Involvement In Income Generating Activities Research Articles

Exploring Sustainable Initiatives for Rural Women: Analysis of Economic Transformation of Women and Community Empowerment

Bangladesh, a developing nation in South Asia, has been struggling with various challenges such as poverty, corruption, overpopulation, climate change, and violence against women ever since its independence. Half of Bangladesh's entire population consists of women, with a significant majority residing in rural areas and not participating in any economic activities. Excluding this portion of the population from participating in economic activity results in a fifty percent reduction in the development of the country. Several initiatives have been undertaken to enhance the economic well-being of women in these rural communities. This study investigates the actual circumstances of women, finds obstacles to their economic participation, and suggests measures that foster their involvement in income-generating activities. The study employed a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods, directing the rural women of Lalmonirhat district through structured interviews and focus group discussions. Result shows that the rural women residing in this community possess inadequate levels of education and are subject to numerous prejudices. Consequently, they do not participate in any economic activities, and their fate remains unchanged by any sustainable development efforts. To improve their situation, the women in this area should increase their involvement in vocational education and gain access to information, communication, and technology. This will enable them to engage in income-generating activities and bring about sustainable improvements in their lives.

Examining the Societal Impact on Women Involved in Income Generation

Nepal has taken significant steps towards gender equality in recent years and has a relatively high percentage of women participating in the labor force. However, a study has found that a large number of economically active women in Nepal do not have access to economic resources, with three-quarters of the unpaid family labor force being women. This study aims to examine how societal factors influence women’s participation on income-generating activities and identify with a sample of 50 women selected from Kathmandu valley through a convenience sampling technique. The data were collected through survey methods using questionnaires. Data analysis was done using "SPSS" and Ms-Excel software, with correlation and regression analyses being conducted to determine the relationship between variables and the percentage change in one variable due to the change in another variable. The study concludes that societal factors have a positive impact on women’s involvement in income-generating activities in the Kathmandu area. The R and R square were .83 and .68, respectively. The research offers insights into the transformation of societal attitudes and norms. It enriches the academic discourse by supplying empirical data on how societal influences affect women’s economic engagement, contextualized within a distinct cultural and geographical setting.

Role of Social Factors in Shaping Women's Involvement in Income Generating Activities in Baneshwar Area, Kathmandu

Women’s empowerment is a broad concept, and it is defined as a multidimensional social process at different levels. The government of Nepal has declared 33% women's participation in various sectors. It has also introduced a female quota for women’s participation in various organizations. The study analyzed the role of social factors in women’s involvement in income-generating activities for women's empowerment. The study used a descriptive and explanatory research design. The study was conducted among the 60 working women living in the Baneshwar area of Kathmandu by applying the judgmental sampling technique. Primary data was the main sources of information. A survey questionnaire was adopted to gather the required information from respondents. The study adopted mean, standard deviation, correlation, and regression to analyze data to address the research problem. The result shows that the mean value of social factors was 3.0 to 4.6. The average of all social factors was 3.85, close to the agreement point. Hence, it concluded that women were moderately empowered through their involvement in income-generating activities. Social factors significantly impacted women's empowerment, with R-square = .172, and p-value = 0.001. The future researcher can study strategies to empower women through entrepreneurship skills.

Socioeconomic Determinants of Household Size in Bangladesh: Evidence from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey Data

BackgroundBangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries in the world. This large population predominantly affects the socioeconomic development of the people living in this country. Therefore, it is essential to identify the determinants of household size in the country and suggest implications for future interventions in similar contexts.ObjectivesThe primary purpose of the present study was to explore the distribution of household size and its determinants based on the nationally representative Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) data.Material and MethodsThe data were extracted from BDHS 2017–2018, a national survey. Individual responses from the adult women of each household were considered in this nationwide survey. We applied univariate and bivariate analyses (chi-squared test) to explore the distribution of household size and different selected determinants. The multinomial logistic regression was utilized to identify the association between household size and the selected independent determinants in our study.ResultsFindings of our multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that sex of the household head, division, decision about health, respondent’s age, residence, respondent’s education, husband’s education, wealth index, religion, husband’s occupation, and respondent’s working status were significantly associated with the household size (P ≤ 0.05). We observed that household size tended to be more prominent in rural areas, in the Sylhet division, in families where the head of the household was a male, and in families where others except the respondents and their husbands made health-related decisions. Besides, large household size was also common among respondents aged 25 years or less, respondents and their husbands with higher education, respondents from the rich and middle class, respondents who were Muslim, respondents whose husbands were businessmen and jobholders, and respondents who were workers.ConclusionsThe findings of our study suggest that household size in Bangladesh is associated with different socioeconomic factors. We recommend promoting awareness programs on family planning promotion and early marriage prevention, especially in rural areas, to prevent the rapid growth of the population. Expansion of education for both men and women and female involvement in income-generating activities should be encouraged to effectively control the household size in Bangladesh.

