Invisible Communication Research Articles

The Evanescent Bouquet of Individual Bear Fingerprint.

The evanescent and invisible communication carried by chemical signals, pheromones, or signature mixtures or, as we prefer, the pheromonal individual fingerprint, between members of the same species is poorly studied in mammals, mainly because of the lack of identification of the molecules. The difference between pheromones and the pheromonal individual fingerprint is that the former generate stereotyped innate responses while the latter requires learning, i.e., different receivers can learn different signature mixtures from the same individual. Furthermore, pheromones are usually produced by a particular gland, while the pheromonal individual fingerprint is the entire bouquet produced by the entire secreting gland of the body. In the present study, we aim to investigate the pheromonal individual fingerprint of brown bears in northern Italy. We collected the entire putative pheromone bouquet from all production sites in free-ranging bears and analyzed the entire crude extract to profile the individual fingerprint according to species-, sex- and subjective-specific characteristics. We were able to putatively characterize the brown bears' pheromonal individual fingerprints and compare them with the partial pheromone identifications published by other studies. This work is a step forward in the study of the complexity of chemical communication, particularly in a solitary endangered species.

A Novel Strategy for Monitoring a PV Junction Box Based on LoRa in a 3 kW Residential PV System

Recently, 3 kW residential PV (Photovoltaic) junction boxes have mainly been installed on the roof or outer wall of building. Wired and wireless monitoring systems are being implemented by RS-485 and WIFI/IoT. However, conventional monitoring systems have a communication limitation according to the distance and environment. It cannot receive any information when a failure of the PV junction box occurs. Therefore, there is a need for a strategy to determine whether the fuse and diode in the PV junction box are faulty through voltage and current sensors. In this paper, we propose a novel strategy for monitoring PV junction boxes, based on LoRa (Long Range). The TTGO LoRa32 V2.0 module with LoRa and various input and output ports is utilized. The wireless TX module transmits various data collected from the PV junction box to the RX module in real time. In addition, the RX module displays the received data on an LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen so that the user can intuitively identify it, and the data is recorded on the internal storage device or database in the web server. The manufactured PV junction box monitoring system was tested under a 3 kW PV system. Additionally, communication reception has stable signal intensity overall, both indoors and outdoors. In particular, it shows excellent characteristics in maintaining RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) > −99 dBm and PER (Packet Error Rate) < 2.7%, up to a radius of 200 m, even in NLOS (Non Line-Of-Sight) environments. Although some packet loss occurred, it was confirmed that invisible communication was possible up to 300 m.

Linking Intercultural Communication, Intercultural Communication Apprehension and Intercultural Sensitivity with Ethnocentrism

Todays’ organization are changing the face of their business by extending beyond the national boundaries. Clear and effective communication among people from different cultures is the real challenge imposed before the organizations. Enterprises being cultural aware helps them to understand how to behave in cross-cultural international markets. It is often recognized that cross-cultural issues acts as invisible communication barriers more specifically in international business. Thus, understanding the cultural differences among people is one of the most significant skills for firms to develop in order to have a competitive advantage in international business. The aim of this study is to see whether there is a connection between ethnocentrism, intercultural communication, intercultural communication apprehension, and intercultural sensitivity. Since intercultural sensitivity is just one of the intercultural communication skill dimensions, potential studies should focus on the influence of the other dimensions, such as intercultural understanding and intercultural efficacy

Image steganography based on SVD and DWT techniques

Steganography is an invisible communication. It embeds the secret details into cover to generate the stego information. A novel image steganography approach based on Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is proposed. Firstly, secret and cover images are divided into sub bands using DWT. Most of the information is obtained in LL band. Hence, SVD performed on LL sub band of secret image to get three individual matrices U, S, and V. Add these individual matrices to LL band of the cover image to generate three stego images. The quality of the stego images are evaluated by image metrics like PSNR, SC etc., the proposed algorithm gives best results compared with existing algorithms.

TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTEGRATED MARKETING COMMUNICATION IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITAL MARKETING

Nowadays, in the context of digital marketing and social media development, with the advantages given by technologies and the vast possibilities of communication among consumers, businesses find the implementation of integrated marketing communication influenced by the Internet as a marketing communication environment where businesses are urged into a customer-centric approach by the consumers’ changing habits of receiving information. This results in an increased role of content marketing, relationship orientation, dialogue and network communication, management of multiple stakeholders etc., which envisages consumer involvement with a view to mitigating the consequences caused by the obstacles to marketing communication – loss of control over corporate communication and being adversely affected by invisible communication. Aim of the research was to study and assess integrated marketing communications in the context of digital marketing and its influence upon buyers’ buying decisions. The object of the research is integrated marketing communications. The subject of the research is the influence of integrated marketing communication upon buyers’ buying decisions. The research makes use of the results of studies conducted by the author in 2017 and 2018. There was a survey of leading marketing specialists of Latvian food retail chains and a survey of randomly selected buyers with a sample of 1,003 respondents to find out the influence of integrated marketing communications upon the buyers’ buying decisions. The research brings conclusions regarding the consumption habits of different generations and other factors influencing buying decisions. The research confirmed the hypothesis that integrated marketing communications in the context of digital marketing is a relatively little used type of communication in the marketing communication strategy of businesses, yet its use facilitates consumer loyalty. The results of the research are of both theoretical and practical value.

Performance analysis of image steganography using wavelet transform for safe and secured transaction

Internet applications are increased and growing at efficient way. By this technological growth, data communication in the internet in secured way has got a challenging task. Transmitting information in network is a great risk. Hacking the data and use those data for their benefits is done by intruders. To control these unwanted acts, steganography is used. It ensures safety of secret message. Invisible communication is a study by Steganography and it denotes with communicating message hiding. Data embedding can make in transform and spatial domain for secret communication, military communication, multimedia (hiding, copyright protection), authentication etc. A best steganography algorithm will have maximum embedding capacity, high fidelity and the good security level. Image Steganography has the robustness and security problem in the existing work. For the defence application, social problems such as terrorists, more number of attacks (cyber) and Geometric attack are caused. To overcome such drawbacks, this research work proposes Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) which has more advantages than other transforms technique like DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform). This is because of quality scalability, Interest in region coding, low bit rate transmission which is quickly operating and also it is compatible to Visual System by Human that provides good perception quality. Geometric attack induces synchronization errors between the first image and also the extracted stego image throughout the detection method during which its positions are modified. Image characters are analyzed well by Wavelet Space - frequency property of localization which makes additional strong to the attack such as geometric. This property will enlarge the embedded area and improves the security. Hence DWT results in high imperceptibility and PSNR in range of 30-54 dB.

Towering Invisibilities: A Cultural-Theoretical Reading of the Eiffel Tower and the One World Trade Center

This article explores forms of visuality in architecture in which symbolic and functional values interlink by considering two visually striking and deeply symbolic landmarks that tower over their respective cities at the same time as their impact is related to the invisible wireless communication they facilitate. It contrasts cultural-theoretical responses to the Eiffel Tower (1889) with readings of the One World Trade Center (2014). In this way, we contour a theoretical framework to grasp the compounded forms of signification these towers embody and address the latent and invisible signification at work by turning to the work of the French philosophers Roland Barthes (1915-1980) and Jean-Francois Lyotard (1924-1998).

A flexible data hiding scheme using differential dual mapping

Steganography is the approach with invisible communication. In our proposed system maximum of 3000 characters can be embedded in the image which is chosen from a video and a different type of frame work for hiding and extracting are provided at both nodes. As an extension of this work, the same algorithm can be implemented in three channels of the colour image. A lossless data hiding technique based on the differential pair mapping algorithm by embedding data bits in an image is proposed, then a generated image is embedded with large amount of data in the form of bits in the mean-removed via the proposed algorithm. Experimental outputs shows that stego-image in our method has high capacity and security with certain robustness and the PSNR value is higher than the other techniques.

「世間は狭い」か? : 日本社会の目に見えない人間関係ネットワークを推定する

「世間は狭い」か? : 日本社会の目に見えない人間関係ネットワークを推定する

Performance analysis of smart digital signage system based on software-defined IoT and invisible image sensor communication

