Involvement In Terrorist Activities Research Articles

Социальная и личностная неопределенность как факторы социально-психологической устойчивости личности к вовлечению в террористическую организацию

Introduction. In the context of countering the ideology of terrorism, two main tasks are being solved: how to identify the most vulnerable social groups of the population to the perception of the ideas of terrorism and what preventive work should be carried out to weaken the effect of the ideology of terrorism. Theoretical analysis. It allows us to conclude that the degree of socio-psychological resistance of a person to involvement in a terrorist organization mainly depends on the recognition of the principles of national, political and religious doctrine by a person. The socio-psychological stability of a person to participate in terrorist acts is a personality quality consisting in a formed critical attitude towards terrorism, knowledge of the disastrous consequences of terrorism in society, and an active civic position, which includes rejection of terrorism. As a result, it can be argued that socio-personal uncertainty affects the socio-psychological stability of a person. Empirical analysis. Consideration of the problem of determining social and personal uncertainty on the socio-psychological stability of a person to involvement in terrorist activities has allowed us to conclude that socio-personal uncertainty affects the socio-psychological stability of a person. Conclusion social and personal uncertainty are a favorable environment for the formation of extremist views and justification of the ideology of violence, therefore it is necessary to introduce psychodiagnostic tools aimed at identifying the socio-psychological resistance of a person to involvement in terrorist activities.

Ограничения цифровых прав человека в целях противодействия терроризму

Introduction. Russian civil legislation takes into account innovations in information exchange by fixing the concept of digital rights, while giving them an exclusively private legal understanding. The modern doctrine proceeds from the fact that development of digital technologies has also significantly influenced the concept of fundamental human rights. Continuation of this vision is the emergence of digital rights in the public sphere. This actualizes the analysis of their possible limitations in order to counter terrorism. Theoretical analysis. The research reveals the consequences of the transfer of a significant amount of social relations to digital format. At the same time, while the general discourse of discussions stems from the principle of “normative equivalence” between “offline” and “online” (which does not require fundamental changes in law), the experience of the spread of digital technologies shows that it increasingly faces systemic failures. The authors indicate the difficulties with the definition of digital rights and their regulatory consolidation (by analyzing the regulations of the European Union). Empirical analysis. Based on the identified characteristics of digital communications, the paper presents the models for countering terrorist threats in modern cyberspace. The features of the legislative support of the Chinese model of the “Golden Shield”, based on the principles of digital sovereignty (in particular, the Law of the People’s Republic of China “On Data Security”), are shown. The authors highlight the features of imposing restrictions on the right to digital communication for persons suspected of involvement in terrorist activities (in particular, on the basis of the Anti-Terrorism and Border Security Act adopted in 2019 in the UK) and consider other foreign experience in countering terrorist threats in the digital sphere. Results. The necessity of taking into account the technological features of information exchange in the digital space is demonstrated. This has a significant impact on the emergence of new measures to counter terrorism. Foreign experience testifies to the expansion of the list of operational and search measures, the list of elements of crimes of a terrorist nature.

Գորշ գայլերի ահաբեկչական գործունեությունը Թուրքիայում 1970-ական թթ. հանուն պանթյուրքիզմի, ընդդեմ կոմունիզմի

Գորշ գայլերի ահաբեկչական գործունեությունը Թուրքիայում 1970-ական թթ. հանուն պանթյուրքիզմի, ընդդեմ կոմունիզմի

Radykalizacja kobiet do terroryzmu w ISIS

The aim of this article is to explain the processes that influence women's involvement in terrorist activities in the ranks of international jihadist organizations. Although the activity of women in terrorist groups has been visible for many years, there is a need to recognize gender dynamics in the process of radicalization. This article contains theoretical aspects related to the presentation of the concept of radicalization and the recruitment stage resulting from this process, which is a necessary element. Moreover, indications of the radicalization of women's attitudes and behavior were demonstrated, including individual factors, factors attracting and pushing them to participate in a terrorist attack.

