Invisible Condition Research Articles

Virtual reality assessment of reaching accuracy in patients with recent cerebellar stroke

BackgroundDysmetria, the inability to accurately estimate distance in motor tasks, is a characteristic clinical feature of cerebellar injury. Even though subjective dysmetria can be quickly detected during the neurological examination with the finger-to-nose test, objective quantification of reaching accuracy for clinical assessment is still lacking. Emerging VR technology allows for the delivery of rich multisensory environmental stimuli with a high degree of control. Furthermore, recent improvements in the hand-tracking feature offer an opportunity to closely examine the speed, accuracy, and consistency of fine hand movements and proprioceptive function. This study aims to investigate the application of virtual reality (VR) with hand tracking in the rapid quantification of reaching accuracy at the bedside for patients with cerebellar stroke (CS).Methods and resultsThirty individuals (10 CS patients and 20 age-matched neurologically healthy controls) performed a simple task that allowed us to measure reaching accuracy using a VR headset (Oculus Quest 2). During this task, the participant was asked to reach for a target placed along a horizontal sixty-degree arc. Once the fingertip passed through the arc, the target immediately extinguished. 50% of the trials displayed a visible, real-time rendering of the hand as the participant reached for the target (visible hand condition), while the remaining 50% only showed the target being extinguished (invisible hand condition). The invisible hand condition isolates proprioception-guided movements by removing the visibility of the participant’s hand. Reaching error was calculated as the difference in degrees between the location of the target, and where the fingertip contacted the arc. Both CS patients and age-matched controls displayed higher average reaching error and took longer to perform a reaching motion in the invisible hand condition than in the visible hand condition. Reaching error was higher in CS than in controls in the invisible hand condition but not in the visible hand condition. Average time taken to perform each trial was higher in CS than in controls in the invisible hand conditions but not in the visible hand condition.ConclusionsReaching accuracy assessed by VR offers a non-invasive and rapid approach to quantifying fine motor functions in clinical settings. Furthermore, this technology enhances our understanding of proprioceptive function in patients with visuomotor disabilities by allowing the isolation of proprioception from vision. Future studies with larger cohorts and longitudinal designs will examine the quantitative changes in reaching accuracy after stroke and explore the long-term benefits of VR in functional recovery.

Notions of the visible and the invisible: visualising the otherness of women with invisible (gynaecological) illness

The invisible gynaecological condition, Endometriosis, is mostly viewed from a distorted frame of reference and with a negative connotation, influenced by societal factors such as expectations of the female body, misperceptions of illness and the way in which women are visually represented. Although a life-altering condition, acknowledging its many complexities is what is sought in honest representation of such lived experiences, exposing the visible and invisible, emic and etic perspectives. This written exchange between visual arts and design researcher, Bruce Cadle and designer-illustrator Micaela Scholtz, lays bare the facts and critically analyses the motivation for and influences incipient in visual research that expresses the lived experience of Endometriosis. The intention is to dispel the myths surrounding expectations of the female body and the lived realities of enduring invisible illness. This paper addresses aspects of the politics of health and the social understanding thereof, whilst emphasising the visualisation of illness through visual narrative methods and the autoethnographic voice. Essential to this research is that the visualisations of Endometriosis juxtapose the perceived/lived reality dichotomy intent on provoking understanding, empathic connection and opportunity for broader conversations onward.

PARADIGMS OF FRONTIER INTERACTION: A NEW USE FOR DIGENES AKRITES

This article argues that the Byzantine romance known as Digenes Akrites has more to offer historians than is often recognized. Regardless of the fictional nature of the story or of the exact date of its composition, the Digenes tale can serve as an exemplar of the kinds of interactions which regularly took place in the frontier regions between the Byzantine and Muslim worlds and the social values and cultural mores that guided such interactions. If taken as a paradigm of otherwise invisible conditions along the frontier regions of southeastern Anatolia, Digenes can shed new light on an otherwise dark and incomplete picture. It is, in fact, a frontier world in and of itself, in which outside powers, both Muslim and Byzantine, are distant images and only occasional players.