Everything in the world is being connected, and things are becoming interactive. The future of the interactive world depends on the future Internet of Things (IoT). Software-defined networking (SDN) technology, a new paradigm in the networking area, can be useful in creating an IoT because it can handle interactivity by controlling physical devices, transmission of data among them, and data acquisition. However, digital signage can be one of the promising technologies in this era of technology that is progressing toward the interactive world, connecting users to the IoT network through device-to-device communication technology. This article illustrates a novel prototype that is mainly focused on a smart digital signage system comprised of software-defined IoT (SD-IoT) and invisible image sensor communication technology. We have proposed an SDN scheme with a view to initiating its flexibility and compatibility for an IoT network-based smart digital signage system. The idea of invisible communication can make the users of the technology trendier to it, and the usage of unused resources such as images and videos can be ensured. In addition, this communication has paved the way for interactivity between the user and digital signage, where the digital signage and the camera of a smartphone can be operated as a transmitter and a receiver, respectively. The proposed scheme might be applicable to real-world applications because SDN has the flexibility to adapt with the alteration of network status without any hardware modifications while displays and smartphones are available everywhere. A performance analysis of this system showed the advantages of an SD-IoT network over an Internet protocol-based IoT network considering a queuing analysis for a dynamic link allocation process in the case of user access to the IoT network.

A Survey on different techniques of steganography

Steganography is important due to the exponential development and secret communication of potential computer users over the internet. Steganography is the art of invisible communication to keep secret information inside other information. Steganalysis is the technology that attempts to ruin the Steganography by detecting the hidden information and extracting.Steganography is the process of Data embedding in the images, text/documented, audio and video files. The paper also highlights the security improved by applying various techniques of video steganography.

Exploring the Techniques of Data Embedding in Images: A Review

Steganography is defined as the invisible communication between two communicating parties. For hiding communicated data many carrier file formats are present but the most commonly used are images. The data can be hidden by using Least Significant Bit(LSB), k-Modulus Method(kMM), Discrete Wavelet Transform(DWT) and Discrete Cosine Transform(DCT). The LSB and k-MM algorithms are implemented under spatial domain in which secret data is directly embedded in the bits of cover image whereas the DCT and DWT algorithms are under transform domain in which firstly images are transformed and then the message is embedded in the image. The comparison and performance of these techniques depend upon different parameters: MSE(Mean Squared Error), PSNR(Peak Signal to Noise Ratio), BER(Bit Error Rate), Capacity. This paper explains the different Steganography techniques for hiding the information in an image.

Social Media, Knowledge Sharing, and Innovation: Toward a Theory of Communication Visibility

This paper offers a theory of communication visibility based on a field study of the implementation of a new enterprise social networking site in a large financial services organization. The emerging theory suggests that once invisible communication occurring between others in the organization becomes visible for third parties, those third parties could improve their metaknowledge (i.e., knowledge of who knows what and who knows whom). Communication visibility, in this case made possible by the enterprise social networking site, leads to enhanced awareness of who knows what and whom through two interrelated mechanisms: message transparency and network translucence. Seeing the contents of other’s messages helps third-party observers make inferences about coworkers' knowledge. Tangentially, seeing the structure of coworkers' communication networks helps third-party observers make inferences about those with whom coworkers regularly communicate. The emerging theory further suggests that enhanced metaknowledge can lead to more innovative products and services and less knowledge duplication if employees learn to work in new ways. By learning vicariously rather than through experience, workers can more effectively recombine existing ideas into new ideas and avoid duplicating work. Moreover, they can begin to proactively aggregate information perceived daily rather than engaging in reactive search after confronting a problem. I discuss the important implications of this emerging theory of communication visibility for work in the knowledge economy.

Current status and key issues in image steganography: A survey

Steganography and steganalysis are the prominent research fields in information hiding paradigm. Steganography is the science of invisible communication while steganalysis is the detection of steganography. Steganography means “covered writing” that hides the existence of the message itself. Digital steganography provides potential for private and secure communication that has become the necessity of most of the applications in today’s world. Various multimedia carriers such as audio, text, video, image can act as cover media to carry secret information. In this paper, we have focused only on image steganography. This article provides a review of fundamental concepts, evaluation measures and security aspects of steganography system, various spatial and transform domain embedding schemes. In addition, image quality metrics that can be used for evaluation of stego images and cover selection measures that provide additional security to embedding scheme are also highlighted. Current research trends and directions to improve on existing methods are suggested.