Sanctions as a legal phenomenon in the law of Ukraine and international standards of their application

The article examines the theoretical and practical issues of application of the Law of Ukraine «On Sanctions» of August 14, 2014 and analyzes the existing views on the legal nature of such «legal phenomenon» as sanctions - special economic, financial and other restrictive measures (sanctions) provided by this Law. The article specifies the main issues facing the researchers of the Institute of Sanctions. The purpose of the article is coverage of the state of legal regulation and legal nature of such a phenomenon as sanctions (economic, financial) in the right to Ukraine. In order to achieve this goal, the author used a set of general and special methods that are characteristic of legal science.
 The article covers the issue of Ukraine's sovereign right to protection, in particular through the application of economic and other restrictive measures (sanctions) «to protect national interests, national security, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine, counter terrorist activity, as well as prevention of violations, restoration of violated rights and freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens of Ukraine, society and the state». The range of subjects against which sanctions can be applied has been studied, namely: a) foreign states; b) foreign legal entities; c) legal entities under the control of a foreign legal entity or a non-resident individual, foreigners, stateless persons; d) entities engaged in terrorist activities.
 Sanctions are defined as legal measures to respond immediately to violations of various rights, from encroachment on state sovereignty to the commission of a crime of an international nature, which are temporary, which are applied primarily through coercive measures, which are implemented using constitutional, financial, administrative, economic, criminal procedural, executive, economic procedural and other branches of law. The issues of the grounds for application of sanctions, their types and criteria for their delimitation, the term of application of sanctions, as well as the range of authorized entities in the field of their application are covered. The main approaches of scholars to the characterization of sanctions as measures of influence are investigated. It is noted that sanctions are measures of influence different from measures of legal responsibility, which may have a "non-criminal" nature. It is stated that sanctions are measures of influence that are applied, albeit in parallel, but in a systematic connection with the criminal prosecution imposed by the state or executed by it as a subject of international cooperation in the fight against crime.
 Their application is, firstly, due to the decision at the international or regional level on the application of international economic (financial) sanctions, personal sanctions in the course of criminal prosecution for acts of an international crime. However, Ukraine is obliged to adhere to international standards of the legal mechanism for the application of sanctions at the domestic level, to improve the procedural principles of their application, appeal procedures and amendments to the decision. We consider the participation of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the process of reviewing the decision on the application of sanctions and appealing the decisions necessary. Amendments to the Law of Ukraine "On Sanctions" are proposed in order to establish among the necessary grounds for the application of sanctions to individuals the opening of criminal proceedings against them, and for legal entities - the opening of criminal proceedings against related persons, as well as amendments to the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine, as it does not contain provisions on such preliminary measures (securing and stopping) as "sanctions". In addition, in general, the sanctions procedure requires greater transparency, and it is concluded that sanctions can be applied to Ukrainian citizens only if they are suspected of involvement in terrorist activities.

Children Involvement in Terrorism Activities: Perpetrator or a Victim? (A Study in the Circle of Violence)

Terrorism is an extraordinary crime since it violates human rights. However, it will be different if children commit it. The legal approach is not necessarily taken against children who become terrorists. The problem of children's involvement in terrorist activities does not end there. Another important issue that must also be considered is children of terrorist parents. They must be rescued from a violent social environment. In this study, we will discuss the position of children as victims in the cycle of violence of terrorism and criminal policies in overcoming the involvement of children in terrorism activities. This research is normative legal research that examines the availability of provisions regulating the involvement of children in terrorism activities. Legal materials come from primary and secondary legal materials that are collected through literature study. Children who become terrorists are actually victims indoctrinated to commit terrorism which is believed as a struggle. Therefore, a human rights approach is needed to provide child protection. The criminal policy in tackling the involvement of children in terrorism activities is carried out by regulating the rehabilitation of radicalized children who are perpetrators and the placement of children whose parents are members of terrorism networks in a safe place.

Involvement in terrorist activities in Russia and in the world: from psychological to social-psychological factors

Terrorism is an extremely serious problem of our time: it is a real threat to society and to the existence of humanity as a whole. The purpose of the proposed theoretical and analytical study of the problem of terrorism is to consider the psychological and social psychological factors of involvement in terrorist activities. To achieve the set goal, the authors analyse a number of foreign works and suggest a research line of this problem in order to be able to form a system for monitoring the youth environment. This determines the novelty and significance of this work. The relevance of addressing this complex interdisciplinary problem is explained by the fact that measures to counter terrorism are necessarily based on knowledge of the psychological factors that lead to radicalisation; equally, the development of preventive measures aimed at various groups of the population as well as the creation of programmes for deradicalisation are based on an understanding of the mechanisms of social behaviour. The starting point in the work is the concept of modern terrorism proposed by J. Baudrillard, because this author gives a quite accurate description of the specifics of modern (global) terrorism, which is in harmony with the results of psychological research and concepts that explain why a person takes the path of committing acts of extreme violence. The paper discusses the existence of a terrorist profile and examines the specifics of terrorist motivation. Special attention is paid to the ideas of M. Hogg, in the framework of the uncertainty - identity theory, which outlines the prospects for further development of the problem of terrorism and radicalisation.