Methods of studying LGBT experiences in the situation of invisibility: from African countries to Uzbekistan

ABSTRACT This article explores contexts where homosexuality is criminalized and looks at the methods which scholars use to study LGBT+ experiences there. It is based on an extensive literature review which demonstrates the range of methods employed in academic articles, presenting results from various countries that criminalize LGBT+ sexualities. Two research topics appear most prominently: HIV and LGBT+ activism. The article then turns to a critical analysis of one such study conducted in Uzbekistan. I argue that more creative use of applied research can help shed light on everyday queer experiences under the conditions of invisibility. The article considers an online survey of men who have sex with men in relation to their awareness of HIV issues. I review the opportunities presented by this study: the glimpse into everyday practices of LGBT+ communities in a troubled place.

Representation of Invisible Illnesses in Nigeria Newspapers (June 2023 – June 2024): A Mixed-Method Study

Invisible illnesses, such as mental health conditions, chronic fatigue syndrome, and fibromyalgia among many other medical conditions with no symptom visibility. These invisible conditions are often misunderstood due to their lack of visible symptoms, and also low representation on many media of communication which have failed in term of sensitization and informing audiences about these conditions. This study used two research methods by combining content analysis and survey research, to examine the representation of invisible illnesses in Nigerian newspapers. The findings reveal disparities in Nigeria Newspapers coverage, with predominantly neutral tone with some negative tones taking few percentages stance, and a focus on news stories with limited personal narratives in the coverages. The survey results show low public awareness and understanding of invisible illnesses, with perceived negative and stigmatizing media coverage. The study highlighted the need for increased sensitization, balanced representation, and personal stories to promote understanding and empathy. The findings have implications for media reporting, public health education, and support for individuals affected by invisible illnesses.

Contrast-Assisted Domain-Specificity-Removal Network for Semi-Supervised Generalization Fault Diagnosis.

Unknown domain shift caused by the unavailability of target domain during training phase degrades the performance of intelligent fault diagnosis models in practical applications. Domain generalization (DG)-based methods have recently emerged to alleviate the influence of domain shift and improve the generalization ability of models toward invisible working conditions. However, most existing studies are conducted on multiple fully labeled source domains. Meanwhile, domain-specific information related to the variations of working conditions is often neglected during model training. Therefore, in order to realize reliable generalization fault diagnosis based on partially labeled source domains, this article proposes a contrast-assisted domain-specificity-removal network (CDSRN) to extract transferable features from domain-specificity-removal perspective. Concretely, a domain-specific feature removal branch is designed to disentangle domain-invariant features and domain-specific features, thus excavating generalized information only in domain-invariance dimension. Simultaneously, proxy-contrastive representation enhancement module is embedded to facilitate the fault class-discriminative and domain-discriminative feature learning, thereby assisting the model in further improvement of generalization capability. Experimental studies confirm the effectiveness and competitiveness of the proposed CDSRN in semi-supervised generalization fault diagnosis.

“It’s a Lovely Peaceful Gentle Soothing Sound, Why Do You Hate It?”

Abstract This essay examines tinnitus in Samuel Beckett’s Embers as a hidden audiological disability that informs the core soundscape of the radio drama. Henry’s tinnitus as an invisible condition replaces his voice and transforms into a dramatic and personal anchor, one that parodies conventional radiophonic narratives by explicating how the tics of his ears propel his sonic narrative. Henry’s radiographic quest for silence is not betrayed by the phantom sound or the tic in his ears, or his troupe of phantom characters, but rather by his failure to appreciate, reveal, and prove his disability to his hearing audience. To this end, the article assays and expands key concepts in social understanding of audiological disabilities such as ‘dysconscious audism’, and ‘impaired consciousness’, to address a phonocentric culture that either suppresses or normalizes such otological disorders by disregarding them as invisible personal matters rather than a debilitating handicap.

How do we explain painful non-traumatic knee conditions to adolescents? A multiple-method study to develop credible explanations.

