explain the long-term impact of bullying. Cortical thickness is ideally suited for examining deviations in typical brain development, as it has been shown to detect subtle differences in children with psychopathology. We tested associations between bullying involvement and cortical thickness using a large, population-based cohort.Methods: The study sample consisted of 2,602 participants from the Generation R Study. When children were 8 years old, parents and teachers reported on common forms of child bullying involvement (physical, verbal, and relational). Questions ascertained whether a child was involved as a perpetrator (n = 82), a target of bullying (n = 92), as a combined perpetrator and target of bullying (n = 47), or uninvolved in frequent bullying (n = 2,381). High-resolution structural MRI was conducted when children were 10 years of age. Cortical thickness estimates across the cortical mantle were compared among groups.Results: Children classified as frequent targets of bullying showed thicker cortex in the fusiform gyrus compared to those uninvolved in bullying (B = 0.108, pcorrected < 0.001). Results remained consistent when adjusted for socioeconomic factors, general intelligence, and psychiatric symptoms. Children classified as frequent perpetrators showed thinner cortex in the cuneus region; however, this association did not survive stringent correction for multiple testing. Lastly, no differences in cortical thickness were observed in perpetrator–targets.Discussion: Bullying involvement in young children was associated with differential cortical morphology. Specifically, the fusiform gyrus, often involved in facial processing, showed thicker cortex in targets of frequent bullying. Longitudinal data are necessary to demonstrate the temporality of the underlying neurobiology associated with bullying involvement.

Portrayals of parental involvement: descriptions of family and school relationships in a low-income African American community

ABSTRACTThis sociocultural research investigated parent involvement in young children’s schooling in a low-income African American community. The study adopted an emic approach, using semistructured interviews to examine 14 caregivers’ involvement practices from their perspectives. Analyses were based on verbatim transcriptions of the interviews. Qualitative and frequency analyses based on each caregivers’ portrayal revealed these families were intimately involved in their children’s schooling and worked to offset potential involvement barriers. More research examining parent involvement from caregiver and community perspectives is needed to better understand the relationship between their involvement and their goals and values for their children’s development and education.

Maternal Perception of Self-Efficacy and Involvement in Young Children with Prelingual Hearing Loss.

Appropriate intervention needs to support families and consider them as a part of rehabilitation program. Parents who have high self-efficacy are more likely to put their knowledge and skills into action and have positive interactions with their children. In addition, there has been a positive relation between parental involvement and child educational success. The aim of present study was evaluating maternal perception of both self-efficacy and involvement between mothers of children with hearing aid and cochlear implant via Scale of Parental Involvement and Self Efficacy (SPISE) and exploring relationship between maternal self-efficacy and parental involvement and child factors. 100 mothers of children with hearing loss were available. 49 mothers participated in study, filled SPISE, and return it on time. SPISE consisted of three sections(1) demographic information, (2) maternal self-efficacy, (3) parental involvement. All cases had received at least 6months auditory training and speech therapy. Participants included 30 (61.2%) mothers of children with hearing aid, 19 (38.8%) mothers of children with cochlear implant. ANOVA analysis showed that there is no significant difference between hearing aid (HA) and cochlear implant (CI) groups in term of self-efficacy and parent-involvement except for question 21 (comfortable in participating in individualized program) that score in HA group was significantly higher than CI group. Results of present study has practical implications for early interventionists working with families. Every early intervention program should consider families to reach maximum outcome. Early interventionists can use SPISE to evaluate parental selfefficacy and involvement and work on parents with low score to achieve the best results.