A Preliminary Report of Psychiatric Diagnoses in a Scottish County Sample of Persons of National Security Concern.

Increasing anecdotal, empirical, and research evidence indicates mental disorder history is one of the several factors associated with increased risk of involvement in lone-actor terrorist activities. Currently, few studies have been conducted on the mental disorder histories of individuals assessed as at risk of involvement in terrorist activities (Meloy, J Threat Assess Manag 2019;6:93). This pilot study describes demographic, psychiatric, and criminal characteristics of a sample of Scottish individuals identified by the Prevent element of the U.K. national counterterrorism strategy, and outcome data after follow-up at 2 years. Twenty-three individuals were referred to Prevent as posing a national security risk from a county in Scotland. Their records were studied for psychiatric and criminal histories. Nine (39%) had previous psychiatric contact, all were "lone actors", and none were embedded with organized terrorist groups. The most common diagnoses were substance use disorder, personality disorder, depression, and psychotic disorder. The sample displayed factors associated with increased risk of violence including previous offending, early behavioral difficulties, school problems, substance misuse, cluster B personality disordered traits. After 2 years, 44% of the mentally disordered group had re-offended. The offense types were generally similar to those prior to the individual being involved with the Prevent counter terrorism program. Only one of the mentally disordered group committed a further national security offense. In this sample, mental disorder history is overrepresented in individuals who come to the attention of the U.K. Prevent counter terrorism strategy. Further empirical studies with additional power are required to develop the empirical evidence base in this under-researched area.

Радикализация в местах заключения: подход социальной идентичности

The article analyzes research on the spread of extremist ideology in prisons and uses the theory of social identity to understand the mechanism of radicalization in conditions of isolation. The urgency of addressing this problem is explained by the fact that since the events of September 11, 2001, it is the radicalization in prisons that has turned into a serious threat to the security of different countries. In addition measures to counter terrorism necessarily rely on knowledge of the psychological laws by which radicalization occurs; equally, like the development of preventive measures aimed at convicts as well as the creation of deradicalization programs, are based on an understanding of the mechanisms of social behavior. The focus of the work is on the concept of modern terrorism proposed by J. Baudrillard, the problem of radicalization and the spread of the ideology of extremism in prisons is studied, the importance of social identity in connection with the process of radicalization in a situation of isolation is demonstrated. A special role is given to the ideas of M. Hogg’s theory of uncertainty-identity (the motivational direction of the approach of social identity). According to her, experiencing uncertainty, people become inclined to the division of radical ideas and membership in the corresponding groups, because in this way they receive direct and unambiguous answers to their questions. The way to reduce uncertainty is belonging to a group, since the latter is the basis for self-determination, that is, individuals in it acquire the desired social identity, receive norms and rules of behavior, direction of thoughts and feelings. In conclusion the possibilities of the social identity approach for diagnosing persons vulnerable to involvement in terrorist activities are explained.

Радикализация женщин: объяснительный потенциал социально-психологического знания

The aim of the article is to analyze the problem of women's radicalization. Based on a review of the literature, it seems possible to say that this problem is often ignored, terrorism is considered as the men’s activity, it is mistakenly believed that women are hardly capable of aggressive behavior, in case of involvement in terrorist activities, they are in a minor capacity. For terrorist organizations, it is a strategic step to use women because women are assigned the tasks where men can attract attention and be caught. In the activities of a terrorist organization, women perform a number of different roles: informants, specialists in developing propaganda strategies, recruiters, managers, qualified specialists, interpreters, objects of sexual bait, fighters. Information distributed by women is perceived differently from that distributed by men, it takes on a different meaning. The paper discusses the specific features of the reasons why men and women become radicalized, noting that the mechanisms of radicalization themselves hardly differ in the case of men and women. The paper is focused on the applicability and potential of theoretical schemes to explain the radicalization of women. Special attention is paid to the theory of uncertainty-identity, and empirical data obtained within the framework of this theory are discussed.