Perceived diagnostic uncertainty can leave adolescents confused about their condition and impede their ability to understand "what's wrong with me". Our aim is to develop credible explanations about the condition for adolescents suffering from non-traumatic knee pain. This multiple-method study integrated findings from two systematic literature searches of qualitative and quantitative studies, an Argumentative Delphi with international experts (n = 16) and think-aloud interviews with adolescents (n = 16). Experts provided feedback with arguments on how to communicate credible explanations to meet adolescents' needs; we analysed feedback using thematic analysis. The explanations were tailored based on the adolescent end-users' input. We screened 3239 titles/abstracts and included 16 papers exploring diagnostic uncertainty from adolescents' and parents' perspectives. Five themes were generated: (1) understanding causes and contributors to the pain experience, (2) feeling stigmatized for having an invisible condition, (3) having a name for pain, (4) controllability of pain, and (5) worried about something being missed. The Argumentative Delphi identified the following themes: (1) multidimensional perspective, (2) tailored to adolescents, (3) validation and reassurance, and (4) careful wording. Merging findings from the systematic search and the Delphi developed three essential domains to address in credible explanations: "What is non-traumatic knee pain and what does it mean?", "What is causing my knee pain?" and "How do I manage my knee pain?" Six credible explanations for the six most common diagnoses of non-traumatic knee pain were developed. We identified three domains to consider when tailoring credible explanations to adolescents experiencing non-traumatic knee pain. This study provides credible explanations for the six most common diagnoses of non-traumatic knee pain. Additionally, we identified three key domains that may need to be addressed to reduce diagnostic uncertainty in adolescents suffering from pain complaints. Based on our findings, we believe that clinicians will benefit from exploring adolescents' own perceptions of why they experience pain and perceived management strategies, as this information might capture important clinical information when managing these young individuals.

Struggles Over Recognition Under Conditions of Hypervisibility: Honneth, Rancière, and Ellison on the Politics of Perception

ABSTRACT This paper explores two emancipatory ways that the struggle over recognition can take under conditions of social invisibility and hyper-visibility: that of social visibilization, and that of a dialectical interplay between invisibility and visibility. The theories of recognition of Honneth and Rancière acknowledge that recognition is based on socially mediated perceptual processes that enable or prevent recognition: whether and how subjects become socially visible or remain invisible. For Honneth, social invisibility is a marker of misrecognition and consists of deliberate inattention and ignorance of others, so that struggles over recognition must take place, in part, through making previously invisible subjects visible. I argue here that Honneth’s account of social (in)visibility and his corresponding view of recognition in terms of properly formed visibilization, while valuable, prove insufficient when considering how racialized societies are underpinned by the power dynamics of invisibility and hyper-visibility. I turn to the works of Fanon, Ellison, and Rancière to illustrate these dynamics and to offer an account of how struggles over recognition requires practices of dis-identification from these dynamics that involve attempts to create interstices within dominant orders of (in)visibility where subjects might appear on their own terms.

Self-management Experience of Nurses Living with Migraine: A Qualitative Study.

Migraine is a neurobiological condition characterized by a constellation of unpredictable symptoms and is the second cause of disability worldwide. Migraine is prevalent among nurses. However, literature exploring nurses' experience of living with migraine is scarce which has important individual and systems implications for health and wellness and patient safety. Self-management is essential in chronic disease management as the patient engages in various strategies to be able to live with their condition. This study explored the experiences of living and working with migraine among female nurses in Ontario, with particular attention to their priorities and strategies for self-management. Interpretive description methodology was employed to guide this study and informed a thematic analysis approach to examine the self-management experiences of nurses living with migraine. Nurses engaged in various self-management strategies including pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies and highlighted the role of technology in migraine self-management. Participants described experiences of living with migraine as an invisible condition including feelings of not being understood, stigmatization, and the absence of formal support at the workplace. The implications of these findings support the incorporation of a critical approach to relational engagement that is person-centred including nonjudgemental, strength-based care as a practice approach when caring for persons living with migraines and the need to include experiential learning in educational curriculums as a strategy to reduce stigma against migraines.

Poster Session: Reaching Accuracy Assessment in Cerebellar Stroke using Virtual Reality.

