Involvement In Productive Activities Research Articles

Measurement of Cost of Capital for Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan: A Neoclassical Approach

Capital can move inside and outside the boundaries of a country in search of the highest financial return and greatest security for its operation in the host regions. High return from investment is linked with the incentive mechanism offered by the host country in attracting FDI to fill the investment gap and diffusion of other skills. To attract the foreign investors, the successive governments in Pakistan, offered various investment incentives in the form of tax concessions (tax expenditure) and direct expenditure on infrastructural provisions. The taxation policy of Pakistan has great relevance for Transnational Corporation’s (TNC) involvement in production activities. It is perceived to be a significantly influential factor in determining the inflow of foreign investment through the cost of capital and the resulting after tax return. Stimulating foreign investment, mainly through the large TNCs, requires cost minimising devices, which are reflected in fixed cost of a long-term investment project. The cost of fixed assets in such projects depends upon the rate of return, the price of capital goods and, most importantly, the tax treatment of generated income. Foreign investors are generally pursuing two sets of objectives that are related to their decision to invest. First, they prefer for locational advantages like market size, access to raw material and the availability of skilled labour. Secondly, they have their concern with the incentives offered by the host countries through their fiscal policies. These policies attract the investment considerations of the foreign investors. TNCs search the second set of objectives only if the first set is fulfilled.

NEXUS BETWEEN FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND INCOME INEQUALITY BEFORE PANDEMIC COVID-19: DOES FINANCIAL KUZNETS CURVE EXIST IN MALAYSIA, INDONESIA, THAILAND AND PHILIPPINES?

This study offers new insights for policymakers to reduce income inequality, thus ensuring economic growth which greatly benefits the poor segment of population and directing financial sector to provide easy access to financial resources for lower income group at cheaper cost. Bound test was applied to examine the long-run and short-run relationships based on the sample period beginning from 1970 until 2016. The results confirmed the existence of a long-run relationship between the variables. Financial development in Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand had successfully reduced income inequality, however, a different effect was recorded in the Philippines where income distribution was worsened. Furthermore, economic growth brought positive effect to income distribution in Malaysia and Indonesia, but not for Thailand and the Philippines. Inflation, trade openness and foreign direct investment, provided mixed results for all countries. Among the policies recommendation for this paper are there should be more easy accessibility for entrepreneurs to reach the wide range of financial services including conventional and Islamic financial products, the expansion of capital market, as well as giving proper attention to the financial sector. Besides, granting the access to capital markets for low income groups or underprivileged individuals might be helpful to them either by developing entrepreneurial skill or involvement in productive activities and receive better salaries. This policies will gives insight to the policymakers as it the outcome is based on the spread of pandemic Covid-19 that hit the world.Keywords: Financial Development; Income Inequality; ASEAN-4; Financial Kuznets CurveJEL Classifications: G10; F62DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.10616

YOUTH IN THE DISCOURSE OF CONTEMPORARY SOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES: REGIONAL ASPECT

Developments of the recent decades have radically changed the conditions of life of all social strata and groups of the Russian society. Under these conditions, the sustainable development of the society and the economy is largely dependent on the course of alternation of human generations – the process leading to the emergence of new actors in the socio-cultural environment, those who optimally perceive the modern values and painlessly become their bearers, transforming the world in accordance with them and playing the role of mediators in the formation of a new series of value determinants. The authors refer to the experience of a youth cohort study. They summarize the information on the scientific schools existing in this area of scientific thought in the Western countries as well as the findings of Soviet and Russian research projects. The study focuses on the research experience of the Vologda Research Center of RAS. Based on this experience, the article defines the circle of problems of the youth cohort in the field of health, employment after graduating from colleges / universities, social and political activity. The research findings are based on the data of a cycle of empirical studies carried out since 1997. The authors assume that young people are the social group whose characteristics directly determine the future development of the country, and that due to the unsettled social stereotypes, it is the group of people, whose quality features can adjusted according to the desired type of social behavior. The study puts forth the hypothesis, according to which the growth of investment in youth policy, systematic work on the formation of the necessary qualities of youth, bringing up its civil and political participation, involvement in productive activities would significantly improve the quality of its human potential and enhance the economic and social returns to the society. The article focuses on the following features in the youth environment: 1) heredity of techniques that are often tied to the realization of mercantile (consumer) interests and ignoring civic activity; 2) discrepancy of life and educational trajectories with professional choice; 3) positive dynamics of the quality of labor potential of young people with a stable decrease in the quality of their intellectual potential; 3) the instrumentalization of relations to a number of important spheres of life (health, education, labor). The authors also discuss some of the potential opportunities to expand the methodological apparatus of the regional studies of youth.