The Socio‐Psychological Aspects of Women's Involvement in Terrorist Activities in Bangladesh

This paper aims to explore the potential reasons behind female participation in terrorism in context of Bangladesh. Interestingly, there has been a gradual oversight of the threat of female terrorists with the view that involvement in Jihadi activities by women are symbolized as less criminally motivated and thus they may have a little role to play in the terrorist activities. It has been manifested as well in many research that women have been employed as spies, collaborators and in the frontline of war but had insignificant contribution in aspects of leadership and decision making capacity as long as female terrorists conformed to the rules of terrorism which are mostly made by men. Though traditionally women in Bangladesh have been seen and considered as peace-loving and less dangerous to security, Bangladesh hence experienced recent female involvement in Islamic terrorism in December 2016 during a police raid in Ashkona, Dhaka. This incident has brought about the aspect of women’s moti¬vations and roles signifying a challenge to traditional gender stereotypes. The issue of female involvement in terrorism has not been widely researched and hence there is no universally applicable explanation for female engagement in terrorism. There are sociological arguments and other relevant individual psychological reasons that require to be studied in order to conceptualize mainstream female involvement in terrorism. Against this backdrop, this study on one hand, analyses available secondary materials drawn from a variety of sources of Internet in order to investigate the reasons of female terrorism. In context of Bangladesh, by approaching to case studies methods, the paper moves forward in analysing the grounds of women involvement in terrorism and lastly suggests some gender-oriented policies to counter terrorism on the other hand.

Issues of criminal law regulation of inducement, recruitment or other involvement in terrorist activities (Part 1 of Article 205.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation)

Issues of criminal law regulation of inducement, recruitment or other involvement in terrorist activities (Part 1 of Article 205.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation)

Indonesian Pesantren and Community Social Change: Moderate Islam’s Use of Media and Technology as Tools for Community Engagement

Abstract: This article explores the use of media and technology by Indonesian Islamic schools or pesantren in non-formal, community-based educational initiatives to bring about social change. Interviews with ten pesantren leaders were conducted in order to better understand their perceptions on how their schools have used media and technology in response to reports of pesantren involvement in terrorist activities. The findings suggest that while these leaders are conscious of the image linking pesantren with radical Islamic teachings, they have responded to these critiques through the adoption of technology as a tool for educating the broader local community.

‘Between a rock and a hard place?’: The European Union’s financial sanctions against suspected terrorists, multilateralism and human rights

This article focuses on the financial sanctions adopted by the European Union (EU) against individuals suspected of involvement in terrorist activities. This sanctions regime has been sharply criticised for its negative impact on human rights and has seen several judicial challenges before the European Courts. In contrast with most of the existing literature, which focuses on legal issues or examines the consequences of the EU financial sanctions, this article takes a step back to examine the reasons for which the EU decided to adopt these controversial financial sanctions in the first place. This article argues that it is mainly its commitment to ‘UN-centred effective multilateralism’ that has led the EU to adopt these financial sanctions measures in order to align itself with the UN financial sanctions regime. However, the Kadi landmark ruling of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) has challenged the pre-eminence of multilateralism over other considerations, such as the respect for human rights. As the Court of Justice prepares to hand down its second judgment in this case, the EU is left torn between its commitment to multilateralism and its commitment to human rights, which can be fully reconciled only if the UN sanctions regime meets the EU’s human rights standards.

Complicity and Culpability and the Exclusion of Terrorists From Convention Refugee Status Post-9/11

The unprecedented terrorist attacks at the key economic, political, and military power centres in the United States on 11 September 2001 led to immediate restrictive measures among States in the Global North, and the international community as a whole. The perceived unprecedented threat of international terrorism had to be confronted with nothing less than a global “war on terrorism” . The prioritisation of security and the proactive measures taken to address internal and external terrorist threats had an especially pernicious effect on those who sought asylum from persecution as States introduced new statutory, regulatory, and procedural measures to combat terrorism. This article reviews and analyses the leading superior court decisions dealing with the exclusion of terrorists under Article 1F of the 1951 Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol in five common law jurisdictions: Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. It focuses on the key legal concepts of complicity and culpability that are the basis for determining whether a refugee applicant ought to be excluded from Convention refugee status when it is alleged that they are involved in terrorist activities. The article argues that the superior courts in these five common law jurisdictions have followed each other’s judgments in this area closely and have influenced each other’s precedential decisions. The superior courts in these States have also been influenced by the judgments of international courts and especially the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Indeed, the most recent decisions of the Supreme Courts of the United Kingdom and New Zealand draw on the Rome Statute and the concept of “ joint criminal enterprise liability” as a basis for determining whether an asylum applicant should be excluded for their alleged involvement in terrorist activities. The article concludes with a call for an internationally accepted definition of what constitutes terrorism. It is argued that if the international community and States could come to an agreement on a common definition of terrorism this would facilitate the purposive and principled application and interpretation of the exclusion clauses under the 1951 Geneva Convention and its 1967 Protocol and