To investigate the application of virtual reality (VR) in the rapid quantification of reaching accuracy at the bedside for patients with cerebellar stroke (CS). Dysmetria, the inability to measure distance in muscular tasks correctly, is a common clinical feature of cerebellar injury. Objective quantification of reaching accuracy for clinical assessment is lacking, and the emerging VR technology with hand-tracking offers a promising opportunity to examine the speed, accuracy, and consistency of hand movements and proprioceptive function. 29 individuals (10 CS patients and 19 age-matched not-disabled controls) performed a task measuring reaching accuracy on the VR headset (Oculus Quest 2). 50% of the trials displayed a visible rendering of the hand (visible hand condition), and 50% did not (invisible hand condition). Reaching error was higher in CS compared to age-matched controls in both visible and invisible hand conditions. Reaching error was higher in the invisible hand condition compared to the visible hand condition in healthy controls, right CS, left CS but not in bilateral CS patients. The average time per trial was higher in patients than in controls. VR technology promises to be a non-invasive and rapid approach to quantifying fine motor functions in clinical settings. Further studies are needed to examine quantitative changes in reaching accuracy during post-stroke progression.

Walking performance of pedestrians in corridors under different visibility conditions

Visibility is an important factor affecting pedestrian movement and safe evacuation. To investigate the walking characteristics of pedestrians under limited visibilities, a novel measurement method by changing the light transmittance in a suitable lighting environment is proposed to achieve different visibility levels. A series of individual movement experiments were performed under the quantitative control of visibility condition. Stoop-walking behavior was observed at low visibility levels. Besides, pedestrians would stretch out their arms or feet to explore the surrounding environment under invisible conditions. Based on the high-precise trajectories, it is found that the acceleration and relaxation time of individuals increase with the improvement of visual condition. The walking speed of males is significantly larger than that of females at the same visibility level. Moreover, individual speed increases with the improvement of visibility level, but no significant difference is found when the visual distance is larger than 6 m. In addition, individuals prefer to change movement direction rather than reduce the speed to avoid the frontal obstacle or pedestrians under limited visibilities. Furthermore, comparison between previous studies and our work is made, and their differences are also elaborated. The study can help to quantitatively predict pedestrian’s speed and develop movement models for limited visibility situations.

Reaching Accuracy Assessment in Cerebellar Stroke using Virtual Reality (S20.010)

<h3>Objective:</h3> To investigate the application of virtual reality (VR) in the rapid quantification of reaching accuracy at the bedside for patients with cerebellar stroke (CS). <h3>Background:</h3> Dysmetria, the inability to measure distance in muscular tasks correctly, is a characteristic clinical feature of cerebellar injury. Even though dysmetria can be quickly detected during the neurological examination with the finger-to-nose test, objective quantification of reaching accuracy for clinical assessment is still lacking. Emerging VR technology, together with recent improvements in the hand-tracking feature, offers an opportunity to closely examine the speed, accuracy, and consistency of fine hand movements and proprioceptive function. <h3>Design/Methods:</h3> 29 individuals (10 CS patients and 19 age-matched not-disabled controls) performed a task measuring reaching accuracy on the VR headset (Oculus Quest 2). 50% of the trials displayed a visible rendering of the hand as the participant reached for the target (visible hand condition), while the remaining 50% only showed the target being extinguished (invisible hand condition). Reaching error was calculated as the difference in degrees between where the fingertip passed the arch and where the target was positioned. <h3>Results:</h3> Reaching error was higher in CS than in age-matched controls in both visible hand and invisible hand conditions. Reaching error was higher in the invisible hand condition than in the visible hand condition in both healthy controls and CS patients. Average time taken to perform each trial was higher in CS patients than in controls in both visible and invisible hand conditions. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> Reaching accuracy assessed by VR promises to be a non-invasive and rapid approach to quantifying fine motor functions in clinical settings. In addition, this device has the potential to be a useful supplemental technology in monitoring fine motor and proprioceptive functions during physical rehabilitation. Further studies are needed to examine quantitative changes in reaching accuracy during post-stroke progression. <b>Disclosure:</b> Mr. Du has nothing to disclose. Mr. Benavides has received personal compensation for serving as an employee of Stryker. Emily Isenstein has received research support from Autism Science Foundation. Prof. Tadin has received personal compensation in the range of $50,000-$99,999 for serving as a Consultant for NeuroTrainer. Prof. Tadin has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as an Expert Witness for Finkelstein and partners. The institution of Prof. Tadin has received research support from NIH. The institution of Prof. Tadin has received research support from The Brain &amp; Behavior Research Foundation. Prof. Tadin has received intellectual property interests from a discovery or technology relating to health care. Dr. Busza has received research support from NIH/NINDS. Dr. Busza has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Grant reviewer with NIH.