Kontribusi Pekerja Perempuan Sektor Rumput Laut di Kecamatan Bluto Kabupaten Sumenep

Seaweed is one of the marine resources as capital for livelihood development in addition to the fishermen catch fish. Seaweed cultivation can support the survival of fishermen especially in Bluto Sumenep. Seaweed also can produce a wide variety of products that can provide benefits to the villagers. Seaweed farming activities is not only performed only by men, but women (or wives) can do as well. The purpose of this study is try to describe the characteristics of fishing seaweed; describe the division of labor between husband and wife fishing seaweed; analyze differences in access to and control over production resources between husband and wife; and the contribution of women to the household incomes of seaweed fishermen. The methods used quantitative method that is supported by qualitative method. The role and contribution of the wife can be seen from the amount of time devoted to each activity carried out both on productive activity, reproductive, and social activities. Wifes involvement in productive activities also contribute income to their household income. Wife revenues can contribute the household expenses when their husbands are still missing. Husband tends to play a role in productive activity, whereas the wife role in reproductive and social activities.

PEKERJA PEREMPUAN PESISIR SEKTOR PEMBUDIDAYAAN RUMPUT LAUT DALAM PERSPEKTIF ANALISIS GENDER DI PAKANDANGAN TENGAH KABUPATEN SUMENEP

This study aims to describe the characteristics of seaweed fishermen ; to describe the division of labor among husband and wife fishing seaweed, to analyse the differences in access to and control over production resources between husband and wife fishing seaweed, and to analyse the contribution of women towards seaweed fisherman family’s income in Laok Lorong village. This study is quantitative in design which is supported by qualitative one. Quantitative research is conducted by survey study and integrated with interview of qualitative. Wife's involvement in productive activities also contributes to her family's income. Wife’s income can cover the family expenses when the husband does not have any. Husband tends to play a role in the productive activity, whereas the wife plays her role in reproductive and social activities. The husband had access to the land of seaweed cultivation, cultivation equipment, the crab catcher, credit, livestock, and crab. Wife’s access tend to land for farming, the income of seaweed cultivation, and peeling crabs, as well as the crops of the fields. Husband’s control is almost all of the resources and benefits such as the land for cultivation, land for farming, cultivation equipment, the crab catcher, credit, livestock, labor, the cultivation of seaweed, crabs, and counseling. Contributions of the wife in this study is not only focused on the amount of income but also related to the amount of time she spends in productive, reproductive, and social activities.

The diverse vocational experiences of five individuals returning to work after severe brain injury: A qualitative inquiry

Objective: The researchers explored the return-to-work experiences of five adults with severe traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) and those associated with them by performing a qualitative, multiple case study investigation involving in-depth, semi-structured interviews. Selection of this qualitative methodology allowed for personal, individualized accounts of adults with TBI returning to work. Specifically, this methodology promoted accurate representation of the idiosyncratic nature of each participant’s experiences.Methods: The researchers asked individuals to participate based on the diversity of their vocational experiences following TBI.Results: Four of the five participants had returned to their pre-injury jobs. Two were subsequently fired and, at the time of research participation, were unemployed. One participant never returned to paid employment; however, he had held two volunteer positions for several years post-injury. Salient content from interview transcripts allowed for the identification of five to eight themes pertinent to each case.Conclusions: Interpretation of the themes led to three main conjectures about return-to-work experiences following TBI: (a) job satisfaction may relate more to involvement in productive activities than monetary compensation; (b) adults with TBI can be successful in holding and maintaining positions with high cognitive demands; and (c) individualized job modifications and strategies are likely necessary for adults with TBI to succeed vocationally.

An empirical examination of sustainable metropolitan development in Semarang City, Indonesia

ABSTRACTIn the urban and regional context, conflicts between economic growth and environmental concerns are so intense that sustainable development might be elusive. Evidence indicates that the spatial dynamics in many Indonesian metropolitan regions are not in accordance with sustainability. This research is thus aimed at empirically examining sustainable metropolitan development of Semarang City, based on a model proposed by Sugiri, Buchori, and Soetomo [2011. “Sustainable Metropolitan Development: Towards an Operational Model for Semarang Metropolitan Region.” The International Journal of Environmental, Cultural, Economic and Social Sustainability 7 (5): 301–324]. The methods mainly involve spatial analysis using GIS and comparison of statistical data, supported by complementary qualitative information. The results show that the spatial development of Semarang City tends to be unsustainable, based on important indicators. However, the availability of such local initiatives as spatial plans and environmental impact studies should be considered essential in ensuring sustainable development. In addition, the growth of small-scale industries is prospective to increase public involvement in productive activities.