United States-Iranian Relations: The Terrorism Challenge

With more than 70 million people, the Islamic Republic of is one of the most populous countries in the Middle East. In addition to this large and talented human-resource pool, possesses a variety of natural resources, most notably hydrocarbon deposits: the world's second largest oil reserve (after Saudi Arabia) and the second largest deposit of natural gas (behind Russia). enjoys a strategic location between the Middle East and Central Asia. In short, the Islamic Republic is too important a regional power to be neglected. In comparison, the United States is the world's sole superpower with global economic and strategic interests. For more than half a decade America has been involved in two concurrent wars (Afghanistan beginning in October 2001 and Iraq since March 2003) on the eastern and western borders of Iran. Despite mutual interests and potentially resolvable points of contention between the world's superpower and a major regional power, Washington and Tehran lack official diplomatic relations, pursuing their strategic futures separate from one another. Diplomatic relations were severed after Iranian students stormed the US Embassy in Tehran and held American diplomats hostage in November 1979. Since then suspicion and hostility have characterized relations between the two nations. This three-decade-long confrontation is fueled by three main charges against Iran--fostering nuclear proliferation, sponsoring terrorism, and obstructing the Arab-Israeli peace process. More recently, Tehran's role in destabilizing Iraq has been added to the list. Iranian officials categorically deny these accusations. The United States accuses of seeking to develop nuclear weapons. America has not ruled out the military option, but the Bush Administration relied mainly on economic sanctions in attempting to force to give up its nuclear aspirations. The United Nations Security Council issued four resolutions--1737 (2006), 1747 (2007), 1803 (2008), and 1835 (2008)--to establish and strengthen economic sanctions against Iran. In its latest report (November of 2008), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) demanded fuller cooperation from in implementing nonproliferation accords, though the agency has never confirmed that is actually constructing nuclear weapons. (1) has been on the US Department of State's list of nations sponsoring terrorism since the list was created in 1984. In the past several years the Department of State has bolstered this designation by highlighting the close connections Tehran has with the terrorist organizations Hezbollah and Hamas. The latest Country Reports on Terrorism (issued in April 2008) states, Iran remained the most active state sponsor of (2) The Islamic Republic, however, denies any involvement in terrorist activities and, as this article will discuss, conversely claims that it has been a victim of terrorism. Despite President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's inflammatory rhetoric regarding Israel, many Iranian officials and commentators believe that their country has no national interest conflict with the Jewish state. Many Iranians believe that Tehran has already paid a high price for its position with regard to the Arab-Israeli conflict. When questioned regarding its relationship with Iraq, Iranian officials claim that the American military presence is the main reason for Iraqi instability and have repeatedly called for a full withdrawal of US forces. Despite this strong public opposition to the American presence, the Iranians have been relatively supportive of political developments in the post-Saddam era. The consensus in Tehran is that Sunni domination in Baghdad was the main reason for Iraq's decade-long aggressive regional policy, including the Iran-Iraq War (1980-88). The intended purpose of Iranian strategy in Iraq is to prevent the Sunnis from regaining power and to provide broad support for the Shia majority. …

Alarm Bells from the Past: The Troubling History of American Military Commissions

Among the most controversial of President George W. Bush's responses to the deadly September 11, 2001 al-Qaeda attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon was his issuance two months later of an order authorizing the trial before military commissions of aliens suspected of membership in that murderous organization or of involvement in terrorist activities.1 Two years after Bush's promulgation of that November 13, 2001 military order, no terrorist has yet stood trial before such a tribunal. That is not a bad thing. The history of American military commissions suggests that this is a legal device vulnerable to abuse that should be used only with the utmost caution.