Effects of invisible lip movements on phonetic perception

We investigated whether ‘invisible’ visual information, i.e., visual information that is not consciously perceived, could affect auditory speech perception. Repeated exposure to McGurk stimuli (auditory /ba/ with visual [ga]) temporarily changes the perception of the auditory /ba/ into a ‘da’ or ‘ga’. This altered auditory percept persists even after the presentation of the McGurk stimuli when the auditory stimulus is presented alone (McGurk aftereffect). We used this and presented the auditory /ba/ either with or without (No Face) a masked face articulating a visual [ba] (Congruent Invisible) or a visual [ga] (Incongruent Invisible). Thus, we measured the extent to which the invisible faces could undo or prolong the McGurk aftereffects. In a further control condition, the incongruent faces remained unmasked and thus visible, resulting in four conditions in total. Visibility was defined by the participants’ subjective dichotomous reports (‘visible’ or ‘invisible’). The results showed that the Congruent Invisible condition reduced the McGurk aftereffects compared with the other conditions, while the Incongruent Invisible condition showed no difference with the No Face condition. These results suggest that ‘invisible’ visual information that is not consciously perceived can affect phonetic perception, but only when visual information is congruent with auditory information.

The transient invisibility cloak in the electro-quasi-static field

The invisibility condition of cloak in the Electro-Quasi-Static (EQS) field under the arbitrary transient excitation is given in this paper. Firstly, because electric field with magnetoelectric effect ignored can be attributed to the EQS field which is the transient electric field. In this case, the analytical invisibility conditions of infinite length coaxial cylinders cloaks under arbitrary transient excitation are derived in the EQS field. Then, by the finite element method(FEM) simulation, the correctness of the analytical invisibility condition is verified. Besides, this paper also established the equivalent circuit model for the cloak in the EQS field by the resistance and capacitance network. At last, analytical invisibility conditions of the concentric spheres cloak are also given. By the invisibility conditions proposed in this paper, the cloak could achieve stealth under the transient electric field which will greatly enhance the performance of the cloak.

"YOU CAN'T SEE IT BUT IT'S A MATTER OF LIFE AND DEATH". OF PLATFORMS, POWER, AND THE INVISIBLE

We investigate the interplay of platform mechanisms and user tinkering in relation to invisible health conditions and ultimately challenge approaches that picture platforms as either hegemonic or liberating. We draw on initial findings from a project focused on social media uses relevant to hereditary cancer syndromes. These conditions are invisible in at least three ways. Cancer genetic risk is evidence-based and embodied, but not bodily visible. General health practitioners rarely know about hereditary cancer syndromes. Overall, hereditary cancer syndromes have not yet entered the wider collective imagination. Existing research provides evidence that individuals with these conditions turn to social media to seek, learn, produce and share information. However, little do we know about how these practices form at the intersection of embodied experiences, everyday social media uses, and platform mechanisms. In this paper we explore these dynamics drawing on a social media analysis that incorporates data from Twitter, Facebook, TikTok, and Instagram and combines computational and ethnographic techniques. When it comes to invisible health conditions, the voice of ordinary social media users easily overcomes that of traditional elites. Local platform mechanisms differently shape how information is shared and who and what become more visible and credentialed in these sharing practices. They also influence how and which personal experiences are more curated and shared. These initial findings suggest that social media platforms are essential in making the invisible visible but raise questions on how participating in one or more platforms’ “local worlds” might affect the lived experience of those who embody this invisible.

Deep causal factorization network: A novel domain generalization method for cross-machine bearing fault diagnosis

Domain generalization (DG) has attracted much attention in bearing fault diagnosis since it can generalize the prior diagnostic knowledge to invisible working conditions. However, previous DG-based approaches are easy to introduce personalized bias due to the specificity of the mechanical equipment, which worsens the generalization performance. To solve this problem, a deep causal factorization network (DCFN) is proposed for cross-machine bearing diagnosis without the involvement of target domain data in training. Specifically, by leveraging the structural causal model of bearing fault signal generation, DCFN defines the cross-machine generalized fault representations as causal factors and the domain-related representations as non-causal factors. Afterwards, taking advantage of the causal properties that can be preserved in data distribution shifts, causal task factorization and feature factorization modules are designed to reconstruct causal mechanisms. To separate the two types of underlying factors, causal task factorization aims to maximize the predicted output entropy of the domain classifier using learned causal factors as input, and simultaneously maximizes the entropy of the fault classifier using learned non-causal factors as input. Moreover, causal feature factorization highlights that the ideal causal factors desire cross-domain consistency and inter-dimensional independence, thereby learning causal factors with stable and sufficient distinguishing features. Finally, under broad bearing fault datasets including public, laboratory and simulation datasets, the effectiveness of the proposed DCFN is verified by comparing with various state-of -the-arts diagnosis methods.