Implications of Child Labour on Household Resource Management

This study investigated the relevance of children in household resource management. Data were collected using interview schedule from 186 randomly selected respondents. Data were described while analysis of variance, correlation and regression analyses were used to establish differences and relationships of variables. Majority (58.1%) of the respondents spent about N10, 000 to operate their farms when children were involved while 45.2 percent spent the same amount when children were not involved. Children’s level of involvement in productive activities as indicated by 46.2 percent was average. Among others, 60.2% of the respondents said there was increase in standard of living, 51.6% claimed timely farming operations and 59.4% reported decrease in cost of production through children involvement in farming operations. There was a significant relationship between number of wives (r =0.21), family size (r = 0.19) as well as benefits derived (r = 0.43) and level of children involvement. There was significant difference in cost of production when children were and were not involved (F = 8.67). Children need to be encouraged and motivated so as to always contribute their quota towards increasing households’ productivity.Keywords: Child labour, child abuse, resource management, household, productive

Volunteering as a Productive Aging Activity: Incentives and Barriers to Volunteering by Australian Seniors

Recent research demonstrates that involvement in productive activities, particularly volunteering, has important societal and individual benefits in the contemporary aging environment. However, less attention has been paid to the structural dimension of volunteering or what encourages or discourages older people regarding volunteering. The authors present the findings from a two-phase Australian case study that explores the incentives and barriers to volunteering by those aged 50 and older, all members of a national seniors organization. Results suggest that governments and organizations need to consider many issues if more seniors are to be attracted to volunteering. Ensuring appropriate incentives to encourage volunteering was viewed as particularly important, with incentives including the need for more training, more flexible and diverse options, and more opportunities for intergenerational volunteering. Potential barriers included negative perceptions of volunteer activities, fear of encountering ageism, and concerns about the increasingly regulatory organizational environment.

Integration or Inclusion: Is There More to Recovery Than Fitting In?

Reviews the book, Social Inclusion of People With Mental Illness by Julian Leff and Richard Warner (see record 2006-10902-000). The advantages of having decades' worth of practical experience are evident in the many contributions this book makes to caring for people with mental illnesses in compassionate and effective ways. In addition to covering the usual topics of medication adherence, cognitive behavioral interventions, and psychiatric rehabilitation, the authors discuss at some length equally important topics that, for whatever reason, are seldom described by others in the field. These include the role of low self-esteem and self-stigmatization in limiting a person's access to and involvement in productive activities and the role mental health practitioners and members of the broader community need to play in reducing and eliminating stigma. Of more significance, in my opinion, are the authors' discussions of the impact and treatment of negative symptoms; the value of employment as a means toward, as well as a reward of, recovery; and the popularity of social firms as an avenue to increasing employment among this population. Julian Leff and Richard Warner are well-qualified to address this increasingly important topic, given their long-standing commitment to this population, their many accomplishments in researching and serving this population, and their global perspective on innovations in practice. What results is a text that both benefits from but also is limited by the extensive familiarity the authors have with the field. As the authors appear to acknowledge, it is as if they have come to the mountain top and see the promised land of full social inclusion in the distance but then may not be able to make the remainder of the trip themselves. In this critique, I first focus on the benefits of the authors' extensive clinical and practical knowledge before turning to the potential limitations of their approach. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved)

Qualitative Aspects of Productive Ageing

Objectives . This paper reports on the proceedings of six focus groups, in both metropolitan and regional areas in South Australia, that were conducted to explore qualitative dimensions of productive ageing. Method . A total of 33 individuals aged between 55 and 84 years participated in loosely structured discussions of issues around the contributions they made towards their immediate families, their local communities, and society at large. Results. As well as providing rich and passionately told stories of productive involvement, the groups shed light on the ability of older people to identify and fulfil unmet needs, their eagerness to remain involved in life, and the complexity and individual nature of each person's involvement in productive activities. Conclusions. To simply list an inventory of productive activities trivialises the nature and depth of involvement. There is a need for further study into the relationship of older adults to their larger social network, by means of which older adults remain able to contribute in useful and meaningful ways.

Cognitive and functional recovery at 6 and 12 months post-TBI

Outcome studies examining recovery from traumatic brain injury (TBI) often fail to provide a clear understanding of the time course of cognitive, emotional, and behavioural recovery. The present study represents an effort to prospectively study individuals with TBI at fixed intervals, specifically 6 and 12 months post-injury with a window of +/- 1 month. Seventy-two individuals with new-onset TBI underwent neuropsychological evaluation and clinical interview at 6 and 12 months post-injury. Results revealed significant improvements in cognitive abilities, including memory, processing speed, language abilities, and constructional skills. There were significant gains in community integration and involvement in productive activities, but limitations in driving activities remained. Although individuals with mild-moderate TBI performed better than individuals with severe TBI, both groups demonstrated equivalent rates of recovery across domains. The results of this study provide important information regarding the time course of TBI recovery.

Involvement in productive activities and satisfaction with living situation among severely mentally disabled adults.

Eighty-three adults with severe mental disabilities participated in a study examining effects on life satisfaction of having nothing to do, receipt of a housing subsidy, and enrollment in an intensive case management program. The clients were divided into four groups receiving subsidized housing and intensive case management, subsidized housing and nonintensive case management, intensive case management and nonsubsidized housing, and nonintensive case management and nonsubsidized housing. Initially and at ten months, clients reported how much time they spent with nothing to do and their level of satisfaction with supported-living arrangements. A significant association was found between time spent with nothing to do and both satisfaction and change in satisfaction and between having a housing subsidy and satisfaction. Results suggest that getting clients involved in activities of their own choosing would result in much greater increases in satisfaction.