Factors Determining the Involvement of Women in Income Generating Activities: A Case Study in Pokhara Metropolitan City, Nepal

Women’s participation in income-generating activities (IGAs) appears to be limited in communities of Nepal owing to a variety of socio-cultural and socio-economic variables. Despite the deliberative efforts by governmental and different developmental agencies for the empowerment of women to be participated actively in income generating activities (IGAs), it is unclear yet what factors stimulate Nepalese women’s engagement in various earning activities. Against this backdrop, the purpose of this study was to investigate the variables that stimulate the participation of Nepalese women in IGAs in the Pokhara Metropolis. For this purpose, a systematic survey form was used to gather data. A total of 130 individuals were interrogated, comprising 65 women engaged in IGAs (selected purposively) and 65 women, who are not involved in IGAs (selected conveniently and purposively) for making the study more comprehensive. A Binary logistic regression model was applied for finding the factors determining the involvement of women in IGAs. The result of the analysis revealed that literacy status, occupational status and monthly income of family affect the women’s involvement in IGAs significantly while age, marital status, caste, family type, number of a family member and age at first marriage do not have any effect on it. The study suggests that it is imperative to make women aware about the importance of involvement in IGAs as this will help them to be self-dependent. The Government of Nepal should focus on women’s education to ensure the necessary knowledge and entrepreneurial skills needed for their effective participation in income-generating activities.

Role of Income Generating Activities in Empowering Rural Women of Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, women in rural regions are largely responsible for agricultural production, food security, and household upkeep. This study was carried out to examine the variables affecting the income of rural women, gauge women's empowerment, and pinpointthe main issues they confront. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected through a pre-tested interview schedule from sixty women involved with income-generating activities. The multistage sampling procedure was used, and primary data were collected from Mymensingh Sadar, Muktagacha, and Bhaluka Upazila of Mymensingh district of Bangladesh from April to June 2021. Tabular analysis, Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method, Women Empowerment Index (WEI), and Problem Confrontation Index (PCI) were usedfor data analysis. The result shows that family size, farm size, work experience, and availability of credit have a significant positive influence on rural women's income. The estimated value of the WEI of the respondents is 1.23 which implies that women are empowered in the study area. Their capacity for decision-making has gradually enhanced as they are involved in income-generating activities.The major concerns faced by rural women include lack of capital, training facilities, credit availability and proper education, the higher price of the input, high-interest rates, etc. However, the survey still shows that rural women's involvement in income-generating activities has improved their quality of life more than at any prior point in the past.

Factors associated with depressive symptoms in people living with HIV attending antiretroviral clinic at Fitche Zonal Hospital, Central Ethiopia: cross-sectional study conducted in 2012.

BackgroundDepression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders with the prevalence rate ranging from 5% to 10% in the general population and about 60% in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV). It has been reported to be more common among women living with HIV. In HIV patients, depression can have negative impacts on their quality of life.ObjectiveThis study was aimed at identifying the prevalence of depressive symptoms and associated factors among PLHIV attending the antiretroviral therapy clinic at Fitche Zonal Hospital.MethodsIt was a cross-sectional study conducted among PLHIV in Fitche Zonal Hospital from February 15 to March 15, 2012. Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression tool was used to collect data from 390 respondents. Both the bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were carried out and variables with P<0.25 in the bivariate logistic regression analysis were entered into multivariable logistic regression analysis and statistical significance was declared at P<0.05.ResultsOf the total 390 respondents included in the analysis, the prevalence of depressive symptoms was 76.7%, ranging from mild to moderate (33.6%) to major (43.1%), and the highest proportion was observed among individuals with food insecurity accounting for 287 (79.3%). Food insecurity (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] =3.832 [1.575–9.322]), non-ownership of livestock (AOR =2.17 [1.157–4.104]), and opportunistic infections (AOR =5.20 [1.342–20.156]) were significantly associated with depressive symptoms.Conclusion and recommendationsDepressive symptoms were prevalent in PLHIV. Social disparities were important factors of depressive symptoms. Integration of mental health care services with HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome-related health care services at all health care levels was necessary. It was recommended that government and non-government organizations should provide assistance to the PLHIV to encourage their involvement in income-generating activities.

The relationship between violence and engagement in drug dealing and sex work among street-involved youth.

Street-involved youth are highly vulnerable to violence. While involvement in income-generating activities within illicit drug scenes is recognized as shaping youths' vulnerability to violence, the relative contributions of different income-generating activities remain understudied. We sought to examine the independent effects of drug dealing and sex work on experiencing violence among street-involved youth. Data were derived from a prospective cohort of street-involved youth aged 14-26 who used drugs in Vancouver, British Columbia, between September 2005 and May 2014. Multivariable generalized estimating equations were used to examine the impact of involvement in drug dealing and sex work on experiencing violence. Among 1,152 participants, including 364 (31.6%) women, 740 (64.2%) reported having experienced violence at some point during the study period. In multivariable analysis, involvement in drug dealing but not sex work remained independently associated with experiencing violence among females (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.43; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08-1.90) and males (AOR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.25-1.80), while involvement in sex work only was not associated with violence among females (AOR: 1.15; 95% CI: 0.76-1.74) or males (AOR: 1.42; 95% CI: 0.81-2.48). Findings indicate that involvement in drug dealing is a major factor associated with experiencing violence among our sample. In addition to conventional interventions, such as addiction treatment, novel approaches are needed to reduce the risk of violence for drug-using youth who are actively engaged in drug dealing. The potential for low-threshold employment and decriminalization of drug use to mitigate violence warrants further study.