Restricted by Measures Against the Coronavirus? Difficulties at the Transition from School to Work in Times of a Pandemic

The paper begins with the prerequisite assumption that social deprivation is a fragile and porous category. Thus, our hypothesis is, that how people are affected by the restrictions against the spreading of the coronavirus is often discussed in far too general and simplistic terms. It is often taken as a given, that the virus and the restriction measures not only have caused severe difficulties for us all (due to social distancing, fear, affected health, etc.), but that the measures have exacerbated already previously existing forms of social deprivation. Therefore, it is assumed that marginalized groups are particularly affected by these effects of the pandemic. Two major German studies show the alleged effects of the relevant measures on adolescents and emerging adults (COPSY and FIBS) against the backdrop of social and economic deprivation; their results confirmed that social deprivation entails a higher degree of being affected by the pandemic.However, this picture becomes thwarted by considering the results of 10 narrative interviews, that were conducted by us with emerging adults in a German vocational training institute between April and August 2021 and showed variegated forms of experiencing issues related to the pandemic. In our analysis, we used the method of objective hermeneutics. In this paper, we present our considerations by outlining two contrastive experiences with the Covid-19 pandemic, in order to highlight the divergent ways in which the pandemic has been experienced even among individuals who previously had been affected by social deprivation – at least at first glance – in similar ways. The conceptual lens through which we interpret these two examples is, firstly, the one of precariousness and precarity (Butler 2009). And secondly, the concept of recognition derived from Honneth’s pertinent theory and Butler’s account of recognizability will play a pivotal role. While Honneth’s approach allows us to emphasize the normative and existential role of the fulfilment of our basic desire for recognition and the detrimental implications of disregard, Butler provides us with the means to thoroughly analyse the socio-historical conditions of misrecognition and social invisibility. Moreover, Butler focuses specifically on the recognizability of precariousness (Honneth’s triad of love, being respected as a rights bearer and solidarity shows a different focus). Combining qualitative research on precarious live circumstances with a theoretical perspective on recognition can also be found in a stunning research on couples in atypical working relations (Wimbauer and Motakef 2019). Proceeding from these theories and ‘applying’ them to our empirical material, we seek to call into question a too generalizing and hegemonic picture of how people were affected by pertinent restrictions. Qualitative interviews are able to point us to significant differences in the experience of the restrictions.In terms of an outlook, we suggest that a sensitization for previously excluded kinds of experiences forms a crucial basis for a less normalizing, that is, more inclusive account of interpreting the affectedness and needs of variegated social groups; the pandemic has influenced and altered structures of the recognition of vulnerability and, by the same token, made them more explicit. It thus is an occasion for a critical engagement with the recognizability of needs, deprivation, discrimination, and related phenomena.

No effect of attentional modulation by spatial cueing in a masked numerical priming paradigm using continuous flash suppression (CFS).

One notion emerging from studies on unconscious visual processing is that different "blinding techniques" seem to suppress the conscious perception of stimuli at different levels of the neurocognitive architecture. However, even when only the results from a single suppression method are compared, the picture of the scope and limits of unconscious visual processing remains strikingly heterogeneous, as in the case of continuous flash suppression (CFS). To resolve this issue, it has been suggested that high-level semantic processing under CFS is facilitated whenever interocular suppression is attenuated by the removal of visuospatial attention. In this behavioral study, we aimed to further investigate this "CFS-attenuation-by-inattention" hypothesis in a numerical priming study using spatial cueing. Participants performed a number comparison task on a visible target number ("compare number to five"). Prime-target pairs were either congruent (both numbers smaller, or both larger than five) or incongruent. Based on the "CFS-attenuation-by-inattention" hypothesis, we predicted that reaction times (RTs) for congruent prime-target pairs should be faster than for incongruent ones, but only when the prime was presented at the uncued location. In the invisible condition, we observed no priming effects and thus no evidence in support of the "CFS-attenuation-by-inattention" hypothesis. In the visible condition, we found an inverse effect of prime-target congruency. Our results agree with the notion that the representation of CF-suppressed stimuli is fractionated, and limited to their basic, elemental features, thus precluding semantic processing.