Steganography using Interpolation and LSB with Cryptography on Video Images-A Review

Stegnography is the most common term used in the IT industry, which specifically means, covered writing and is derived from the Greek language. Stegnography is defined as the art and science of invisible communication i.e. it hides the existence of the communication between the sender and the receiver. In distinction to Cryptography, where the opponent is permitted to detect, interrupt and alter messages without being able to breach definite security grounds guaranteed by the cryptosystem, the prime objective of Stegnography is to conceal messages inside other risk-free messages in a manner that does not agree to any enemy to even sense that there is any second message present. Nowadays, it is an emerging area which is used for secured data transmission over any public medium such as internet. In this research a novel approach of image stegnography based on LSB (Least Significant Bit) insertion and cryptography method for the lossless jpeg images has been projected. This paper is comprising an application which ranks images in a users library on the basis of their appropriateness as cover objects for some facts. Here, the data is matched to an image, so there is a less possibility of an invader being able to employ steganalysis to recuperate the data. Furthermore, the application first encrypts the data by means of cryptography and message bits that are to be hidden are embedded into the image using Least Significant Bits insertion technique. Moreover, interpolation is used to increase the density

A Novel Steganographic System for Data Hiding in Video/Audio

The rapid development of technology made it easier to send the data accurate and faster to the destination. The most important factor of information technology and communication is the security of the information. This security can be achieved through steganography. Steganography is art and science of invisible communication. This paper mainly focuses on audio and video steganography. Video Steganography hides secret data within a video and audio steganography deals with hiding secret data within audio. The secret data is first compressed, encrypted and then embed into the cover frames in such a way that eight bits of the secret data are divided into 2, 2, 2, 2 and then embedded into the RGB (Red, Green, Blue) pixel values of the cover frames respectively and the remaining 2 bits are inserted in the next pixel of cover frame and so on. The proposed technique is compared with existing LSB (Least Significant Bit) based steganography and the results are found to be encouraging.

Organic Interfaces; or, How Human Beings Augment Their Digital Devices

Organic Interfaces; or, How Human Beings Augment Their Digital Devices

Image Steganography combined with Cryptography

Steganography is the science of invisible communication. Apart from the sender and intended recipient no one suspects the existence of the message. Using Steganography, information can be hidden in various mediums known as carriers. The carriers can be images, audio files, video files and text files. Image Steganography is a technique of using an image file as a carrier. Cryptography protects the information by applying the encryption and decryption techniques, so that the secret message can be understood only by the right person.This paper proposes a method, which combines the techniques of Steganography and cryptography, to hide the secret data in an image. In the first phase, the sender will embed the secret data in an image by using the Least Significant Bit (LSB) technique. The embedded image will be encrypted by using an encryption algorithm. At final, the encrypted image will be decrypted and the hidden data will be retrieved by supplying the valid secret key by the receiver. The process includes the phases of Data embedding, Image Encryption and recovery of both original image and secret data from the encrypted image.

A Secure and High Capacity Image Steganography Technique

Steganography is the science of invisible communication. The purpose of Steganography is to maintain secret communication between two parties. The secret information can be concealed in content such as image, audio, or video. This paper provides a novel image steganography technique to hide multiple secret images and keys in color cover image using Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT). There is no visual difference between the stego image and the cover image. The extracted secret images are also similar to the original secret images. Very good PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio) values are obtained for both stego and extracted secret images. The results are compared with the results of other techniques, where single image is hidden and it is found that the proposed technique is simple and gives better PSNR values than others.

Invisible communication: a challenge to established marketing communication

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the concept of invisible communication and its implications in marketing communication. It defines invisible communication and proposes an analytic framework enabling an expanded view of marketing communication.Design/methodology/approachBy explicitly adopting a customer‐oriented perspective, combined with insights from service marketing and relationship communication, the paper extends current models of marketing communication.FindingsThe paper identifies different types of invisible communication and presents new perspectives on marketing communication. The authors outline a framework for understanding how the company can/cannot control different forms of marketing communication and discuss the implications of this.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper concentrates on a conceptual analysis, offering a number of practical illustrations. The conceptual development creates new research issues that should lead to a deeper understanding of customers' meaning creation, actions and reactions.Practical implicationsInvisible communication constitutes a managerial challenge as it is often unrecognized by the management. The paper points to the need to develop methods to reveal the existence and effects of invisible communication as well as to create guidelines for managerial response.Originality/valueThe customer‐based perspective and the focus on invisible communication provide a new approach to analysing and understanding marketing communication. The paper contributes to service marketing and marketing communication research by introducing conceptualisations of invisible communication that have an interest for both academic research and practitioners.