Educação das relações étnico-raciais na educação infantil: as artes de fazer docente

O objetivo do artigo é analisar as artes de fazer a Educação das Relações Étnico-Raciais (ERER) de docentes em formação continuada que atuam na Educação Infantil de Vitória/ES. Trata-se de uma Pesquisa-Ação Colaborativa, que utiliza como fontes os documentos produzidos durante o processo formativo. Esses documentos são provenientes das atividades realizadas em ambiente virtual e dos textos reflexivos escritos pelas professoras, publicados em forma de livro. Por meio de reflexões coletivas, as docentes desenvolveram maneiras diversificadas de abordar a ERER, utilizando as danças populares e a literatura africana e afro-brasileira para o alcance de seus objetivos. Como resultados, identificamos que as professoras se apropriam de diferentes linguagens em suas mediações pedagógicas e reconhecem e valorizam o protagonismo infantil nas práticas pautadas na ERER. Conclui-se que, nas artes de fazer a ERER, as docentes dialogaram com a dinâmica curricular própria da Educação Infantil, que não se organiza de maneira disciplinar, e com a concepção de infância presente nos documentos orientadores, que buscam tirar as crianças da condição de invisibilidade social, reconhecendo-as como sujeitos ativos em seus processos de aprendizagem e de desenvolvimento. Palavras-chave: educação infantil, relações étnico-raciais, formação continuada, artes de fazer. Education on ethnic-racial relations in children’s education: the arts of teaching ABSTRACT. This article has as purpose the analysis of the arts of doing the Education on Ethnic-Racial Relations (ERER) related to the faculty members under continuous training working with Child Education in the city of Vitória/ES. It is a Collaborative Research-Action, which uses as sources the documents produced during the formation process. These documents are derived from the activities performed in virtual environment and from reflexive texts written by teachers, published as books. Through collective reflections, the faculty members could develop diverse ways to approach ERER, using folk dances and African and Afro-Brazilian literature in order to achieve their goals. As a result, it was identified that teachers make use of different languages during their pedagogical mediations, acknowledge and value the children’s main role in the practices implemented by ERER. In conclusion, regarding the arts of teaching ERER, the faculty members were engaged with the Children’s Education curricular dynamic itself, which is not organized in a disciplinary way, and having the presence of childhood conception in the guidance documents that search for avoiding children to be in an invisible social condition, recognizing them as active subjects in their learning and developing processes. Keywords: children’s education, ethnic-racial relations, continuous training, arts of doing. La educación de las relaciones étnico-raciales en la educación infantil: las artes de hacer docente RESUMEN. El objetivo del artículo es analizar las artes de hacer la Educación en Relaciones Étnico-Raciales (ERER) de docentes en educación continua que actúan en Educación Infantil en Vitória/ES. Es una Investigación-Acción Colaborativa, que utiliza como fuentes documentos producidos durante el proceso de formación. Estos documentos provienen de actividades realizadas en una plataforma virtual y textos reflexivos escritos por profesoras, publicados en forma de libro. A través de reflexiones colectivas, las docentes desarrollaron formas diversificadas de abordar el ERER, utilizando danzas populares y literatura africana y afrobrasileña para alcanzar sus objetivos. Como resultado identificamos que las profesoras se apropian de diferentes lenguajes en sus mediaciones pedagógicas y reconocen y valoran el protagonismo de los niños en las prácticas basadas en la ERER. Se concluye que, en las artes de hacer el ERER, las docentes dialogaron con la dinámica curricular de la Educación Infantil, que no está organizada de forma disciplinaria, y con la concepción de infancia presente en los documentos orientadores, que buscan tomar niños de la condición de invisibilidad social, reconociéndolos como sujetos activos en sus procesos de aprendizaje y desarrollo. Palabras clave: educación infantil, relaciones étnico-raciales, educación continua, artes de hacer.